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El. knyga: ArcGIS for Environmental and Water Issues

William Bajjali

Formatas: EPUB+DRM
Serija: Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment
Išleidimo metai: 24-Nov-2017
Leidėjas: Springer International Publishing AG
Kalba: eng
ISBN-13: 9783319611587

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Formatas: EPUB+DRM
Serija: Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment
Išleidimo metai: 24-Nov-2017
Leidėjas: Springer International Publishing AG
Kalba: eng
ISBN-13: 9783319611587

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This textbook is a step-by-step tutorial on the applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in environmental and water resource issues. It provides information about GIS and its applications, specifically using the most advanced ESRI GIS technology and its extensions.

Eighteen chapters cover GIS applications in the field of earth sciences and water resources in detail from the ground up. Author William Bajjali explains what a GIS is and what it is used for, the basics of map classification, data acquisition, coordinate systems and projections, vectorization, geodatabase and relational database, data editing, geoprocessing, suitability modeling, working with raster, watershed delineation, mathematical and statistical interpolation, and more advanced techniques, tools and extensions such as ArcScan, Topology, Geocoding, Hydrology, Geostatistical Analyst, SpatialAnalyst, Network Analyst, 3-D Analyst. ArcPad, ESRIs cutting-edge mobile GIS software, is covered in detail as well. Each chapter contains concrete case studies and exercises many from the authors own work in the United States and Middle East. This volume is targeted toward advanced undergraduates, but could also be useful for professionals and for anyone who utilizes GIS or practices spatial analysis in relation to geology, hydrology, ecology, and environmental sciences.

Exercises and supplementary material can be downloaded by chapter here: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-61158-7

1 Introduction to GIS

(10)

Introduction

(1)

What Is GIS?

(1)

GIS Description

(1)

What Can a GIS Do?

(1)

Organization

(1)

GIS Infrastructure

(1)

GIS Principles

(1)

Spatial Data Representation

(1)

Vector Data Model

(2)

Raster Data Model

(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Raster and Vector Model

(1)

Raster Model

(1)

Vector Model

(1)

GIS Project

(1)

Lesson 1 Explore the Vector Data

(1)

Lesson 2 Explore the Raster Data

(2)

2 Working with ArcGIS: Classification

(14)

Introduction

(1)

Learning Objectives

(1)

ArcMap and ArcCatalog

(1)

Lesson 1 Working with ArcCatalog and ArcMap

(8)

Connect

(1)

Create a Thumbnail

(1)

Use the Search Window

(1)

Working with ArcMap

(1)

Change the Name of Layers

(1)

Symbolize the Layers

(1)

Find and Create a Bookmark

(1)

Create a Bookmark for the School North of the City of Chico

(2)

Using Relative Paths

(1)

Save Map Document

(1)

Lesson 2 Data Management

(5)

Change Names

(1)

Change the Symbols of the Layers and Show Map Tip

(1)

Label a Layer

(1)

Create a Bookmark

(1)

Create a Bookmark for the Groundwater Wellfield

(1)

Classification

(1)

Classify the City Layer

(2)

3 Map Classification and Layout

(16)

Introduction

(1)

Lesson 1 Creating Map and Data Classification

(15)

Creating Geology Map Using Text Attribute

(1)

Data Integration

(3)

Creating Salinity Map Using Numeric Attribute

(12)

4 Data Acquisition and Getting Data into GIS

(26)

Section I Introduction to the Acquisition Method

(14)

Integrate Flat File Data into ArcGIS

(1)

Convert Degree, Minute, Second into Decimal Degree Using Excel

(2)

Integrate the Data Table into GIS

(1)

Global Positioning System and GIS

(1)

GPS Data Integration into ArcMap

(1)

GPS Data Integration Using DNR Garmin Extension

(1)

Download GPS Data and Integrate the Waypoints into ArcMap

(2)

Add GPS Data to ArcMap Using ArcGIS Explorer Desktop

(1)

Save the Waypoints Layer as a Layer Package (LPK)

(1)

Integrate LPK into ArcMap

(1)

Data Integration from the Internet

(1)

First Download the Census Tract

(1)

Second Download the Water Files

(1)

Integrate Downloaded Data into ArcMap

(1)

Aerial Photography and Satellite Images

(1)

Download Image from the Internet

(2)

Add Data from ArcGIS Online

(2)

Section II Introduction to Feature Creating

(12)

Creating a GIS Layer from Existing Feature

(2)

Add New Features to the Existing Layer

(1)

Digitizing on Screen

(1)

Create New Polygon Shapefile

(1)

Create the Polygon Shapefile

(1)

Update the Attribute Table of the Building

(1)

Create New Line Shapefile

(1)

Create New Point Shapefile

(1)

Update the Digitized Map

(1)

Remove the Non-existing Buildings from the New Image

(1)

Modify the E Building

(2)

5 Coordinate Systems and Projections

(22)

Introduction

(1)

Geographic Coordinate System (GCS)

(1)

Map Projections

(1)

Projection and Distortion

(2)

Concept of the Datum

(1)

Projection Parameters

(1)

Working with GCS

(1)

Projection on the Fly

(1)

Define the Coordinate System and Datum

(1)

Apply the Projection on the Fly

(1)

Define the Projection

(1)

How to Check That?

