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El. knyga: The COST Manual of Laboratory Animal Care and Use: Refinement, Reduction, and Research

Edited by (University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio), Edited by (Italian National Research Council, Santa Maria di Galeria, Italy), Edited by (Former Director of Animal Welfare, University of Sheffield, UK)
  • Formatas: 439 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 19-Apr-2016
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9781000218947
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
The COST Manual of Laboratory Animal Care and Use: Refinement, Reduction, and ResearchDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 439 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 19-Apr-2016
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9781000218947
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"Our intention is to offer a one-stop source of best practice, which will be of value to personnel responsible for the care and welfare of animals and scientists conducting activities related to the use of animals for scientific purposes. It is also addressed to those with management responsibilities including facility engineers, architects and lay persons involved with ethical review, and the interested general reader. The manual presents perceived best practices and, as far as possible, the contents are evidence based. In the many cases / Summary: where the evidence is poor, the authors have endeavoured to demonstrate the rationale underlying their contentions by including relevant references. The emphasis is not on describing current practices, but rather what is seen as good practice; moreover it is not our intention to tell the reader what to do, but rather to offer options and provide advice on what not to do."--

"Our intention is to offer a one-stop source of best practise, which will be of value to personnel responsible for the care and welfare of animals and scientists conducting activities related to the use of animals for scientific purposes. It is also addressed to those with management responsibilities including facility engineers, architects and lay persons involved with ethical review, and the interested general reader. The manual presents perceived best practises and, as far as possible, the contents are evidencebased. In the many cases where the evidence is poor, the authors have endeavoured to demonstrate the rationale underlying their contentions by including relevant references. The emphasis is not on describing current practises, but rather what isseen as good practise; moreover it is not our intention to tell the reader what to do, but rather to offer options and provide advice on what not to do"--Provided by publisher.



COST and COST Action B-24 vii
Preface ix
Editors xi
Contributors xiii
Editorial Board of the Manual xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(6)
Bryan Howard
1.1 Public Concerns
1(1)
1.2 Replacement
2(1)
1.3 New Technical Advances
3(1)
1.4 The Culture of Care
4(3)
References
5(2)
Chapter 2 Design and Oversight of Laboratory Animal Facilities
7(22)
Dag Sørensen
Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos
Richard Fosse
Objectives
8(1)
Key Factors
8(1)
2.1 Facilities
9(1)
2.1.1 Facility Planning
9(1)
2.1.1.1 The Design Team
9(1)
2.1.1.2 Defining Activities
