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Human Factors in Simple and Complex Systems 3rd edition [Kietas viršelis]

3.32/5 (26 ratings by Goodreads)
(Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University), (Ohio State University, Columbus, USA)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 698 pages, aukštis x plotis: 254x178 mm, weight: 1406 g, 221 Line drawings, black and white; 37 Halftones, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 26-Dec-2017
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1482229560
  • ISBN-13: 9781482229561
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Hardback, 698 pages, aukštis x plotis: 254x178 mm, weight: 1406 g, 221 Line drawings, black and white; 37 Halftones, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 26-Dec-2017
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1482229560
  • ISBN-13: 9781482229561
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:

Recently, there have been a number of advances in technology, including in mobile devices, globalization of companies, display technologies and healthcare, all of which require significant input and evaluation from human factors specialists. Accordingly, this textbook has been completely updated, with some chapters folded into other chapters and new chapters added where needed. The text continues to fill the need for a textbook that bridges the gap between the conceptual and empirical foundations of the field.

Recenzijos

"The book materials have been updated to take the technological changes over the last decade into account for more clearly and comprehensively explaining the foundation of human factors and ergonomics in simple and complex systems. As such, this book provides students with more temporal examples of the applications and issues of human factors in the design, implementation, and evaluation of products and systems. The authors aim of providing a foundation in the principles of human performance and a broad overview of the field of human factors for advanced undergraduate and graduate students is successfully reached." Alan Chang, City University of Hong Kong

"Proctor and Van Zandt are polymaths whove written a rigorous and practical introduction to human factors. Early chapters survey the fields history and systems of thought. Later chapters cover the principles of cognitive, physical, and organizational ergonomics, and the real-world practice of human factors engineering. The book's multidisciplinary attitude means that students from any academic background will find something novel and stimulating in the material, and that all will take away a thorough knowledge of human factors and ergonomics." Jason McCarley, Oregon State University, USA

This book is very comprehensive, and it is a great resource for human factors practitioners. I applaud Proctor and VanZandt for revising this new edition as it addresses how new technologies have affected the way we work and the ways in which technology both affects us and the type of work being conducted."

Heather C. Lum, ergonomics in design | October 2020 "The book materials have been updated to take the technological changes over the last decade into account for more clearly and comprehensively explaining the foundation of human factors and ergonomics in simple and complex systems. As such, this book provides students with more temporal examples of the applications and issues of human factors in the design, implementation, and evaluation of products and systems. The authors aim of providing a foundation in the principles of human performance and a broad overview of the field of human factors for advanced undergraduate and graduate students is successfully reached." Alan Chang, City University of Hong Kong

"Proctor and Van Zandt are polymaths whove written a rigorous and practical introduction to human factors. Early chapters survey the fields history and systems of thought. Later chapters cover the principles of cognitive, physical, and organizational ergonomics, and the real-world practice of human factors engineering. The book's multidisciplinary attitude means that students from any academic background will find something novel and stimulating in the material, and that all will take away a thorough knowledge of human factors and ergonomics." Jason McCarley, Oregon State University, USA

Preface to Third Edition xvii
Preface to Second Edition xix
Authors xxi
Part I: Foundations Of Human Factors
Chapter 1 Historical Foundations of Human Factors
3(22)
Introduction
3(5)
Electronic and Digital Equipment
4(1)
Computer Technology
4(2)
Healthcare Systems
6(1)
Cyber Security
6(1)
Serious Accidents Resulting from Major System Failures
7(1)
What is Human Factors and Ergonomics?
