This set is a carefully balanced selection of writings representing some of the most important currents in the thought of city and regional planning during the period 1870-1940 when urban planning emerged as a serious disciplinary field. The set consists of eight key books from this period, handsomely illustrated and reproduced in their entirety, and a separate volume of fifteen seminal short selections - all by major figures of the time, such as Abercrombie, Geddes, and the Olmsteds. Soria y Mata's writings on the linear city also appear in translation for the first time. In addition to seminal works on city planning, the set covers themes such as neighbourhood, Utopian and visionary planning; planning for parks; housing; transportation systems, and public health. A wide variety of cities feature including Paris, Vienna, Amsterdam, Berlin, London, Manchester, New York and San Francisco, showing a great diversity of cultural styles. Early Urban Planning 1870-1940 is of continued importance today, as it highlights ideals which remain strikingly relevant in development of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
Recenzijos
'Routledge and the editors are to be commended for resurrecting these valuable materials.' - Lawrence Conway Gerckens, APA Journal Spring 1999
'The editors' introduction is an insightful and concise exposition of the people, places, literature and events that shaped planning in the United States and the United Kingdom from the mid- 19th century to mid- 20th cuntury.' --Lawrence Conway Gerckens, APA Journal Spring 1999
List of Figures and Diagrams in Text vii List of Subjects Illustrated by Plates xi List of Tables xv Introductory 1(7) The City Planning Movement 8(19) The Correction of Mistakes 27(17) Elements of a City Plan 44(10) The Transportation System 54(32) The Street System 86(44) Parks and Recreation Facilities 130(19) Public Buildings and Civic Centers 149(26) The Economic Value of a City Plan 175(11) The Industrial Town or District 186(14) Street Traffic 200(20) Street Details---Utility and Adornment 220(27) The Railroad in its Relation to the Street System 247(13) Restrictions 260(26) The Environs of the City 286(13) Garden Cities 299(21) City Planning Legislation 320(18) Progress and Methods 338(21) Financing a City Plan 359(30) Municipal Land Policies 389(15) The Opportunities and Responsibilities of the Municipal Engineer 404(9) Sources of Information 413(2) Index 415 The Evolution of Cities 1(24) The Population-Map and its Meaning 25(21) World - Cities and Their Opening Competition 46(14) Paleotechnic and Neotechnic 60(24) Ways to the Neotechnic City 84(25) The Homes of the People 109(35) The Housing Movement 144(17) Travel and its Lessons for Citizenship 161(15) A Town-Planning Tour in Germany 176(16) German Organisation and its Lessons 192(30) Housing and Town Planning in Recent Progress 222(24) Town Planning and Civic Exhibitions 246(49) Education for Town Planning, and the Need of Civics 295(18) The Study of Cities 313(16) The Survey of Cities 329(10) City Survey for Town Planning Purposes, of Municipalities and Government 339(20) The Spirit of Cities 359(17) Economics of City Betterment 376(17) Summary and Conclusion 393(10) Suggestions as to Books 403(4) Index 407 Introduction 1(11) The Town-Country Magnet 12(8) The Revenue of Garden City, and how it is obtained---The Agricultural Estate 20(11) The Revenue of Garden City---Town Estate 31(5) The Revenue of Garden City---General Observations on its Expenditure 36(15) Further Details of Expenditure on Garden City 51(12) Administration 63(9) Semi-Municipal Enterprise---Local Option---Temperance Reform 72(10) Pro-Municipal Work 82(9) Administration---A Birds Eye View 91(3) Some Difficulties Considered 94(8) A Unique Combination of Proposals 102(14) The Path