9(1)
2.1.1.3 Capacity
10(1)
2.1.1.4 Strategic Limits and Questions
10(1)
2.2 Facility Oversight
10(2)
2.2.1 Qualifications of the Animal House Director
10(1)
2.2.2 Duties of the Animal House Director
11(1)
2.2.3 Qualifications of the Veterinarian Responsible for the Veterinary Care in Laboratory Animal Units
11(1)
2.2.4 Qualifications of the Supervisor of the Technical Staff
12(1)
2.2.5 Qualifications of Persons Taking Care of Laboratory Animals
12(1)
2.3 Key Components in Design
12(7)
2.3.1 Barriers, Barrier Elements
13(1)
2.3.2 Corridors: Flow Cycles for Animals, Scientists and Equipment
14(1)
2.3.2.1 Dual or Single Corridor Systems
14(1)
2.3.3 Reception Areas
14(1)
2.3.4 Animal Holding Rooms
14(1)
2.3.5 Ventilation of Secondary Enclosures
15(1)
2.3.6 Procedure Rooms
16(1)
2.3.6.1 General Requirements for Furniture and Equipment
16(1)
2.3.6.2 Laboratories
16(1)
2.3.6.3 Surgical Suites
16(1)
2.3.6.4 Necropsy
17(1)
2.3.7 Transgenic Core Facilities
17(1)
2.3.8 Teaching and Training Rooms
18(1)
2.3.9 Architectural Finishes and Materials
19(1)
2.4 Distribution Systems
19(1)
2.4.1 Drains
19(1)
2.4.2 Animal Watering Systems: Bottle or Line Delivery
19(1)
2.5 Building Management Systems (Environmental Control) and Monitoring
20(1)
2.5.1 Maintenance Programmes of the Facility and Equipment
20(1)
2.6 Other Functional Areas
21(1)
2.6.1 Washing Area
21(1)
2.6.1.1 Robot Systems
21(1)
2.6.2 Storage (Clean and Dirty Area)
21(1)
2.6.3 Cold Room
22(1)
2.6.4 Waste Area: Waste Disposal
22(1)
2.6.5 Security: Alarm Systems---Contingency Plans
22(1)
2.7 Communications
22(1)
2.8 Barriers: Levels
23(1)
2.8.1 Bioexclusion (Microbiological Standardisation)
23(1)
2.8.2 Health Monitoring
23(1)
2.8.3 Immunocompetent Animals
24(1)
2.8.4 Immunocompromised Animals
24(1)
2.8.5 Experimentally Infected Animals
24(1)
2.9 Biocontainment
24(1)
2.9.1 Health and Safety S 0-4
24(1)
2.10 Quarantine
25(1)
2.11 Conclusions
25(1)
2.12 Questions Unresolved
26(3)
References
26(3)
Chapter 3 Housing and Care of Laboratory Animals
29(46)
Hanna-Marja Voipio
Ping-Ping Tsai
Heinz Brandstetter
Marcel Gyger
Hansjoachim Hackbarth
Axel Kornerup Hansen
Thomas Krohn
Objectives
30(1)
Key Factors
30(1)
3.1 Routine Care of Laboratory Animals
31(1)
3.2 Primary Enclosure: Cages and Housing
31(5)
3.2.1 Open Cages
32(1)
3.2.2 Filter-Top Cages
33(1)
3.2.3 Individually Ventilated Cages (IVCs)
34(1)
3.2.4 Metabolic Cages
35(1)
3.2.5 Disposable Cages
35(1)
3.2.6 Complex Systems
36(1)
3.2.7 Pens
36(1)
3.3 Secondary Enclosure and Rack System
36(5)
3.3.1 Open Rack
36(2)
3.3.2 Ventilated Cabinet
38(1)
3.3.3 IVC Rack System
39(1)
3.3.4 Isolator
40(1)
3.3.5 Special Housing
41(1)
3.4 The Macro- and Micro-Environment
41(15)
3.4.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Ammonia and Relative Humidity
41(1)
3.4.2 Temperature in the Secondary Enclosure
42(2)
3.4.3 Odour and Housing
44(1)
3.4.4 Acoustic Environment
45(1)
3.4.4.1 Auditory Perception
45(1)
3.4.4.2 Vocalisation
45(1)
3.4.4.3 Effects of Sound on Physiology and Behaviour
46(1)
3.4.4.4 Acoustic Environment in Animal Rooms
46(2)
3.4.5 Illumination
48(1)
3.4.5.1 Visual Perception
48(1)
3.4.5.2 Vision and Housing
49(2)
3.4.6 Food
51(1)
3.4.6.1 Supply and Treatments of Diets
51(1)
3.4.6.2 The Effect of Diet on Experimental Results
52(1)
3.4.7 Water Supply
52(1)
3.4.7.1 Water Dispensing
52(1)
3.4.7.2 Water Treatment
