Preface to Third Edition |
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xvii | |
Preface to Second Edition |
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xix | |
Authors |
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xxi | |
Part I: Foundations Of Human Factors |
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Chapter 1 Historical Foundations of Human Factors |
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3 | (22) |
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3 | (5) |
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Electronic and Digital Equipment |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Serious Accidents Resulting from Major System Failures |
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7 | (1) |
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What is Human Factors and Ergonomics? |
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8 | (5) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Human-Machine Systems and Domains of Specialization |
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10 | (3) |
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13 | (6) |
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Psychology of Human Performance |
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13 | (3) |
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13 | (1) |
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Speed of Mental Processing |
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14 | (1) |
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Wundt and the Study of Attention |
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15 | (1) |
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Learning and Skill Acquisition |
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15 | (1) |
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Human Performance in Applied Settings |
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16 | (2) |
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Job Specialization and Productivity |
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16 | (1) |
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Early Human Factors Journals |
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17 | (1) |
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Biomechanics and Physiology of Human Performance |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Emergence of the Human Factors Profession |
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19 | (1) |
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Contemporary Human Factors |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 Research Methods in Human Factors |
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25 | (28) |
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25 | (2) |
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Distinguishing Features of Science |
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27 | (3) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (2) |
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Reliability, Validity, and Control |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (9) |
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32 | (5) |
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33 | (1) |
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Naturalistic Observation and Ethnographic Methods |
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33 | (2) |
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Surveys and Questionnaires |
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35 | (1) |
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Interviews and Focus Groups |
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36 | (1) |
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Diaries and Studies of Log Files |
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36 | (1) |
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Correlational and Differential Research |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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41 | (8) |
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41 | (5) |
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Central Tendency and Variability |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (8) |
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46 | (2) |
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Statistical Hypothesis Testing |
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48 | (1) |
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A Study Evaluating Human Factors Design |
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49 | (3) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 Reliability and Human Error in Systems |
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53 | (28) |
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53 | (1) |
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Central Concept in Human Factors: The System |
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54 | (5) |
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Implications of the System Concept |
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55 | (1) |
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The Operator Is Part of a Human-Machine System |
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55 | (1) |
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The System Goals Take Precedence over Everything Else |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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Systems and Their Components Have Inputs and Outputs |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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Deficiencies in System Performance Are Due to Inadequacies of System Design or System Components |
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56 | (1) |
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A System Operates within a Larger Environment |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (3) |
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Physical System Variables |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (7) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (5) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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Processing Classification |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (3) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (14) |
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66 | (4) |
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70 | (9) |
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Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction (THERP) |
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73 | (2) |
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Stochastic Modeling Technique |
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75 | (1) |
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Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach (SHERPA) and Task Analysis for Error Identification (TAFEI) |
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75 | (1) |
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Human Cognitive Reliability Model |
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76 | (1) |
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A Technique for Human Error Analysis (ATHEANA) |
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77 | (1) |
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Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM) |
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77 | (1) |
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Human Performance Data Sources |
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78 | (1) |
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Probabilistic Risk Analysis |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 Human Information Processing |
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81 | (26) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (5) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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Human Information Processing and the Three-Stage Model |
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84 | (3) |
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Psychological Representation of the Physical World |
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87 | (10) |
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Classical Methods for Detection and Discrimination |
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87 | (2) |
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Signal-Detection Methods and Theory |
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89 | (5) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (3) |
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97 | (4) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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Continuous Information Accumulation |
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99 | (2) |
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Psychophysiological Measures |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (5) |
Part II: Perceptual Factors and Their Applications |
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Chapter 5 Visual Perception |
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107 | (28) |
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107 | (1) |
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Properties of Sensory Systems |
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107 | (1) |
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The Visual Sensory System |
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108 | (13) |
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109 | (6) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (2) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (3) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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Retinal Structure and Acuity |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (3) |
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118 | (3) |
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Dorsal and Ventral Streams |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (12) |
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122 | (4) |
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Dark and Light Adaptation |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (2) |
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126 | (1) |
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Temporal and Spatial Summation |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (2) |
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Spatial and Temporal Resolution |
