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El. knyga: Agreement in Argumentation: A Discursive Perspective

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This book explores the construction of agreement in the argumentative process, aiming to investigate how the activation of shared knowledge, values and beliefs leads to the creation of a common ground between the speaker and the audience in the pursuit of persuasion. In the first part of the book, the authors examine agreement from a historical and theoretical perspective, setting in relation major ancient and contemporary approaches to argumentation, with special regard for the notions of ethos, objects of agreement, starting points and topoi, all with a focus on their deployment in discourse. This is complemented with a compendium of linguistic resources that can be exploited for the discursive construction of agreement, offering a principled selection of structures across different levels of language description. The second part of the book is devoted to the investigation of actual uses of agreement in a choice of institutional genres within the domain of the US presidential elections: the Presidential Announcement, the TV debate and the Inaugural Address. Due to their political relevance and cultural salience, these genres provide an ideal interface for observing the interplay of discursive and argumentative components, against the backdrop of a shared cultural heritage, rich with intertextual references. The application of the theoretical framework developed in the first part of the book to the analysis of real political discourse carried out in the second is the distinguishing feature of this volume, making it of interest to linguists and argumentation scholars, as well as to political scientists and communicators.


1 Agreement and Persuasion
1(26)
1.1 Agreement as a Rhetorical Problem
3(7)
1.1.1 Rhetoric as Persuasive Discourse
3(2)
1.1.2 Genres
5(1)
1.1.3 Ethos
6(4)
1.2 Agreement in the New Rhetoric
10(8)
1.2.1 Agreement and Ethos
12(1)
1.2.2 The Audience and its Construction
13(3)
1.2.3 Objects of Agreement
16(2)
1.3 Agreement as an Argumentative Problem
18(6)
1.3.1 Loci in NR
18(3)
1.3.2 Topos/Locus and Endoxa
21(3)
References
24(3)
2 Agreement: An Argumentation Perspective
27(22)
2.1 Agreement: The Point of the Opening Stage
29(4)
2.2 Rules and Argumentative Profiles in the Opening Stage
33(3)
2.3 Indicators of Starting Points from a Pragma-Dialectical Perspective
36(1)
2.4 Agreement beyond the Opening Stage: Schemes and Topoi
37(9)
2.4.1 Topoi in Pragma-Dialectics
41(2)
2.4.2 Topoi in the Argumentum Model of Topics
43(3)
References
46(3)
3 Agreement through Language
49(40)
3.1 Agreement on Identities: Pronouns
50(6)
3.2 Agreement on Facts: Tense
56(4)
3.3 Agreement through Modality
60(3)
3.3.1 Modality in Discourse
62(1)
3.4 Agreement on Objects and Qualities: Nouns and Adjectives
63(5)
3.5 Agreement on Implicit Premises: Presuppositions, Dissociation and Concession
68(6)
3.5.1 Linguistic Presupposition
69(2)
3.5.2 Dissociation
71(2)
3.5.3 Concession
73(1)
3.6 Agreement from Different Voices: Dialogism and Reported Speech
74(4)
3.7 Agreement through Patterns of Figuration: Metaphoric Meaning
78(5)
References
83(6)
4 The Presidential Announcement: Building Agreement on Disagreement
89(24)
4.1 Kennedy and Nixon: A Statement and a Letter
91(3)
4.2 After Watergate: From Carter to Obama
94(16)
4.2.1 Jimmy Carter: The Outsider
96(2)
4.2.2 Reagan and G.W. Bush: From the Rosy Scenario to Compassionate Conservatism
98(5)
4.2.3 A Red Thread of Empowerment from Clinton to Obama
103(7)
4.3 Final Remarks
110(2)
References
112(1)
5 The Inaugural Address: Fostering Objects of Agreement
113(32)
5.1 Move 1: The Construction of Agreement Through Appeals to Collective Identity and Unity of Purpose
115(6)
5.2 Move
2. Spelling Out What Change Means: Problem Statement and Solution
121(3)
5.3 Move
3. Invoking the Plural Presidency as a Call to Action
124(2)
5.4 Move
4. Final Exhortation and Historic Quotation
126(4)
5.5 Argumentative Schemes in the IA: Value-Based Reasoning and Endoxa
130(12)
5.5.1 Signaling Agreement in the Schemes
141(1)
5.6 Conclusion
142(1)
References
143(2)
6 A Presidential Debate: Exploiting Agreement in an Adversarial Context
145(24)
6.1 US Presidential Debates: Context and Genre
146(3)
6.1.1 Nixon Vs Kennedy: The First Challenge
148(1)
6.2 Reconstruction of Argumentative Patterns
149(14)
6.2.1 Challenger's Prototypical Reasoning: Agreement on the Poor Performance of the Incumbent Government
149(2)
6.2.2 Agreement on the Datum: The Growth Issue
151(5)
6.2.3 The Incumbent's Viewpoint: Party Stereotypes as Starting Points in Group-Member Argumentation
156(2)
6.2.4 The Leadership Issue: Agreement on the Leader's Experience
158(5)
6.3 Closing Statements: A Final Bid to Establish Agreement on the Status Quo
163(2)
6.4 Conclusion
165(2)
References
167(2)
7 Conclusion
169(8)
Appendix A Presidential Announcements 177(30)
Appendix B Inaugural Addresses 207
FRANCESCA SANTULLI (PhD) is Full Professor of Linguistics at Universitą Ca Foscari in Venice. Her research has focused on various aspects of language and linguistics. She has published books and numerous papers on language variation and change, pragmatics, rhetoric and discourse analysis.  

CHIARA DEGANO (PhD) is Associate Professor in English Linguistics and Translation at Universitą degli Studi di Roma Tre, Italy. Her research is centered on discourse analysis, integrated with the quantitative approach of corpus linguistics and aspects of argumentation theory