53(1)
3.4.7.3 The Effect of Water Treatment on Experimental Results
53(1)
3.4.8 Bedding Material
54(1)
3.4.8.1 The Effect of Bedding on Experimental Results
55(1)
3.4.8.2 The Effect of Bedding on Animals
55(1)
3.4.8.3 The Effect of Bedding on Humans
55(1)
3.5 Transport of Animals
56(1)
3.6 Health Care Programme
57(1)
3.6.1 Preventive Veterinary Medicine for Recently Arrived Animals
57(1)
3.6.2 Veterinary Surveillance
57(1)
3.7 Engineering Control and Maintenance of Biosecurity
57(1)
3.8 Conclusions
58(1)
3.9 Questions Unresolved
59(16)
References
60(15)
Chapter 4 Animal Needs and Environmental Refinement
75(26)
Vera Baumans
Hanna Augustsson
Gemma Perretta
Objectives
76(1)
Key Factors
76(1)
4.1 Animal Needs
76(6)
4.1.1 Introduction
76(1)
4.1.2 The Five Freedoms
77(1)
4.1.2.1 Hunger and Thirst
77(1)
4.1.2.2 Discomfort
78(1)
4.1.2.3 Pain, Injury, Disease
79(2)
4.1.2.4 Expressing Normal Behaviour
81(1)
4.1.2.5 Fear and Distress
81(1)
4.2 Motivation and Needs
82(4)
4.2.1 Nesting and Hiding
83(1)
4.2.2 Social Behaviour
83(2)
4.2.3 Exploration
85(1)
4.2.4 Foraging
85(1)
4.2.5 Locomotory Activity and Movement
86(1)
4.3 Environmental Refinement
86(6)
4.3.1 Definition and Principles of Environmental Refinement for the Welfare of the Animals
86(1)
4.3.2 Refinement of Physical Environment
87(1)
4.3.2.1 Cage Structure and Furnishings
88(1)
4.3.2.2 Feeding
89(1)
4.3.2.3 Opportunities for Physical Exercise and Exploration
89(1)
4.3.3 Refinement of Social Environment
90(1)
4.3.4 Validation of Environmental Refinement
91(1)
4.3.5 The Impact on Scientific Results
92(1)
4.3.6 Animal Welfare Assessment and the Future
92(1)
4.4 Conclusions
92(1)
4.5 Questions Unresolved
93(8)
References
93(8)
Chapter 5 Ethical Evaluation of Scientific Procedures: Recommendations for Ethics Committees
101(30)
Rony Kalman
I. Anna S. Olsson
Claudio Bernardi
Frank van den Broek
Aurora Brønstad
Istvan Gyertyan
Aavo Lang
Katerina Marinou
Walter Zeller
Objectives
102(1)
Key Factors
103(1)
5.1 Background
103(1)
5.2 Checklist of Key Issues
104(3)
5.2.1 Description and Purpose of the Study
104(1)
5.2.2 Replacement
104(1)
5.2.3 Refinement
104(1)
5.2.4 Reduction
105(1)
5.2.5 Retrospective Information from Similar Studies
105(1)
5.2.6 Information about the Researcher and Institute
105(1)
5.2.7 Experts and Competent Persons
105(1)
5.2.8 General Aspects
106(1)
5.2.9 Composition and Dynamics of the Ethical Evaluation Body
106(1)
5.3 Discussion Points
107(19)
5.3.1 Limited Benefit as a Reason for Denying a License
107(1)
5.3.2 Evaluation of Replacement Methods
107(1)
5.3.3 Selection of Species, Strain, Sex, Age and Considering Animals with Special Needs
108(1)
5.3.3.1 Additional Considerations
109(1)
5.3.4 Responsibility and Authority Including Humane Endpoints (HEP)
110(1)
5.3.5 Classification of the Severity of Procedures
111(1)
5.3.6 Efficient Study Design and the Need for Qualified Personnel
111(6)
5.3.7 Standardisation and Importance of Reduction
117(1)
5.3.8 Repeated Use of Animals
117(1)
5.3.9 Evaluation of Previous Studies
118(1)
5.3.10 Conflict of Interest
118(1)
5.3.11 Ensuring Scientific Validity as Part of the Ethics Evaluation
119(1)
5.3.12 Communication with the Public
120(1)
5.3.13 Committee Composition
121(2)
5.3.14 The Social Responsibility of an Ethics Committee
123(1)
5.3.15 Project, Experiment and Protocol Evaluation
124(1)
5.3.16 General Discussion
