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El. knyga: Biodegradable Polymers: Materials and their Structures

  • Formatas: 242 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 14-Apr-2021
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000385175
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: 242 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 14-Apr-2021
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000385175
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This book is about development of biodegradable polymers alternatives, which are required to save our reserves of fossil fuels and to save our mother earth from further environmental degradation. This book deals with the family of biodegradable polymers which have to be prepared with a novel idea of studying polymers with a “Cradle to Grave” approach. It touches upon basic materials, which can be potential materials to prepare biodegradable polymers with their basic structures, properties, behaviour and limitations known till date. This book will help students in understanding various characterization techniques which can be used for the study of identification of functional group, structural properties, thermal behaviour, crystallographic nature, mechanical properties and morphological properties through FTIR–ATR for physico chemical properties, DSC & TGA for thermal studies, XRD for crystallographic studies & SEM for morphological studies. It also provides an overview of various testing methods to analyse
biodegradability including standard guideline for evaluation of biodegradation and compostability of polymer material through ASTM/ISO/EN standard methods.
Note: T&F does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
1 Introduction
1(28)
1.0 Introduction
3(2)
1.1 Background
5(1)
1.2 Definitions
6(3)
1.3 Developmental Need
9(1)
1.4 Recycling
10(1)
1.5 Process Compatibilities
11(1)
1.6 Need of Development of Biodegradable Polymer
11(1)
1.7 Challenge in Present Scenario
11(1)
1.8 Manufacturers of Biodegradable Polymers as on Date
12(2)
1.9 Commercial Biodegradable Products of Starch
14(1)
1.10 Applications of Biodegradable Polymer
15(4)
1.11 Objectives for Development
19(1)
1.12 Current Status in India
20(3)
1.13 Current Status in World
23(1)
1.14 Conclusion
24(1)
1.15 References
25(4)
2 Classification of Biodegradable Polymers
29(22)
2.0 Categories of Polymers
31(1)
2.1 Non-degradable and Non-renewable Polymers
32(1)
2.2 Degradable and Non-renewable Polymers
33(1)
2.3 Biodegradable and Non-renewable Polymers
34(2)
2.4 Biodegradable and Renewable Polymers
36(1)
2.5 Categories of Biodegradable Polymers
37(3)
2.6 Details of Different Categories Based Biodegradable Polymers
40(9)
2.7 References
49(2)
3 Materials and Their Structures
51(36)
3.0 Biodegradable Polymer - Materials and their Structures
53(1)
3.1 Polysaccharides
53(12)
3.1.1 Starch
53(9)
3.1.2 Cellulose
62(2)
3.1.3 Chitin and Chitosan
64(1)
3.2 Protein-Based
65(2)
3.3 Bacterial/Microbial Polyesters
67(1)
3.4 Poly (Glycolic Acid)
68(1)
3.5 Synthetic Polyester
68(4)
3.5.1 Polycaprolactone
68(1)
3.5.2 Poly (Lactic Acid)
69(3)
3.6 Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)
72(1)
3.7 Starch/Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) Based Biodegradable Polymers
73(1)
3.8 Starch/Poly (Epsilon-Caprolactone) (PCL) Based Biodegradable Polymers
74(1)
3.9 Starch/Poly (D, L-Lactic Acid) (PLA) Based Biodegradable Polymers
75(1)
3.10 Starch/Poly-hydroxy-alkanoates (PHA) Based Biodegradable Polymers
75(3)
3.11 Starch/Poly (Butylenes Succinate-Co-Butylene Adipate) (PBSA) Based Biodegradable Polymers
78(1)
3.12 Starch with Olefins Vinyl Derivatives
78(2)
3.13 Starch and Olefins with Acrylate Derivatives
80(1)
3.14 Starch and Olefins with Anhydride Group
80(1)
3.15 References
81(6)
4 Innovation Till Date
87(50)
4.0 Research in the Field of Biodegradable Polymers as on Date
89(33)
4.1 References
122(15)
5 Characterization Techniques
137(38)
5.0 Characterization Techniques
139(1)
5.1 Physico-chemical Analysis
139(5)
5.1.1 FTIR: ATR Fourier Transform Infrared: Attenuated Total Reflectance: Spectroscopy
139(5)
5.2 Thermal Analysis
144(16)
5.2.1 DSC: Differential Scanning Calorimetery
144(7)
5.2.2 TGA: Thermo Gravimetric Analysis
151(4)
5.2.3 Thermo Mechancial Analyser (TMA)
155(1)
5.2.4 Dynamic Mechanical Analyser (DMA)
156(4)
5.3 Crystallographic Study
160(3)
5.3.1 XRD: X-Ray Diffraction
160(3)
5.4 Morphology Analysis
163(4)
5.4.1 SEM: Scanning Electron Microscopy
163(4)
5.5 Water Absorption Analysis
167(1)
5.6 Physico-mechanical Properties
167(3)
5.6.1 Tensile Strength
167(2)
5.6.2 Tear Strength
169(1)
5.6.3 Burst Strength
169(1)
5.7 Degradation Study
170(2)
5.7.1 Weight Loss Study
170(1)
5.7.2 Carbonyl Index Study
171(1)
5.7.3 Mechanical Properties After Degradation
171(1)
5.7.4 Morphology Study After Degradation
172(1)
5.8 References
172(3)
6 Biodegradation
175(34)
6.0 Biodegradation
177(1)
6.1 Degradation Process of Bio-degradable Polymer
178(2)
6.2 Factors Affecting Biodegradability
180(1)
6.3 International Standard Methods for Bio-degradability Testing
181(3)
6.4 Methods of Biodegradation
184(4)
6.4.1 Soil Burial
186(1)
6.4.2 Composting
186(2)
6.5 Definition of Composting
188(1)
6.5.1 According to ASTM Standards
188(1)
6.5.2 According to ISO Draft Standards
188(1)
6.5.3 According to British Standards
188(1)
6.5.4 According to US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)
189(1)
6.6 Factors Affecting Composting Process
189(1)
6.7 Phases of Composting Process
190(3)
6.8 An International Standard Related to Composting
193(3)
6.8.1 ASTM Standards Related to Composting
193(1)
6.8.2 ISO Standards Related to Composting
194(1)
6.8.3 EN Standard Related to Composting
195(1)
6.9 Methods of Biodegradability Testing by Composting
196(6)
6.9.1 ISO 14855-1 and 2
196(6)
6.10 Methods of Bio-degradation Testing
202(1)
6.11 Biodegradation Supporting Environments
203(1)
6.12 Duration of Bio-degradation and Risk of their Entry into Nature
204(1)
6.13 Biodegradation Measurement Procedures
205(1)
6.14 References
206(3)
Glossary 209(8)
Index 217
Manjari Sharma, Ambedkar Institute of Advanced Communication Technologies & Research, Delhi, India