8(5)
Definition
8(1)
Basic Human Performance
9(1)
Human-Machine Systems and Domains of Specialization
10(3)
Historical Antecedents
13(6)
Psychology of Human Performance
13(3)
Sensory Psychophysics
13(1)
Speed of Mental Processing
14(1)
Wundt and the Study of Attention
15(1)
Learning and Skill Acquisition
15(1)
Human Performance in Applied Settings
16(2)
Job Specialization and Productivity
16(1)
Early Human Factors Journals
17(1)
Biomechanics and Physiology of Human Performance
18(1)
Summary
19(1)
Emergence of the Human Factors Profession
19(1)
Contemporary Human Factors
20(2)
Summary
22(1)
Recommended Readings
23(2)
Chapter 2 Research Methods in Human Factors
25(28)
Introduction
25(2)
Distinguishing Features of Science
27(3)
Foundations of Science
27(1)
Scientific Method
28(1)
Goals of Science
29(1)
Measurement
30(2)
Reliability, Validity, and Control
31(1)
Research Methods
32(9)
Descriptive Methods
32(5)
Archival Data
33(1)
Naturalistic Observation and Ethnographic Methods
33(2)
Surveys and Questionnaires
35(1)
Interviews and Focus Groups
36(1)
Diaries and Studies of Log Files
36(1)
Correlational and Differential Research
37(1)
Experimental Methods
38(1)
Between-Subject Designs
38(1)
Within-Subject Designs
39(1)
Complex Designs
39(1)
Summary
39(2)
Statistical Methods
41(8)
Descriptive Statistics
41(5)
Central Tendency and Variability
42(2)
Correlation Coefficient
44(2)
Inferential Statistics
46(8)
Probability
46(2)
Statistical Hypothesis Testing
48(1)
A Study Evaluating Human Factors Design
49(3)
Summary
52(1)
Recommended Readings
52(1)
Chapter 3 Reliability and Human Error in Systems
53(28)
Introduction
53(1)
Central Concept in Human Factors: The System
54(5)
Implications of the System Concept
55(1)
The Operator Is Part of a Human-Machine System
55(1)
The System Goals Take Precedence over Everything Else
55(1)
Systems Are Hierarchical
55(1)
Systems and Their Components Have Inputs and Outputs
55(1)
A System Has Structure
55(1)
Deficiencies in System Performance Are Due to Inadequacies of System Design or System Components
56(1)
A System Operates within a Larger Environment
56(1)
System Variables
56(3)
Physical System Variables
56(2)
Operator Variables
58(1)
Summary
59(1)
Human Error
59(7)
Why Human Error Occurs
60(1)
Error Taxonomies
61(5)
Action Classification
61(1)
Failure Classification
61(1)
Processing Classification
62(1)
Intention Classification
63(3)
Summary
66(1)
Reliability Analysis
66(14)
System Reliability
66(4)
Human Reliability
70(9)
Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction (THERP)
73(2)
Stochastic Modeling Technique
75(1)
Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach (SHERPA) and Task Analysis for Error Identification (TAFEI)
75(1)
Human Cognitive Reliability Model
76(1)
A Technique for Human Error Analysis (ATHEANA)
77(1)
Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM)
77(1)
Human Performance Data Sources
78(1)
Probabilistic Risk Analysis
79(1)
Summary
80(1)
Recommended Readings
80(1)
Chapter 4 Human Information Processing
81(26)
Introduction
81(1)
A Three-Stage Model
82(5)
Perceptual Stage
83(1)
Cognitive Stage
83(1)
Action Stage
84(1)
Human Information Processing and the Three-Stage Model
84(3)
Psychological Representation of the Physical World
87(10)
Classical Methods for Detection and Discrimination
87(2)
Signal-Detection Methods and Theory
89(5)
Methods
89(1)
Theory
90(1)
Detectability and Bias
91(2)
Changes in Criterion
93(1)
Applications
94(1)
Psychophysical Scaling
94(3)
Chronometric Methods
97(4)
Subtractive Logic
97(1)
Additive-Factors Logic
98(1)
Continuous Information Accumulation
99(2)
Psychophysiological Measures
101(1)
Summary
102(1)
Recommended Readings
102(5)
Part II: Perceptual Factors and Their Applications
Chapter 5 Visual Perception
107(28)
Introduction
107(1)
Properties of Sensory Systems
107(1)
The Visual Sensory System
108(13)