(1)

Set the Environment

(1)

Projection the GCS into UTM Zone 15

(1)

Georeferencing

(1)

GIS Approach

(3)

Set Environment

(3)

Raster Projection

(1)

Set the Environment

(1)

Project the Rectified Raster

(1)

Datum Conflict

(1)

GIS Approach

(6)

6 ArcScan

(14)

Introduction

(1)

Data Requirement

(1)

Data Integration

(1)

Make a Bi-level Image with 2-Classes by Reclassification

(1)

Use Reclassify Tool to Make the Image to Have Two Classes (0, 1)

(1)

Reclassification of the Image

(1)

Prepare the Image for Vectorization

(1)

Create a Blank Shapefile

(1)

Raster Cleanup

(1)

Remove the Undesired Objects in the Image

(2)

First Approach

(1)

Second Approach

(1)

Vectorization

(6)

Interactive Vectorization (Vectorization Trace)

(3)

Automatic Vectorization

100

(3)

7 Geodatabase

103

(14)

Introduction

103

(1)

Creating a Geodatabase

103

(5)

Create File Geodatabase

104

(1)

Create a Feature Class and Assign for it WGS84-GCS

104

(1)

Capture the Feature Classes Using an Image

105

(2)

Create Feature Dataset and Import Shapefiles into It

107

(1)

Import the Stream, Study Area, and Dam into the Water Feature Dataset

107

(1)

Create a Relationship Class

108

(9)

Create Personal Geodatabase

109

(1)

Integrate Shapefiles and Tables into Personal Geodatabase

109

(1)

Create Relationship Class

110

(2)

Create Relationship Class in Jizzi.gdb Between Tablel and Table2

112

(2)

Find the Wells that have Salinity Higher than 500 mg

114

(1)

Projection and Datum Conflict

115

(1)

GIS Approach

116

(1)

8 Data Editing and Topology

117

(24)

Introduction

117

(1)

I Simple Editing

118

(8)

Delete Function

119

(1)

Move Function

119

(1)

Split Function

120

(1)

Reshape Function

121

(1)

Modify Feature

122

(2)

Update the Area and Perimeter Field in the Geology Attribute Table

124

(1)

Merge Function

125

(1)

II Advance Editing

126

(4)

Fixing Overshoots and Undershoots

126

(2)

Correct Overshoots of the Street

128

(1)

Generalize a Stream Feature

128

(1)

Smooth a Lake Feature

129

(1)

III Topological Editing Using Geodatabase

130

(11)

Fix Fault System Using Topology

130

(1)

Editing Using Topology

131

(1)

Create Geodatabase

131

(1)

Building Topology and Set the Rules

132

(1)

Fixing Dangles in ArcMap Using First Topology Approach

133

(1)

Topology Tool

133

(2)

Fixing Dangles in ArcMap Using Second Topology Approach

135

(1)

Fix Watershed Using Topology

136

(1)

Build Topology Rule to Make Two Watershed Layers Cover Each Other

137

(4)

9 Geoprocessing

141

(12)

Introduction

141

(1)

GIS Approach

142

(11)

Dissolve

142

(2)

Clip Tool

144

(1)

Intersect Tool

145

(1)

Merge Tool

146

(1)

Buffer Tool and Select by Location

147

(2)

Convert the Graphic into Feature

149

(1)

Erase Tool

150

(3)

10 Site Suitability and Modeling

153

(24)

Introduction

153

(1)

Model 1

153

(6)

The Criteria to Build the Greenhouse

154

(1)

GIS Approach

154

(2)

Overlay Analysis: Union

156

(1)

Select Tool

156

(1)

Area Calculation

157

(1)

Geoprocessing Model for Spatial Analysis

158

(1)

Model 2

159

(18)

Find Best Suitable Location to Build Nuclear Power Plant

159

(1)

The Criteria to Find Suitable Location to Build Nuclear Power Plant

159

(1)

Building the Geoprocessing ModelBuilder

159

(1)

Create a New Toolbox

160

(4)

Select Tool

164

(1)

Union Tool

165

(2)

Erase Tool

167

(1)