followed up 116(12) Social Cities 128(14) The Future of London 142(11) Appendix---Water-Supply 153(16) Index 169(208) Introduction A New Day for Cities 3(21) What Civic Art Is 24(15) THE CITYS FOCAL POINTS The Water Approach 39(20) The Land Approach 59(22) The Administrative Centre 81(20) IN THE BUSINESS DISTRICT The Street Plan of the Business District 101(22) Architecture in the Business District 123(15) The Furnishings of the Street 138(28) Adorning with Fountains and Sculpture 166(21) IN THE RESIDENTIAL SECTIONS Street Plotting among the Homes 187(19) On Great Avenues 206(22) On Minor Residential Streets 228(17) Among the Tenements 245(26) THE CITY AT LARGE Comprehensive Planning 271(16) Open Spaces 287(20) Parkways 307(14) Distribution and Location of Parks 321(16) Park Development 337(18) Temporary and Occasional Decoration 355(22) Index 377 Introduction xv Planning the Small Community 1(12) Industrial and Social Tendencies towards Lesser Population Centers Town Development 13(18) Historic and Modern Examples Reshaping an Industrial Town 31(19) Walpole, Massachusetts An Industrial City Built to Order 50(16) Kingsport, Tennessee A Village for Factory Workers 66(9) Kistler, Pennsylvania An Old Seacoast Town 75(14) Cohasset, Massachusetts A War Emergency Project 89(11) Union Park Garden A High-Class Residential Suburb 100(11) Myers Park A Wholesale Migration from Cities in Prospect 111(22) Mariemont as an Example New Communities Planned to Meet New Conditions 133 Appendices A. List of the More Important City Planning Reports of Towns and Small Cities 159(9) B. Brief List of the Most Useful and Available Books on Town and City Planning 168 Foreword 5(8) Franklin D. Roosevelt List of Illustrations 13(6) Authors Preface 19(2) Introduction 21(1) Object of City Planning 22(1) Scientific Basis of City Planning 23(1) The Art of City Planning 23(2) Problems in City Planning 25(1) Public Policy and Leadership 26(1) The City Planner and Practice 27(6) PART I EARLY EFFORTS IN TOWN AND CITY PLANNING Ancient City Planning 33(308) In Egypt, Asia, and America 34(18) Egyptian and Mesopotamian Cities 34(8) Indian Cities 42(4) Chinese Cities 46(5) Kyoto (Heian), Japan 51(1) Maya Cities in Central America 52(1) City Planning in the Greek and Roman Empires 52(19) Greek Cities 54(3) Macedonian Cities 57(2) Roman Cities 59(2) Later Roman Cities 61(2) Roman Provincial Cities 63(7) Gibbon on Roman Cities 70(1) Principles of Vitruvius 71(7) Choice of Site 73(1) Plans of Cities 74(2) Building and Zoning 76(2) City Planning in Europe in the Middle Ages General Conditions 78(4) City Building after 1000 A.D. 82(15) Teutonic Cities 82(2) French Cities 84(6) Belgian Cities 90(1) The Alhambra of the Moors in Spain 90(1) English Cities 91(6) City Planning during and after the Renaissance Period The Fifteenth Century Revival 97(2) Civic Art in European Countries 99(19) Italy 100(1) France 101(5) England and Scotland 106(8) Germany and Austria 114(2) Special Examples in Other Countries 116(2) Early Planning in America 118(15) New England Towns 118(4) The Southern States 122(1) Philadelphia 123(1) Manhattan Island 124(1) LEnfants Plan of Washington 125(3) Other Early Plans 128(5) Significance of Early Efforts in City Planning Ancient Cities 133(3) Mediaeval Cities 136(2) Renaissance Cities 138(5) PART II MODERN PHASES OF URBAN GROWTH AND CITY PLANNING Formative Influences of Modern Civic Growth Trails of Invention 143(1) Political Developments 144(3) Social Tendencies Affecting Land Development 147(12) General Trends 147(3) Migratory Tendencies of Labor 150(3) Transportation, Centralization, and Migratory Expansion 153(2) Traffic Congestion and Building Uses and Densities 155(3) Theories Regarding Land Values 158(1) Sanitation and Aesthetic Appreciation 159(1) Conclusion 159(2) Developments