The Focusing System
109(6)
Cornea and Lens
110(1)
Pupil
111(1)
Vergence
112(1)
Focusing Problems
113(2)
Summary
115(1)
The Retina
115(3)
Photoreceptors
115(1)
Neural Layers
116(1)
Retinal Structure and Acuity
117(1)
Visual Pathways
118(3)
Visual Cortex
118(3)
Dorsal and Ventral Streams
121(1)
Visual Perception
121(12)
Brightness
122(4)
Dark and Light Adaptation
123(1)
Spectral Sensitivity
124(2)
The Purkinje Shift
126(1)
Temporal and Spatial Summation
126(1)
Lightness
126(2)
Spatial and Temporal Resolution
128(7)
Acuity
128(1)
Spatial Sensitivity
129(2)
Temporal Sensitivity
131(1)
Masking
131(2)
Summary
133(1)
Recommended Readings
133(2)
Chapter 6 Perception of Objects in the World
135(28)
Introduction
135(1)
Color Perception
135(4)
Color Mixing
136(1)
Trichromatic Theory
137(1)
Opponent Process Theory
138(1)
Human Factors Issues
139(1)
Perceptual Organization
139(6)
Figure and Ground
140(1)
Grouping Principles
140(5)
Depth Perception
145(15)
Oculomotor Cues
146(2)
Monocular Visual Cues
148(4)
Binocular Visual Cues
152(3)
Size and Shape Constancy
155(1)
Illusions of Size and Direction
155(2)
Perception of Motion
157(1)
Object Motion
157(1)
Induced Motion
158(1)
Apparent Motion
158(1)
Pattern Recognition
158(2)
Summary
160(1)
Recommended Readings
161(2)
Chapter 7 Hearing, Proprioception, and the Chemical Senses
163(26)
Introduction
163(1)
Hearing
163(17)
Sound and the Auditory Sensory System
164(6)
Sound Stimuli
164(1)
Outer and Middle Ear
165(2)
Inner Ear
167(1)
The Auditory Pathways
168(2)
Summary
170(1)
Perception of Basic Properties
170(5)
Loudness
170(3)
Pitch
173(2)
Timbre, Consonance, and Dissonance
175(1)
Perception of Higher-Level Properties
175(6)
Perceptual Organization
176(1)
Sound Localization
176(2)
Speech Perception
178(2)
The Vestibular System
180(1)
The Somesthetic System
181(6)
Sensory System
181(2)
Perception of Touch
183(3)
Perception of Temperature and Pain
186(1)
The Chemical Systems
187(1)
Summary
188(1)
Recommended Readings
188(1)
Chapter 8 The Display of Visual, Auditory, and Tactual Information
189(38)
Introduction
189(2)
Visual Displays
191(23)
Static Displays
191(13)
Effectiveness of Displays
191(4)
Alphanumeric Displays
195(4)
Symbolic Displays
199(3)
Coding Dimensions
202(1)
Color Coding
203(1)
Shape Coding
204(1)
Combination Codes
204(1)
Dynamic Displays
204(6)
Analog and Digital Displays
204(3)
Display Arrangements
207(2)
Motion Interpretability
209(1)
Other Displays
210(4)
Head-up Displays
210(2)
Helmet-Mounted Displays
212(1)
Warning Signals and Labels
213(1)
Auditory Displays
214(6)
Warning and Alarm Signals
214(2)
Three-Dimensional Displays
216(1)
Speech Displays
217(3)
Tactile Displays
220(2)
Summary
222(1)
Recommended Readings
223(4)
Part III: Cognitive Factors and Their Applications
Chapter 9 Attention and the Assessment of Mental Workload
227(32)
Introduction
227(1)
Models of Attention
228(7)
Bottleneck Models
229(2)
Filter Theory
229(1)
Attenuation and Late-Selection Theories
230(1)
Resource Models
231(3)
Unitary-Resource Models
231(2)
Multiple-Resource Models
233(1)
Executive Control Models
234(1)
Summary
235(1)
Modes of Attention
235(11)
Selective Attention
235(5)
Auditory Tasks
235(1)
Visual Tasks
236(4)
Switching and Controlling Attention
240(1)
Divided Attention
240(2)
Arousal and Vigilance
242(4)
Mental Workload Assessment
246(11)
Empirical Techniques
247(8)
Primary-Task Measures
249(1)
Secondary-Task Measures
250(1)
Psychophysiological Measures
251(1)
Subjective Measures
252(3)
Analytical Techniques
255(5)
Comparison
256(1)
Expert Opinion
256(1)
Mathematical Models
257(1)
Task Analysis
257(1)
Simulation Models
257(1)
Summary
257(1)
Recommended Readings
258(1)
Chapter 10 Retention and Comprehension of Information
259(28)
Introduction
259(1)
Sensory Memory
260(2)
Visual Sensory Memory
260(1)
Tactile and Auditory Sensory Memories
261(1)
What Is the Role of Sensory Memory?