125(1)
5.4 Conclusions
126(1)
5.5 Questions Unresolved
126(5)
Acknowledgements
127(1)
References
127(4)
Chapter 6 Reduction by Careful Design and Statistical Analysis
131(20)
Michael Festing
Objectives
132(1)
Key Factors
132(1)
6.1 Introduction
132(1)
6.1.1 Improving the Design of Experiments
132(1)
6.1.2 The Three Rs
133(1)
6.2 Main Principles of Design
133(12)
6.2.1 Purpose of the Experiment
133(1)
6.2.2 Types of Experiment
133(1)
6.2.3 Identifying the Experimental Unit
134(1)
6.2.4 Independent and Dependent Variables
134(1)
6.2.4.1 Independent Variables or Factors
134(1)
6.2.4.2 Dependent Variables
135(1)
6.2.5 The Five Requirements for a Good Experimental Design
135(1)
6.2.5.1 Absence of Bias: Randomisation and Blinding
135(1)
6.2.5.2 Power
136(3)
6.2.5.3 Range of Applicability: The Factorial Experiment
139(1)
6.2.5.4 Simplicity
139(1)
6.2.5.5 Amenable to Statistical Analysis
139(1)
6.2.6 Formal Designs
139(1)
6.2.6.1 The "Completely Randomised" or "Between Subject" Design
140(1)
6.2.6.2 The Randomised Block Design
140(1)
6.2.6.3 The Cross-Over, Repeated Measures or Within-Subject Design
141(1)
6.2.6.4 The Latin Square
142(1)
6.2.6.5 The Split-Plot Design
142(1)
6.2.6.6 Sequential Designs
143(1)
6.2.6.7 Factorial Designs
143(2)
6.3 Statistical Analysis
145(2)
6.3.1 Examining the Data
145(1)
6.3.2 Parametric Statistical Analysis
145(1)
6.3.3 Non-Parametric Tests
146(1)
6.3.4 Discrete Data
146(1)
6.3.5 Interpreting and Reporting the Results
146(1)
6.3.6 A Note on Statistical Software
147(1)
6.4 Conclusions
147(1)
6.5 Questions Unresolved
147(4)
References
148(3)
Chapter 7 Animal Models: Selecting and Preparing Animals for a Study
151(28)
Patrick Hardy
Sarah Wolfensohn
Objectives
152(1)
Key Factors
152(1)
7.1 Introduction
153(1)
7.2 Study Objectives and Expectations, Introduction to Model Categories
154(1)
7.3 Categories of Animal Model and Their Characteristics
155(8)
7.3.1 Physiological Models
155(1)
7.3.1.1 Outbred Animals
155(1)
7.3.1.2 Inbred Models
156(2)
7.3.1.3 F1 Hybrids
158(1)
7.3.1.4 Examples of Other Inbred-Derived Models or Definitions
158(1)
7.3.2 Human Disease Models
159(1)
7.3.2.1 Inbred Strains Used as Disease Models
159(1)
7.3.2.2 Polygenic Models Generated by Mono- or Bi-Directional Selection
159(1)
7.3.2.3 Monogenic Models: Spontaneous or Targeted Mutations, Additional Transgenesis
160(2)
7.3.2.4 Experimental Induction
162(1)
7.3.2.5 Combined Models
162(1)
7.3.3 Models of Animal Disease or in Animal Health Research
163(1)
7.4 Review of Health Definitions and Categories
163(6)
7.4.1 Introduction
163(1)
7.4.2 Health Definitions and Standards
164(1)
7.4.2.1 Holoxenic or Conventional Animals
164(1)
7.4.2.2 Gnotoxenic Animals
164(1)
7.4.2.3 Agnotoxenic Animals: Heteroxenic/Specific Pathogen Free Health Standards
165(1)
7.4.2.4 Additional SPF Definitions
166(1)
7.4.2.5 Categories of Animal Micro-Flora
166(1)
7.4.2.6 Healthy Carriers
167(1)
7.4.2.7 Antibody-Free Animals
167(1)
7.4.3 Re-Derivation Techniques
167(1)
7.4.3.1 Aseptic Hysterectomy
167(1)
7.4.3.2 Aseptic Hysterotomy/Caesarean Section
168(1)
7.4.3.3 Embryo Transfer
168(1)
7.4.3.4 Aseptic Hysterectomy or Embryo Transfer Associated with other Procedures
168(1)
7.4.3.5 Genetic Issues When Re-Deriving a Colony
168(1)
7.4.4 Bioexclusion, Biocontainment and Health Monitoring
168(1)
7.4.5 Colony Termination and Recycling Policy
169(1)