in the United States Before 1900 1830 to 1840 161(2) 1840 to 1870 163(6) 1870 to 1900 169(3) Emergence of the Modern City Planning Movement 172(14) Sanitation, Housing, and Park Systems 173(3) Planning New Towns and Subdivisions 176(3) Architectural Development of Public Buildings and Places 179(3) Transportation, Transit, and Traffic 182(4) New Forces in Urban Growth in the United States Increase of Urban Growth 186(1) Transit and Traffic 187(2) Building 189(4) Government 193(1) Finance 193(2) Aesthetic and Recreational Features 195(2) City Planning in the United States between 1900 and 1909 Beginnings of Comprehensive Planning 197(1) Washington Plan of 1901 198(2) Civic and Transportation Centers 200(1) Manila and Other Burnham Plans, 1905 to 1906 201(1) Chicago Plan of 1907 to 1909 202(2) Inspirational Value of Mr. Burnhams Work 204(2) A Different Approach to City Planning 206(2) Recent Developments in City Planning in the United States National Conferences 208(1) City Planning Administration 209(2) Progress in Making City Plans 211(2) Typical Master Plans 213(7) Development of Regional Planning 220(5) State and National Planning 225(5) State Activities 225(1) National Leadership 226(4) Planning of New Towns, Villages, and Neighborhoods 230(3) Planning of Government, Civic, and Transportation Centers 233(8) Terminal Centers and Stations 240(1) Reconstruction Plans 241(1) Partial City Planning 242(5) Zoning Plans 242(2) Thoroughfare Plans 244(1) Park Plans 245(2) Legislation 247(2) Education and Literature 249(3) Town Planning Outside the United States Introductory 252(3) British Town Planning Acts and Schemes 253(2) Principal Phases of Town Planning 255(18) Means of Communication 255(3) Architectural Design and Control 258(6) Open Spaces and Preservation of Natural Beauty 264(2) Zoning 266(2) Housing and Sanitation 268(5) The Garden City Movement 273(3) Advisory and Statutory Planning 276(6) Progress in Regional Planning 276(2) Progress in Town Planning 278(4) New Town and Village Plans 282(2) Educational Agencies and Professional Practice 284(1) Concluding Observations 285(2) Aims and Methods of Modern City Planning in America National and State Policies 287(3) Regional and Civic Surveys 290(5) Studies of Elements 291(3) Mapping 294(1) Importance of Analysis 294(1) Three Types of Plan 295(1) Regional Plan 295(1) Master City, Town, or Village Plan 295(1) Local Development Plan 295(1) Scope of Regional and Master City Plans 296(11) Railways, Harbors, and Transit Lines 298(1) Airplane Landing Fields 299(1) Highways, Parkways, and Streets 299(1) Zoning and Land Uses 300(4) Open Spaces and the Preservation of Amenities 304(1) Control of Land Subdivision 305(1) Sites for Satellite Towns and Local Developments 306(1) Planning New Towns 307(1) Scope of Local Development Plans 308(5) Subdivision Plans 308(1) Civic, Cultural, Transportation, and Marketing Centers 309(3) Waterfronts 312(1) Remodeling Blighted Areas 312(1) Civic Art and the Home 313(6) The Future of City Planning City Planning as a Movement 319(2) The Art and Science of City Planning 321(12) Necessity of Scientific Approach 321(1) Guidance of Public Taste 322(2) Advances and Weaknesses in Technical Approach 324(2) Action and Results 326(7) APPENDIX Summary of Aspects of City Planning Problems I. Engineering 333(1) II. Landscape Architecture 334(1) III. Architecture 335(1) IV. Sociology 335(1) V. Economics and Finance 336(1) VI. Law 336(5) Bibliographical Notes 341(2) Index 343 Note to Second Edition 7(2) PART I: THE BACKGROUND Planning or Laissez-Faire 9(19) Historic Examples: Ancient (Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Medieval) 28(25) Historic Examples: Modern (Renaissance and Nineteenth Century) 53(34) International Contributions to the Modern Subject 87(16) PART II: THE