262(1)
Short-term Memory
262(9)
Basic Characteristics
263(1)
Improving Short-Term Retention
264(1)
Memory Search
265(1)
Models of Short-Term, or Working, Memory
266(3)
Baddeley and Hitch's Working Memory Model
267(2)
Cowan's Activation Model
269(1)
Imagery
269(2)
Long-term Memory
271(5)
Basic Characteristics
271(2)
Processing Strategies
273(3)
Comprehending Verbal and Nonverbal Material
276(8)
Semantic Memory
276(2)
Written Communication
278(2)
Spoken Communication
280(3)
Situational Awareness
283(1)
Summary
284(1)
Recommended Readings
285(2)
Chapter 11 Solving Problems and Making Decisions
287(26)
Introduction
287(1)
Problem Solving
288(5)
The Problem Space Hypothesis
288(3)
Analogy
291(2)
Logic and Reasoning
293(8)
Deduction
293(5)
Conditional Reasoning
293(3)
Categorical Reasoning
296(2)
Induction and Concepts
298(2)
Abduction and Hypotheses
300(1)
Decision Making
301(6)
Normative Theory
301(1)
Descriptive Theory
302(5)
Transitivity and Framing
302(2)
Bounded Rationality
304(1)
Elimination by Aspects
304(3)
Improving Decisions
307(4)
Training and Task Environment
307(1)
Decision Aids
308(3)
Summary
311(1)
Recommended Readings
312(1)
Chapter 12 Experts and Expert Systems
313(26)
Introduction
313(1)
Acquisition of Cognitive Skill
314(8)
Power Law of Practice
314(2)
Taxonomies of Skill
316(2)
Phases of Skill Acquisition
316(1)
Skill-Rule-Knowledge Framework
317(1)
Theories of Skill Acquisition
318(2)
A Production System Model
318(2)
A Connectionist Model
320(1)
Transfer of Learning
320(2)
Views of Transfer
320(1)
Part-Whole Transfer
321(1)
Expert Performance
322(3)
Distinctions between Experts and Novices
322(3)
Naturalistic Decision Making
325(1)
Expert Systems
326(8)
Characteristics of Expert Systems
326(2)
Knowledge Base
327(1)
Inference Engine
327(1)
User Interface
327(1)
Human Factors Issues
328(5)
Selecting the Task
328(1)
Representation of Knowledge
328(4)
Interface Design
332(1)
Validating the System
332(1)
Example Systems
333(7)
Desplate
333(1)
Aides
334(1)
Summary
334(1)
Recommended Readings
335(4)
Part IV: Action Factors and Their Applications
Chapter 13 Response Selection and Principles of Compatibility
339(26)
Introduction
339(1)
Simple Reactions
339(1)
Choice Reactions
340(5)
Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff
341(1)
Temporal Uncertainty
342(1)
Stimulus-Response Uncertainty
343(2)
Principles of Compatibility
345(9)
Stimulus-Response Compatibility
345(4)
Relative Location Coding
347(2)
Theoretical Interpretations
349(3)
S-C-R Compatibility
352(1)
Practice and Response Selection
352(2)
Irrelevant Stimuli
354(1)
Dual-Task and Sequential Performance
355(3)
Psychological Refractory Period Effect
355(2)
Stimulus and Response Repetition
357(1)
Preferences for Controlling Actions
358(5)
Grip Patterns
358(1)
Population Stereotypes
359(4)
Summary
363(1)
Recommended Readings
363(2)
Chapter 14 Control of Movement and Learning of Motor Skill
365(30)
Introduction
365(1)
Physiological Foundations of Movement
365(3)
The Musculoskeletal System
366(1)
Control of Movement
366(1)
Mass-Spring Property and Motor Unit
366(1)
Spinal Control
367(1)
Control by the Brain