7.5 Animal Model Selection and Source
169(2)
7.6 Environment Definition and Control
171(3)
7.6.1 Environmental Conditions
171(1)
7.6.2 Diet and Nutrition
171(1)
7.6.3 Transport Conditions
172(1)
7.6.4 Acclimatising Versus Quarantine Period
173(1)
7.7 Conclusions
174(1)
7.8 Questions Unresolved
174(5)
References
175(4)
Chapter 8 Creation of Genetically Modified Animals
179(26)
Belen Pintado
Marian van Roon
Objectives
179(1)
Key Factors
180(1)
8.1 Getting Started: Search for Information
180(1)
8.2 Genetically Modified Models to Answer Biological Questions: Types of Modifications
181(14)
8.2.1 Overview
181(1)
8.2.2 Additive Transgenesis
182(1)
8.2.2.1 Pronuclear Microinjection
183(2)
8.2.2.2 Vector Mediated Additive Transgenesis
185(2)
8.2.2.3 Additive Transgenesis Mediated by ES Cells
187(1)
8.2.2.4 Nuclear Transfer (Cloning)
187(1)
8.2.2.5 Use of Transposons
187(1)
8.2.3 Gene Targeting
188(1)
8.2.3.1 Gene Transfer in ES Cells
189(1)
8.2.3.2 Nuclear Transfer
190(1)
8.2.4 Inducible Transgenesis
190(2)
8.2.5 Conditional Mutagenesis
192(2)
8.2.6 Other Technologies Related to GMOs
194(1)
8.2.6.1 ENU Mutagenesis
194(1)
8.2.6.2 Interfering RNA
194(1)
8.2.6.3 Gene Trapping
195(1)
8.3 Construct Design
195(2)
8.3.1 Design of Transgenic Constructs for Gene Transfer in Zygotes
195(1)
8.3.2 Design of Gene Targeting Constructs for Gene Transfer in ES Cells
196(1)
8.4 Influence of Genetic Background
197(2)
8.5 Transgenic Identification: Genotyping
199(1)
8.6 Conclusions
200(1)
8.7 Questions Unresolved
200(5)
References
201(4)
Chapter 9 Management of Genetically Modified Rodents
205(22)
Jan-Bas Prins
Objectives
205(1)
Key Factors
206(1)
9.1 Breeding
206(9)
9.1.1 Breeding Schemes
206(1)
9.1.1.1 Congenic Breeding
206(1)
9.1.1.2 Pair Mating
207(1)
9.1.1.3 Trio Mating
207(1)
9.1.1.4 Harem Mating
207(1)
9.1.2 Breeding Records
208(1)
9.1.2.1 Records of Individual Animals
208(1)
9.1.2.2 Lineage Records
208(1)
9.1.3 Genotyping
209(1)
9.1.3.1 Techniques
209(1)
9.1.3.2 DNA Markers
209(1)
9.1.4 Phenotyping
209(1)
9.1.4.1 Phenotyping Strategy
210(3)
9.1.4.2 Phenotyping Protocols
213(2)
9.2 Management
215(7)
9.2.1 Husbandry, Animal Care and Welfare
215(1)
9.2.2 Housing and Transport
215(1)
9.2.3 Health Monitoring
215(1)
9.2.4 Preservation and Recovery
216(1)
9.2.4.1 General Aspects
216(1)
9.2.4.2 Public and Private Repositories
217(1)
9.2.4.3 Cryopreservation of GM Strains
217(5)
9.2.4.4 Genome Resource Banking Management
222(1)
9.3 Conclusions
222(1)
9.4 Questions Unresolved
222(5)
References
222(5)
Chapter 10 Impact of Handling, Radiotelemetry, and Food Restriction
227(30)
Timo Nevalainen
Marlies Leenaars
Vladiana Crljen
Lars Friis Mikkelsen
Ismene Dontas
Bart Savenije
Carlijn Hooijmans
Merel Ritskes-Hoitinga
Objectives
228(1)
Key Factors
229(1)
10.1 Handling and Restraint
230(6)
10.1.1 Factors Promoting Adjustment of Animals to Handling and Restraint
230(1)
10.1.1.1 Frequent Handling
230(1)
10.1.1.2 Familiarity of the Environment
230(1)
10.1.1.3 Communication
230(1)
10.1.1.4 Cage Complexity
230(1)
10.1.2 Handling Methods
231(1)
10.1.2.1 The Person
231(1)
10.1.2.2 The Animal's Prior Experience
231(1)
10.1.2.3 The Comparisons
231(2)
10.1.2.4 Habituation to Handling
233(1)
10.1.3 Comparison of Restraint Methods
233(1)
10.1.3.1 Species Differences
233(1)
10.1.3.2 Habituation to Restraint
234(1)
10.1.4 Comparison of Handling and Restraint to Other Common Procedures