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128 | (7) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 Perception of Objects in the World |
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135 | (28) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (4) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (6) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (5) |
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145 | (15) |
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146 | (2) |
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148 | (4) |
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152 | (3) |
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155 | (1) |
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Illusions of Size and Direction |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Hearing, Proprioception, and the Chemical Senses |
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163 | (26) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (17) |
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Sound and the Auditory Sensory System |
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164 | (6) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (2) |
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170 | (1) |
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Perception of Basic Properties |
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170 | (5) |
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170 | (3) |
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173 | (2) |
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Timbre, Consonance, and Dissonance |
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175 | (1) |
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Perception of Higher-Level Properties |
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175 | (6) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (2) |
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178 | (2) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (6) |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (3) |
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Perception of Temperature and Pain |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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Chapter 8 The Display of Visual, Auditory, and Tactual Information |
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189 | (38) |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (23) |
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191 | (13) |
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Effectiveness of Displays |
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191 | (4) |
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195 | (4) |
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199 | (3) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (6) |
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Analog and Digital Displays |
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204 | (3) |
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207 | (2) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (4) |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (1) |
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Warning Signals and Labels |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (6) |
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Warning and Alarm Signals |
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214 | (2) |
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Three-Dimensional Displays |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (3) |
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220 | (2) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (4) |
Part III: Cognitive Factors and Their Applications |
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Chapter 9 Attention and the Assessment of Mental Workload |
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227 | (32) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (7) |
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229 | (2) |
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229 | (1) |
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Attenuation and Late-Selection Theories |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (3) |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (11) |
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235 | (5) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (4) |
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Switching and Controlling Attention |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (2) |
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242 | (4) |
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Mental Workload Assessment |
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246 | (11) |
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247 | (8) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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Psychophysiological Measures |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (3) |
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255 | (5) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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Chapter 10 Retention and Comprehension of Information |
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259 | (28) |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (2) |
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260 | (1) |
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Tactile and Auditory Sensory Memories |
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261 | (1) |
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What Is the Role of Sensory Memory? |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (9) |
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263 | (1) |
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Improving Short-Term Retention |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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Models of Short-Term, or Working, Memory |
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266 | (3) |
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Baddeley and Hitch's Working Memory Model |
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267 | (2) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
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271 | (5) |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (3) |
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Comprehending Verbal and Nonverbal Material |
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276 | (8) |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (3) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 Solving Problems and Making Decisions |
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287 | (26) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (5) |
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The Problem Space Hypothesis |
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288 | (3) |
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291 | (2) |
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293 | (8) |
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293 | (5) |
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293 | (3) |
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (6) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (5) |
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302 | (2) |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (3) |
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307 | (4) |
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Training and Task Environment |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (3) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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Chapter 12 Experts and Expert Systems |
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313 | (26) |
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313 | (1) |
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Acquisition of Cognitive Skill |
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314 | (8) |
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314 | (2) |
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316 | (2) |
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Phases of Skill Acquisition |
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316 | (1) |
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Skill-Rule-Knowledge Framework |
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317 | (1) |
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Theories of Skill Acquisition |
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318 | (2) |
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A Production System Model |
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318 | (2) |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (2) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (3) |
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Distinctions between Experts and Novices |
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322 | (3) |
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Naturalistic Decision Making |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (8) |
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Characteristics of Expert Systems |
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326 | (2) |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (5) |
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328 | (1) |
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Representation of Knowledge |
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328 | (4) |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (7) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (4) |
Part IV: Action Factors and Their Applications |
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Chapter 13 Response Selection and Principles of Compatibility |
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339 | (26) |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (5) |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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Stimulus-Response Uncertainty |
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343 | (2) |
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Principles of Compatibility |
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345 | (9) |
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Stimulus-Response Compatibility |
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345 | (4) |
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347 | (2) |
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Theoretical Interpretations |
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349 | (3) |