367(1)
Control of Action
368(18)
Closed-Loop Control
369(1)
Open-Loop Control
370(4)
Implications
371(1)
Invariant Characteristics
371(1)
Modular Organization
371(2)
Hierarchical Arrangement
373(1)
Role of Feedback
374(1)
Aimed Movements
374(5)
Fitts's Law
375(1)
Application
376(1)
Visual Feedback
377(1)
Bimanual Control
378(1)
Grasping and Intercepting Objects
379(1)
Other Aspects of Motor Control
379(2)
Posture
380(1)
Locomotion
380(1)
Eye and Head Movements
380(1)
Motor Learning
381(1)
Conditions and Schedules of Practice and Training
381(6)
Amount of Practice
382(1)
Fatigue and Practice
382(1)
Distribution of Practice
383(1)
Variability of Practice
384(1)
Mental Practice
385(1)
Training with Simulators
386(1)
Feedback and Skill Acquisition
387(6)
Knowledge of Results
387(2)
Precision of KR
387(1)
Frequency of KR
388(1)
Delay of KR
388(1)
KR and Self-Control
389(1)
Role of KR
389(1)
Knowledge of Performance
389(3)
Observational Learning
392(1)
Summary
393(1)
Recommended Readings
394(1)
Chapter 15 Controls and Controlling Actions
395(36)
Introduction
395(1)
Control Features
395(12)
Basic Dimensions
396(1)
Control Resistance
397(3)
Types of Resistance
397(2)
Performance and Resistance
399(1)
Manipulation-Outcome Relations
400(7)
Tracking Tasks
400(1)
Deadspace and Backlash
401(1)
Control-Display Ratio
402(2)
Control System Order
404(3)
Control Panels
407(6)
Coding of Controls
407(4)
Location Coding
407(1)
Labels
408(1)
Color Coding
409(1)
Shape Coding
410(1)
Size Coding
410(1)
Texture Coding
410(1)
Other Codes
411(1)
Control Arrangements
411(2)
Preventing Accidental Operation
413(1)
Specific Controls
413(14)
Hand-Operated Controls
413(7)
Pushbutton and Toggle Switches
413(3)
Rotary Selector Switches and Knobs
416(2)
Multifunction Controls
418(2)
Foot-Operated Controls
420(4)
Specialized Controls
424(7)
Speech Controls
424(1)
Gaze-Based and Head-Movement Controls
425(1)
Gesture-Based Control
426(1)
Teleoperation
427(1)
Summary
427(1)
Recommended Readings
428(3)
Part V: Environmental Factors and Their Applications
Chapter 16 Anthropometrics and Workspace Design
431(34)
Introduction
431(1)
Engineering Anthropometry
431(8)
Anthropometric Measurement
434(2)
Sources of Anthropometric Data
436(1)
Biomechanical Factors
437(2)
Cumulative Trauma Disorders
439(3)
Hand Tools
442(7)
Design Principles for Hand Tools
443(4)
Bend the Handle, not the Wrist
443(1)
Allow an Optimal Grip
444(3)
Use Compressible Grip Surfaces
447(1)
An Example Design Problem
447(1)
Manual or Power Tools
447(1)
Additional Principles
448(1)
Manual Materials Handling
449(4)
Lifting and Lowering
449(3)
Carrying and Push/Pulling
452(1)
Workspace Design
453(10)
Working Position
454(2)
Seating
456(3)
Positioning of Visual Displays
459(1)
Positioning of Controls and Objects
460(1)
Steps in Workspace Design
461(2)
Summary
463(1)
Recommended Readings
463(2)
Chapter 17 Environmental Ergonomics
465(30)
Introduction
465(1)
Lighting
465(10)
Light Measurement
466(1)
Light Sources
466(3)
Daylighting
467(1)
Artificial Lighting
467(2)
Illumination and Performance
469(4)
Glare
473(2)
Noise
475(9)
Noise Measurement