235(1)
10.2 Implantable Telemetry
236(4)
10.2.1 Refinement Possibilities
236(1)
10.2.1.1 Transmitter Size
236(1)
10.2.1.2 Peri- and Post-operative Care
237(1)
10.2.2 Reduction Possibilities
238(1)
10.2.3 Scientific Integrity
238(1)
10.2.3.1 Observer Effect
238(1)
10.2.3.2 Accuracy and Precision of Telemetry
239(1)
10.3 Food Restriction in Laboratory Rodents and Rabbits
240(8)
10.3.1 Benefits of Food Restriction in Rodents
240(1)
10.3.1.1 Reduced Mortality
240(1)
10.3.1.2 Health
241(2)
10.3.1.3 Uniformity
243(1)
10.3.1.4 Control
244(1)
10.3.1.5 Sensitivity
245(1)
10.3.2 Practical Aspects of Food Restriction
246(1)
10.3.3 Food Restriction in Rabbits
247(1)
10.4 Conclusions
248(1)
10.5 Questions Unresolved
249(8)
References
250(7)
Chapter 11 Basic Procedures: Dosing, Sampling and Immunisation
257(30)
Ismene Dontas
Jann Hau
Katerina Marinou
Timo Nevalainen
Objectives
258(1)
Key Factors
258(1)
11.1 Administration Routes
259(7)
11.1.1 Oral (per os-PO) Administration
259(2)
11.1.2 Intragastric (IG) Gavage
261(2)
11.1.3 Subcutaneous (SC) Administration
263(1)
11.1.4 Intramuscular (IM) Administration
263(1)
11.1.5 Intraperitoneal (IP) Administration
264(1)
11.1.6 Intravenous (IV) Administration
265(1)
11.1.7 Inhalation
265(1)
11.1.8 Dermal Application
265(1)
11.1.9 Intradermal (ID) Administration
266(1)
11.2 Improving Sampling Procedures
266(8)
11.2.1 Blood Sampling
266(1)
11.2.1.1 Refinement Aspects in Mice
266(3)
11.2.1.2 Accuracy and Precision in Mice
269(1)
11.2.1.3 Approaches to Refinement in Rats
270(2)
11.2.1.4 Accuracy and Precision in Rats
272(1)
11.2.2 Sampling Urine and Faeces
273(1)
11.2.3 Other Sampling Procedures
274(1)
11.3 Immunisation for Production of Polyclonal Antibodies (Pabs)
274(5)
11.3.1 The Antigen
274(1)
11.3.2 The Adjuvant
275(1)
11.3.3 The Animal
276(1)
11.3.3.1 Species
276(1)
11.3.3.2 Species/Strain-Stock
277(1)
11.3.3.3 Sex
277(1)
11.3.3.4 Age
277(1)
11.3.4 The Immunisation Protocol
277(1)
11.3.4.1 The Injection Route
277(1)
11.3.4.2 The Volume of Injection
278(1)
11.3.4.3 The Dose of Antigen
278(1)
11.3.4.4 Booster Immunisation
278(1)
11.3.5 Existing Guidelines on the Production of Polyclonal Antibodies
279(1)
11.4 Conclusions
279(1)
11.5 Questions Unresolved
280(7)
References
280(7)
Chapter 12 Imaging Techniques
287(26)
Aurora Brønstad
Ismene Dontas
Objectives
288(1)
Key Factors
288(1)
12.1 Animal Imaging Technology
288(14)
12.1.1 Imaging Techniques Based on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
288(1)
12.1.1.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
288(4)
12.1.1.2 Functional MRI (fMRI)
292(1)
12.1.1.3 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)
292(1)
12.1.2 Imaging Techniques Using Ionising Radiation
292(1)
12.1.2.1 X-Radiography
293(1)
12.1.2.2 Computed Tomography (CT)
293(1)
12.1.2.3 Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
293(2)
12.1.2.4 Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT)
295(2)
12.1.2.5 Micro-Computed Tomography
297(1)
12.1.2.6 Radionuclear Imaging: PET and SPECT
297(2)
12.1.3 Imaging Techniques with High-Frequency Ultrasound Waves
299(1)
12.1.3.1 Ultrasonography
299(1)
12.1.3.2 Doppler Ultrasonography
300(1)
12.1.4 Imaging Techniques Detecting Light
300(1)
12.1.4.1 Fluorescence Optical Imaging and Bioluminescence Imaging
300(1)
12.1.5 Imaging Techniques Based on Infrared or Near Infrared Radiation (NIR)
301(1)
12.1.5.1 Near Infra-Red Spectroscopy (NIRS)
301(1)
12.1.5.2 Remote Thermography and Near Infrared Imaging
302(1)
12.2 Reduction and Refinement
302(6)
12.2.1 Severity Classifications
303(1)
12.2.1.1 Healthy Animal, No Invasive Procedure
304(1)
12.2.1.2 Healthy Animal, Invasive Procedure
304(1)
12.2.1.3 Non-Healthy Animals
304(1)
12.2.1.4 Non-Healthy Animals, Invasive Procedure
304(1)
12.2.2 Procedures that Impair Animal Welfare and Scientific Quality-Setting Targets for Refinement
305(1)
12.2.2.1 Anaesthesia
305(1)
12.2.2.2 Invasive Procedures
306(1)
12.2.2.3 Fluid Balance
306(1)
12.2.3 Other Issues, Quality Testing and Planning of the Imaging Facility
307(1)
12.2.3.1 Use of Genetically Modified Animals for In Vivo Studies of Functional Genomics
307(1)
12.2.3.2 Reduction, Refinement and Legitimising Animal Experiments
308(1)
12.3 Conclusions
308(1)
12.4 Questions Unresolved
308(5)
Appendix-List of Abbreviations
309(1)
References
309(4)
Chapter 13 Anaesthesia and Analgesia
313(20)
Patricia Hedenqvist
Paul Flecknell
Objectives
313(1)
Key Factors
314(1)
13.1 Pre-Anaesthetic Consideration
314(1)
13.2 Anaesthetic Agents
315(7)
13.2.1 Inhalation Anaesthesia
315(2)
13.2.1.1 Volatile Agents
317(1)
13.2.1.2 Methods of Administration
317(1)
13.2.1.3 Operator Safety
318(1)
13.2.2 Injection Anaesthesia
318(1)
13.2.2.1 Injectable Agents
318(3)
13.2.2.2 Methods of Administration
321(1)
13.3 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents (NMBAs)
322(1)
13.4 Assisted Ventilation
323(1)
13.5 Monitoring during Anaesthesia
323(2)
13.5.1 Depth of Anaesthesia
323(1)
13.5.2 Respiratory Function
324(1)
13.5.3 Cardiovascular Function
324(1)
13.5.4 Maintenance of Body Temperature
324(1)
13.5.5 Maintenance of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
325(1)
13.6 Post-Anaesthetic Care
325(1)
13.6.1 Warmth and Comfort
325(1)
13.6.2 Fluid and Nutritional Support
326(1)
13.7 Analgesia
326(3)
13.7.1 Evaluation of Pain
326(1)
13.7.1.1 Physiological Parameters
326(1)
13.7.1.2 Behaviour
326(1)
13.7.2 Drugs and Doses
327(1)
13.7.2.1 Opioids
327(1)
13.7.2.2 Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (NSAIDs)
328(1)
13.7.2.3 Local Anaesthetic Agents
328(1)
13.7.3 Methods of Delivery
329(1)
13.8 Conclusions
329(1)
13.9 Questions Unresolved
329(4)
References
329(4)
Chapter 14 Use of Humane Endpoints to Minimise Suffering
333(22)
Coenraad Hendriksen
David Morton
Klaus Cussler
Objectives
333(1)
Key Factors
334(1)
14.1 Animal Suffering
334(2)
14.1.1 Pain
335(1)
14.1.2 Dystress
335(1)
14.1.3 Fear
335(1)
14.1.4 Lasting Harm
336(1)
14.1.5 Mental Distress
336(1)
14.2 Recognising Adverse States
336(2)
14.2.1 Strategic Approach to Recognising Adverse Effects
337(1)
14.3 Assessing Suffering
338(4)
14.3.1 Constructing a Score Sheet
340(1)
14.3.2 Using Score Sheets
340(2)
14.4 Levels of Suffering that should not be Exceeded
342(1)
14.5 The Development and Application of Humane Endpoints
343(6)
14.5.1 The Ws of Humane Endpoints
343(1)
14.5.1.1 What is a Humane Endpoint?
344(1)
14.5.1.2 Why Apply Humane Endpoints?
344(1)
14.5.1.3 When to Apply a Humane Endpoint
345(1)
14.5.1.4 Setting Humane Endpoints
346(1)
14.5.2 Responsibilities
347(1)
14.5.2.1 Attitude and Expertise
348(1)
14.5.2.2 Observation and Monitoring
349(1)
14.6 Why are Humane Endpoints Not Always Used, Even When they can be Applied?
349(1)
14.7 Why is Validation Needed?
349(1)
14.8 Conclusions
350(1)
14.9 Questions Unresolved
351(4)
References
351(4)
Chapter 15 Euthanasia
355(14)
Luis Antunes
Objectives
355(1)
Key Factors
356(1)
15.1 Introduction
356(1)
15.2 Avoiding the Need for Unnecessary Euthanasia
356(1)
15.3 Euthanasia Methods
357(6)
15.3.1 Physical Methods
357(1)
15.3.1.1 Cervical Dislocation
358(1)
15.3.1.2 Cerebral Concussion
358(1)
15.3.1.3 Decapitation
358(1)
15.3.1.4 Microwave Irradiation
359(1)
15.3.1.5 Captive Bolt Shooting
359
15.3.2 Chemical Methods
358(1)
15.3.2.1 Inhalational Agents
359(3)
15.3.2.2 Injectable Anaesthetic Agents
362(1)
15.3.3 Methods Applicable Only to Unconscious Animals
362(1)
15.3.4 Euthanasia of the Foetus and Newborn Animal
363(1)
15.4 Practical Considerations
363(4)
15.4.1 Training
363(1)
15.4.2 Facilities for Euthanasia
364(1)
15.4.3 Handling
364(1)
15.4.4 Equipment
364(1)
15.4.5 Choice of Method
364(1)
15.4.6 Study Considerations and Alternatives
365(1)
15.4.7 Animals/Tissue Sharing
366(1)
15.4.8 Confirmation of Death
366(1)
15.4.9 Disposal of Carcases
366(1)
15.4.10 Proposals for the Amended European Directive
366(1)
15.5 Conclusion
367(1)
15.6 Questions Unresolved
367(2)
Acknowledgements
367(1)
References
367(2)
Chapter 16 Education, Training, and Competence
369(22)
Bryan Howard
Katey Howard
Peter Sandøe
Objectives
369(1)
Key Factors
370(1)
16.1 Background
370(2)
16.1.1 Category A Persons
371(1)
16.1.2 Category B Persons
372(1)
16.1.3 Category C Persons
372(1)
16.1.4 Category D Persons
372(1)
16.2 Teaching Methodology and Learning Styles
372(10)
16.2.1 The Teacher
373(1)
16.2.2 Teaching Strategies
374(1)
16.2.2.1 Didactic Teaching
375(1)
16.2.2.2 Group Learning
376(1)
16.2.2.3 Individual Learning
377(1)
16.2.2.4 The Development of Practical Skills
378(2)
16.2.2.5 Teaching Ethics
380(1)
16.2.2.6 Feedback
381(1)
16.3 Lifelong Learning or Continuing Professional Development (CPD)
382(2)
16.3.1 Monitoring CPD
383(1)
16.4 Assessment of Competence
384(1)
16.5 Course Evaluation and Learning Outcomes
385(1)
16.6 Oversight of Education and Training
386(2)
16.6.1 Managing Education
387(1)
16.6.2 Quality Assurance and Transferability
388(1)
16.7 Conclusions
388(3)
Questions Unresolved
389(1)
References
389(2)
Chapter 17 Animal Experimentation and Open Communication
391(14)
Ann-Christine Eklof
Anne-Grethe Berg
Jon Richmond
Objectives
392(1)
Key Factors
392(1)
17.1 Background
392(2)
17.2 Analysis
394(8)
17.2.1 Why is a Communications Strategy Required?
394(1)
17.2.2 What is the Strategy Intended to Achieve?
395(1)
17.2.3 Who is Involved, and for What Purpose?
395(1)
17.2.3.1 Who has Information?
395(1)
17.2.3.2 Who needs Information?
396(1)
17.2.3.3 Who is Responsible for Providing Information?
396(1)
17.2.3.4 Who can Best Communicate the Information and Who has the Resource To Do So?
397(1)
17.2.4 What Information is to be sought and Provided; What is the Strategy Intended to Achieve?
397(1)
17.2.5 How Will Information, Opinions and Outputs be Communicated?
398(1)
17.2.6 How Organisations Involved in Animal Research Publicise/Communicate this to Stakeholders: an Overview
399(1)
17.2.6.1 Regulators: Those Who Regulate Animal Research and Those Who Require Animal Use and Data
399(1)
17.2.6.2 Public Sector Funding Bodies
400(1)
17.2.6.3 Private Sector Funding and Private Sector Establishments Undertaking Animal Research
400(1)
17.2.6.4 Public Sector Establishments and Scientists Undertaking Animal Research
401(1)
17.2.6.5 Professional Bodies
401(1)
17.2.6.6 Lobbyists and Pressure Groups
401(1)
17.2.6.7 The Media
402(1)
17.3 Conclusions
402(1)
17.4 Questions Unresolved
403(2)
References
403(2)
Index 405
Bryan Robert Howard is the former Director of Animal Welfare at the University of Sheffield.

Timo Nevalainen is a Professor of the National Laboratory Animal Center at the University of Kuopio.

Gemma Perretta is the Head of the Division of Special Zoology and Animal Models for the Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine of the Italian National Research Council in Rome.
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