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352 | (1) |
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Practice and Response Selection |
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352 | (2) |
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354 | (1) |
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Dual-Task and Sequential Performance |
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355 | (3) |
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Psychological Refractory Period Effect |
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355 | (2) |
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Stimulus and Response Repetition |
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357 | (1) |
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Preferences for Controlling Actions |
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358 | (5) |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (4) |
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363 | (1) |
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363 | (2) |
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Chapter 14 Control of Movement and Learning of Motor Skill |
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365 | (30) |
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365 | (1) |
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Physiological Foundations of Movement |
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365 | (3) |
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The Musculoskeletal System |
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366 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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Mass-Spring Property and Motor Unit |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (18) |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (4) |
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371 | (1) |
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Invariant Characteristics |
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371 | (1) |
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371 | (2) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (5) |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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Grasping and Intercepting Objects |
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379 | (1) |
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Other Aspects of Motor Control |
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379 | (2) |
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380 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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Conditions and Schedules of Practice and Training |
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381 | (6) |
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382 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (1) |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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Feedback and Skill Acquisition |
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387 | (6) |
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387 | (2) |
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387 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (3) |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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Chapter 15 Controls and Controlling Actions |
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395 | (36) |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (12) |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (3) |
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397 | (2) |
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Performance and Resistance |
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399 | (1) |
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Manipulation-Outcome Relations |
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400 | (7) |
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400 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (2) |
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404 | (3) |
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407 | (6) |
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407 | (4) |
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407 | (1) |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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411 | (1) |
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411 | (2) |
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Preventing Accidental Operation |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (14) |
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413 | (7) |
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Pushbutton and Toggle Switches |
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413 | (3) |
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Rotary Selector Switches and Knobs |
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416 | (2) |
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418 | (2) |
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420 | (4) |
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424 | (7) |
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424 | (1) |
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Gaze-Based and Head-Movement Controls |
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425 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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427 | (1) |
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427 | (1) |
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428 | (3) |
Part V: Environmental Factors and Their Applications |
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Chapter 16 Anthropometrics and Workspace Design |
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431 | (34) |
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431 | (1) |
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Engineering Anthropometry |
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431 | (8) |
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Anthropometric Measurement |
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434 | (2) |
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Sources of Anthropometric Data |
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436 | (1) |
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437 | (2) |
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Cumulative Trauma Disorders |
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439 | (3) |
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442 | (7) |
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Design Principles for Hand Tools |
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443 | (4) |
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Bend the Handle, not the Wrist |
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443 | (1) |
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444 | (3) |
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Use Compressible Grip Surfaces |
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447 | (1) |
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An Example Design Problem |
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447 | (1) |
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447 | (1) |
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448 | (1) |
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Manual Materials Handling |
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|
449 | (4) |
|
|
449 | (3) |
|
Carrying and Push/Pulling |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
453 | (10) |
|
|
454 | (2) |
|
|
456 | (3) |
|
Positioning of Visual Displays |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Positioning of Controls and Objects |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Steps in Workspace Design |
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
463 | (2) |
|
Chapter 17 Environmental Ergonomics |
|
|
465 | (30) |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
|
465 | (10) |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
466 | (3) |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
467 | (2) |
|
Illumination and Performance |
|
|
469 | (4) |
|
|
473 | (2) |
|
|
475 | (9) |
|
|
475 | (2) |
|
Noise Level and Performance |
|
|
477 | (3) |
|
|
480 | (2) |
|
|
482 | (2) |
|
|
484 | (2) |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
Thermal Comfort and Air Quality |
|
|
486 | (3) |
|
|
489 | (3) |
|
General Adaptation Syndrome and Stressors |
|
|
489 | (2) |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
|
492 | (2) |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
Chapter 18 Human Resource Management and Macroergonomics |
|
|
495 | (32) |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
496 | (14) |
|
|
496 | (3) |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
500 | (2) |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
On-site and Off-site Training |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
502 | (3) |
|
Circadian Rhythms and Work Schedules |
|
|
505 | (2) |
|
|
505 | (2) |
|
|
507 | (3) |
|
Interactions Among Employees |
|
|
510 | (9) |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
|
512 | (2) |
|
Office Space and Arrangement |
|
|
514 | (5) |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
|
516 | (3) |
|
Interactions Between Organizational Groups |
|
|
519 | (6) |
|
Communication in Organizations |
|
|
520 | (3) |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
Organizational Development |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
Chapter 19 The Practice of Human Factors |
|
|
527 | (26) |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
528 | (7) |
|
Making the Case for Human Factors |
|
|
528 | (4) |
|
Occupational Ergonomics Programs |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
System and Product Development |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
The System Development Process |
|
|
532 | (3) |
|
|
532 | (2) |
|
Facilitating Human Factors Inputs |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
Cognitive and Physical Models of Human Performance |
|
|
535 | (10) |
|
Engineering Models of Human Performance |
|
|
537 | (4) |
|
|
538 | (3) |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
Integrative Cognitive Architectures |
|
|
541 | (3) |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
|
545 | (5) |
|
|
545 | (3) |
|
|
548 | (2) |
|
Human Factors and Society |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
551 | (2) |
Appendix I |
|
553 | (2) |
Appendix II |
|
555 | (6) |
Appendix III |
|
561 | (2) |
Glossary |
|
563 | (14) |
References |
|
577 | (74) |
List of Credits |
|
651 | (14) |
Index |
|
665 | |