Validate and Run the ModelBuilder in Model Window

168

(2)

Add Model Name

170

(1)

Set Model Parameters and Run ModelBuilder in Model Tool

171

(3)

Run the Model Tool

174

(3)

11 Geocoding

177

(14)

Introduction

177

(1)

Geocoding Based on Zip Code

177

(1)

GIS Approach

178

(1)

Create Address Locator

179

(1)

Geocode the Addresses

180

(1)

Create Table with the Nitrate Information

181

(1)

Symbolizing

182

(1)

Geocoding Based on Street Address

183

(1)

Integrate Excel Table

183

(1)

Create Address Locator

184

(1)

Test Your Address Locator

185

(2)

Examine the Geocoding Results

187

(1)

Match the Unmatched Addresses

187

(1)

Rematch the Address

187

(1)

First Address (2066 Fisher AV)

188

(1)

Second Address (666 20TH AV)

188

(3)

12 Working with Raster

191

(28)

Introduction: Raster Format

191

(1)

Feature Representation in Raster Format

191

(1)

Section 1 Data Download and Display in ArcMap

192

(1)

Section 2 Projection and Processing Raster Dataset

192

(1)

Section 3 Terrain Analysis

192

(1)

Section 1 Data Download and Display in ArcMap

192

(5)

Download DEM Image from USGS Webpage

192

(2)

Explore the DEM Image

194

(2)

Convert Image from Float to Integer

196

(1)

Int Tool

196

(1)

Section 2 Projection and Processing Raster Dataset

197

(6)

Project the DEM of an Area in the Amman-Zarqa Basin

197

(1)

Clip an Image

198

(1)

Merge Raster Datasets (Mosaic)

199

(1)

Resample an Image

200

(1)

Classify an Image

201

(1)

Convert Vector Feature into Raster

201

(2)

Section 3 Terrain Analysis

203

(16)

Create Hillshade

203

(1)

Create Contour for Dhuleil DEM

204

(1)

Create Vertical Profile

205

(1)

Create Visibility Map

206

(1)

Add a Height to an Observation Point

207

(1)

Create Line of Sight

208

(1)

Slope and Aspect

209

(1)

Classify the Slope into Six Classes

210

(1)

Reclassify Slope and Aspect

211

(3)

Combine Two Images: Slope and Geology

214

(3)

Calculate the Percent of the Area That Suitable for Installation the Lysimeter

217

(2)

13 Spatial Interpolation

219

(16)

Introduction

219

(1)

Method of Interpolation

220

(6)

Trend Surface Analysis

220

(1)

Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW)

220

(1)

Global Polynomial (GP)

221

(1)

Kriging

221

(1)

Data and Coordinate System

222

(1)

Density of Groundwater Well

222

(1)

GIS Approach

223

(1)

Symbolize the Wells Based on TDS

223

(2)

Trend Analysis

225

(1)

I Global Polynomial Interpolation

226

(3)

Convert the GPI Predicted Map into ESRI Grid and Clip It Using the Mask Technique

228

(1)

Classify the GPI Map

228

(1)

II Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW)

229

(6)

Convert the IDW Predicted Map into ESRI Grid and Clip It Using the Mask Technique

230

(1)

Classify the IDW Map

231

(1)

Interpolation Using Kriging

232

(2)

Convert the Kriging Predicted Map into ESRI Grid and Clip It Using the Mask Technique

234

(1)

14 Watershed Delineation

235

(12)

Introduction

235

(1)

How Direction

236

(1)

Flow Accumulation

236

(1)

Stream Link

236

(1)

Delineate the Watershed

237

(4)

Step 1 Run the Flow Direction Tool

237

(1)

Step 2 Identify the Locations of the SINK (Sink Tool)

238

(1)

Step 3 Run the Fill Tool

239

(1)

Step 4 Run the Flow Direction tool

239

(1)

Step 5 Create a Flow Accumulation Raster

240

(1)

Step 6 Create Source Raster to Delineate Watershed

241

(1)

Source Raster

241

(1)

Step 7 Delineate Watershed

242

(1)

Point-Based Watershed

242

(5)

Convert Pourshed Raster to Vector

243

(1)

Calculate the Recharge amount of the Dhuleil_Watershed

244

(3)

15 Geostatistical Analysis

247

(20)

Introduction

247

(1)

Measuring Geographic Distribution Toolset

247

(6)

Calculate Mean Center with and Without Weight

248

(3)

Standard Distance and Mean Center

251

(2)

Analyzing Pattern Toolset

253

(9)

Identifying Pattern Based on Location

253

(4)

Identify Pattern Based on Values (Getis-Ord General G)

257

(2)

Spatial Autocorrelation (Moran's I)

259

(3)