475(2)
Noise Level and Performance
477(3)
Hearing Loss
480(2)
Noise Reduction
482(2)
Vibration
484(2)
Whole-Body Vibration
484(1)
Segmental Vibration
485(1)
Thermal Comfort and Air Quality
486(3)
Stress
489(3)
General Adaptation Syndrome and Stressors
489(2)
Occupational Stress
491(1)
Summary
492(2)
Recommended Readings
494(1)
Chapter 18 Human Resource Management and Macroergonomics
495(32)
Introduction
495(1)
The Individual Employee
496(14)
Job Analysis and Design
496(3)
Personnel Selection
499(1)
Training
500(2)
On-the-job Training
501(1)
On-site and Off-site Training
502(1)
Performance Appraisal
502(3)
Circadian Rhythms and Work Schedules
505(2)
Circadian Rhythms
505(2)
Work Schedules
507(3)
Interactions Among Employees
510(9)
Personal Space
510(1)
Territoriality
511(1)
Crowding and Privacy
512(2)
Office Space and Arrangement
514(5)
Traditional Offices
515(1)
Open-plan Offices
516(3)
Interactions Between Organizational Groups
519(6)
Communication in Organizations
520(3)
Employee Participation
523(1)
Organizational Development
524(1)
Summary
525(1)
Recommended Readings
526(1)
Chapter 19 The Practice of Human Factors
527(26)
Introduction
527(1)
System Development
528(7)
Making the Case for Human Factors
528(4)
Occupational Ergonomics Programs
531(1)
System and Product Development
531(1)
The System Development Process
532(3)
Phases
532(2)
Facilitating Human Factors Inputs
534(1)
Cognitive and Physical Models of Human Performance
535(10)
Engineering Models of Human Performance
537(4)
Cognitive Models
538(3)
Digital Human Models
541(1)
Integrative Cognitive Architectures
541(3)
Control Theory Models
544(1)
Forensic Human Factors
545(5)
Liability
545(3)
Expert Testimony
548(2)
Human Factors and Society
550(1)
Recommended Readings
551(2)
Appendix I 553(2)
Appendix II 555(6)
Appendix III 561(2)
Glossary 563(14)
References 577(74)
List of Credits 651(14)
Index 665
Robert W. Proctor is a distinguished professor of Psychological Sciences at Purdue University. He is a fellow of the American Psychological Association, Association for Psychological Science, and the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, and recipient of the Franklin V. Taylor Award for Outstanding Contributions in the Field of Applied Experimental/Engineering Psychology from Division 21 of the American Psychological Association in 2013. He is co-author of Stimulus-Response Compatibility: Data, Theory and Application, Skill Acquisition & Training, and co-editor of Handbook of Human Factors in Web Design.

Trisha Van Zandt is a professor of Psychology at The Ohio State University. She is a member of the Society for Mathematical Psychology, of which she was President in 2006-2007, and the American Statistical Association. She has received multiple research grants from the National Science Foundation and the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers in 1997. She is co-author of review chapters "Designs for and Analyses of Response Time Experiments" in the Oxford Handbook of Quantitative Methods and "Mathematical Psychology" in the APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology.