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1 | (28) |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (3) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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1.5 Process Compatibilities |
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11 | (1) |
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1.6 Need of Development of Biodegradable Polymer |
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11 | (1) |
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1.7 Challenge in Present Scenario |
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11 | (1) |
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1.8 Manufacturers of Biodegradable Polymers as on Date |
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12 | (2) |
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1.9 Commercial Biodegradable Products of Starch |
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14 | (1) |
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1.10 Applications of Biodegradable Polymer |
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15 | (4) |
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1.11 Objectives for Development |
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19 | (1) |
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1.12 Current Status in India |
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20 | (3) |
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1.13 Current Status in World |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (4) |
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2 Classification of Biodegradable Polymers |
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29 | (22) |
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2.0 Categories of Polymers |
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31 | (1) |
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2.1 Non-degradable and Non-renewable Polymers |
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32 | (1) |
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2.2 Degradable and Non-renewable Polymers |
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33 | (1) |
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2.3 Biodegradable and Non-renewable Polymers |
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34 | (2) |
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2.4 Biodegradable and Renewable Polymers |
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36 | (1) |
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2.5 Categories of Biodegradable Polymers |
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37 | (3) |
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2.6 Details of Different Categories Based Biodegradable Polymers |
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40 | (9) |
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49 | (2) |
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3 Materials and Their Structures |
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51 | (36) |
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3.0 Biodegradable Polymer - Materials and their Structures |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (12) |
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53 | (9) |
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62 | (2) |
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3.1.3 Chitin and Chitosan |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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3.3 Bacterial/Microbial Polyesters |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (4) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (3) |
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72 | (1) |
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3.7 Starch/Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) Based Biodegradable Polymers |
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73 | (1) |
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3.8 Starch/Poly (Epsilon-Caprolactone) (PCL) Based Biodegradable Polymers |
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74 | (1) |
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3.9 Starch/Poly (D, L-Lactic Acid) (PLA) Based Biodegradable Polymers |
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75 | (1) |
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3.10 Starch/Poly-hydroxy-alkanoates (PHA) Based Biodegradable Polymers |
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75 | (3) |
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3.11 Starch/Poly (Butylenes Succinate-Co-Butylene Adipate) (PBSA) Based Biodegradable Polymers |
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78 | (1) |
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3.12 Starch with Olefins Vinyl Derivatives |
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78 | (2) |
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3.13 Starch and Olefins with Acrylate Derivatives |
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80 | (1) |
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3.14 Starch and Olefins with Anhydride Group |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (6) |
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87 | (50) |
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4.0 Research in the Field of Biodegradable Polymers as on Date |
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89 | (33) |
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122 | (15) |
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5 Characterization Techniques |
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137 | (38) |
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5.0 Characterization Techniques |
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139 | (1) |
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5.1 Physico-chemical Analysis |
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139 | (5) |
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5.1.1 FTIR: ATR Fourier Transform Infrared: Attenuated Total Reflectance: Spectroscopy |
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139 | (5) |
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144 | (16) |
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5.2.1 DSC: Differential Scanning Calorimetery |
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144 | (7) |
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5.2.2 TGA: Thermo Gravimetric Analysis |
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151 | (4) |
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5.2.3 Thermo Mechancial Analyser (TMA) |
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155 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Dynamic Mechanical Analyser (DMA) |
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156 | (4) |
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5.3 Crystallographic Study |
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160 | (3) |
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5.3.1 XRD: X-Ray Diffraction |
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160 | (3) |
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163 | (4) |
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5.4.1 SEM: Scanning Electron Microscopy |
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163 | (4) |
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5.5 Water Absorption Analysis |
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167 | (1) |
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5.6 Physico-mechanical Properties |
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167 | (3) |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (2) |
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170 | (1) |
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5.7.2 Carbonyl Index Study |
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171 | (1) |
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5.7.3 Mechanical Properties After Degradation |
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171 | (1) |
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5.7.4 Morphology Study After Degradation |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (3) |
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175 | (34) |
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177 | (1) |
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6.1 Degradation Process of Bio-degradable Polymer |
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178 | (2) |
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6.2 Factors Affecting Biodegradability |
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180 | (1) |
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6.3 International Standard Methods for Bio-degradability Testing |
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181 | (3) |
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6.4 Methods of Biodegradation |
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184 | (4) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (2) |
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6.5 Definition of Composting |
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188 | (1) |
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6.5.1 According to ASTM Standards |
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188 | (1) |
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6.5.2 According to ISO Draft Standards |
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188 | (1) |
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6.5.3 According to British Standards |
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188 | (1) |
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6.5.4 According to US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) |
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189 | (1) |
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6.6 Factors Affecting Composting Process |
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189 | (1) |
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6.7 Phases of Composting Process |
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190 | (3) |
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6.8 An International Standard Related to Composting |
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193 | (3) |
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6.8.1 ASTM Standards Related to Composting |
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193 | (1) |
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6.8.2 ISO Standards Related to Composting |
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194 | (1) |
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6.8.3 EN Standard Related to Composting |
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195 | (1) |
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6.9 Methods of Biodegradability Testing by Composting |
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196 | (6) |
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196 | (6) |
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6.10 Methods of Bio-degradation Testing |
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202 | (1) |
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6.11 Biodegradation Supporting Environments |
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203 | (1) |
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6.12 Duration of Bio-degradation and Risk of their Entry into Nature |
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204 | (1) |
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6.13 Biodegradation Measurement Procedures |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (3) |
Glossary |
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209 | (8) |
Index |
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217 | |