PRACTICE OF TOWN PLANNING The Objects and Scope 103(10) A Theory of Civic Planning: Regional Studies 113(15) The Survey 128(9) The Plan: Zoning --- Communications --- Open Spaces --- Community Grouping 137(14) The Plan: Special Aspects --- The Centre --- Housing --- Architecture and Amenities --- Wind and Sun 151(16) Legal Powers and Persuasive Planning 167(10) PART III: COUNTRY PLANNING AND PRESERVATION The English Countryside: Its Formation and Study 177(22) Country Planning 199(18) The Country as an Amenity: The Wild and the Tame 217(11) Rural Preservation: Disfigurement 228(21) Bibliography 249(4) Index 253 Monograph One THE NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT Introduction 22 The Large City and the Local Community 22 The Purpose of this Study 23 Why a Neighborhood Plan? 25 Family Life Makes Special Demands on Environment 25 Neighborhood Deficiencies Not Necessary 25 Why Neighborhoods Are Defective 27 Neighborhood Definition Being Forced by the Automobile 30 The Rising Demand for Quality in Housing Environment 31 The Neighborhood Unit 34 Neighborhood-Unit Principles 34 Low-Cost Suburban Development 37 Character of District 37 Population and Housing 37 Open Spaces 37 Community Center 37 Shopping Districts 37 Street System 37 A Neighborhood Unit for an Industrial Section 39 The Functional Dispositions 39 Housing Density 39 Recreation Spaces 40 Community Center 40 Shopping Districts 41 Economic Aspects 41 Apartment-House Unit 41 Population 41 Environment 41 Street System 41 Open Spaces 41 Community Center 42 Apartment Pattern 42 Five-Block Apartment-House Unit 42 Locality 42 Ground Plan 43 Accommodations 44 Height 44 Size and Boundaries 45 Service Spheres in Single-Family Areas 45 School Travel Distance 45 Playground Radius 45 Shopping Distance 46 Population Desirable for Elementary School 46 The Ideal Standard 47 Size of Schools Being Built 47 Ratio of Pupils to Population 49 Housing Density and Area 50 Considerations of Safety 51 General Circulation and Closed Cells 52 Area and Residential Characteristics 52 Psychical Aspects of Residential ``Tone 52 ``Character and Development Management 53 The Preservation of ``Character 53 Area and Local Organization 55 Variations from the Standard Size 56 Size of Apartment-House Units 58 Physical Limits of the Unit 59 Means of Demarcation 60 Park and Recreation Spaces 61 Area Relations 61 Disposition of Open Space and Administration 64 School Board Administration 66 Interior-Block Play Spaces 66 Central Deteriorated Areas 69 A Progressive Municipal Policy 71 Community Center 72 The Size of the School Site 72 Churches 73 Other Institutions 74 Shopping Districts 76 Kinds of Local Shops 76 Space Required 80 Location 81 Street System 84 Boundary Streets 84 Interior Streets 85 Apartment-House Units 87 Summary 88 Forest Hills Gardens as a Neighborhood Community 90 Boundaries 90 Street System 91 Parks and Open Spaces 91 Business District 92 Housing and Population 93 Local Associations 94 Gardens Corporation 96 Evaluation of the Plan 97 Applying the Unit Scheme in the Suburbs 101 The Use of Eminent Domain 103 The Municipal Control of Platting 104 Replanning Central Deteriorated Areas 106 Traffic Arrangements 109 Shops and Garages 110 Organization of the Project 110 Possibilities in Lower East Side 110 The Unit Scheme as an Aid to Existing Neighborhood Communities 114 Why Residence Zones Are Defective 114 The Neighborhood Unit as a Zoning Aid 115 Laying the Unit Pattern on Brooklyn Streets 116 Zoning Sparsely Settled Regions 117 As an Instrument in Local Civic Effort 119 The Social Values 120 The Neighborhood Community---Why It Should Be Nourished 123 Civic Benefits 123 Moral and Social Values 126 APPENDICES A. Public Education and School Building Facilities 130 B. The Forest Hills Gardens Development 132