Mapping Clusters

262

(5)

Cluster and Outlier Analysis (Anselin Local Moran I)

262

(2)

Hot Spot Analysis (Getis-Ord GI*)

264

(3)

16 Proximity and Network Analysis

267

(30)

Introduction

267

(1)

Proximity Analysis in Vector Format

267

(1)

GIS Approach to Solve Scenario 1

268

(8)

Buffer the WWTP in the Samra Region

269

(1)

Select By Location

270

(1)

SQL Statement

270

(2)

Buffer the Stream in the Region

272

(2)

Definition Query

274

(1)

Near Tool

274

(1)

Desire Lines (Spider Diagram) Tool

275

(1)

GIS Approach to Solve Scenario 2

276

(2)

Use the Multi-Ring Buffer Around the Hay Arnous Town

276

(2)

GIS Approach to Solve Scenario 3

278

(6)

Proximity Analysis in Raster Format

278

(1)

Point Distance Method

278

(1)

GIS Approach to Solve Scenario 3

279

(1)

Point Distance Tool

280

(2)

Definition Query

282

(1)

Well Classification

282

(2)

Network Analyst

284

(13)

GIS Approach

284

(3)

Create Network Dataset

287

(1)

Build the Network

288

(1)

New Service Area

289

(1)

Add Locations Tool

290

(1)

Calculate the Service Area with Certain Travel Time

290

(2)

Calculate the True Path and Total Time between the Wells and Each Town

292

(1)

GIS Approach

293

(1)

Run Add Locations Tool Between Facilities and WelLSupply

294

(1)

Run Add Location Tool Again

295

(1)

Show Route Direction

296

(1)

17 3-D Analysis

297

(18)

Introduction

297

(1)

Z Values

297

(1)

Raster

297

(1)

Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN)

298

(1)

3-D Features

298

(1)

Lesson 1 Working with 3-D in ArcCatalog

298

(5)

Preview Raster (DEM) and Vector in ArcCatalog

298

(2)

Does the Shapefile Contain 3D Features?

300

(1)

Create a Layer File for the DEM of Duluth in ArcCatalog

300

(1)

Display Duluth.lyr in 3D Using the Base Height of Duluth DEM

300

(1)

Change the Color of the Duluth Layer File

301

(1)

Add Shading to the Duluth Layer File

301

(1)

Create a 3D Thumbnail to the Duluth Layer File

302

(1)

Lesson 2 Working with 3-D Toolbar in ArcMap

303

(3)

Create Single Contour

304

(1)

Find the Elevation of the Rain Stations Using the "Interpolate Point"

304

(1)

Create a Profile Graph for the Stream Using the "Interpolate Line"

305

(1)

Lesson 3 Working with ArcScene

306

(9)

Create TIN from Contour Line

306

(1)

Change the Symbols of the TIN

307

(1)

Drape and Extrude Layers onto Dhuleil_TIN

308

(1)

Applying the 3D Symbol to the Tree Layer

309

(1)

Vertical Exaggeration

310

(1)

Navigate and Fly

310

(1)

Create an Animation and Video

310

(2)

Time Tracking

312

(3)

18 Mobile GIS Using ArcPad

315

(28)

Introduction

315

(1)

Part 1 Prepare the Data in the Office for ArcPad to Perform Field Work

315

(14)

Prepare Raster Data for ArcPad Desktop

316

(2)

Create File Geodatabase in ArcMap

318

(2)

Import the Image (Holden.tif) into the UWS File Geodatabase

320

(1)

Using ArcPad Data Manager Tool to Transfer Data from ArcGIS into the Mobile GIS

321

(4)

Starting ArcPad in Trimble Juno T41

325

(3)

GPS Setting in Trimble

328

(1)

Activate the GPS

329

(1)

Part 2 Capturing Data Using Trimble and ArcPad in the Field

329

(14)

I Capturing Data Using the Designed File Geodatabase

329

(1)

Capturing the Building, Sidewalk, and Trees in the Designated Study Area

330

(2)

Get Data from ArcPad to ArcGIS

332

(1)

Editing the Data of the Holden Building

333

(1)

II QuickProject

334

(1)

Activate the GPS in Trimble

335

(1)

Capturing GPS Data (Point, Line, Polygon)

335

(4)

View the Picture That Was Captured in ArcPad in the Field Using Trimble

339

(2)

Create Map Hyperlink

341

(2)

Appendix A Data Source Credits

343

(4)

Appendix B Task-Index

347

Dr. William Bajjali serves as Professor of Hydrogeology and GIS at The University of Wisconsin - Superior. Dr. Bajjali has worked with geographic information systems for almost thirty years, and his academic and professional work spans the United States, Canada, and the Middle East.

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