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El. knyga: Practical Channel Hydraulics, 2nd edition: Roughness, Conveyance and Afflux

(HR Wallingford, Wallingford, UK), (Emeritus P), (JBA Consulting, Skipton, UK), (Emeritus Professor of Water Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK), (HR Wallingford, Wallingford, UK)
  • Formatas: 634 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 05-Mar-2018
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351654630
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Practical Channel Hydraulics, 2nd edition: Roughness, Conveyance and AffluxDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 634 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 05-Mar-2018
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351654630
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Practical Channel Hydraulics is a technical guide for estimating flood water levels in rivers using the innovative software known as the Conveyance and Afflux Estimation System (CES-AES). This is freely available at HR Wallingford’s website www.river-conveyance.net.  The conveyance engine has also been embedded within industry standard river modelling packages such as InfoWorks RS and Flood Modeller Pro. This 2nd Edition has been greatly expanded through the addition of Chapters 6-8, which now supply the background to the Shiono and Knight Method (SKM), upon which the CES-AES is largely based.

With the need to estimate river levels more accurately, computational methods are now frequently embedded in flood risk management procedures, as for example in ISO 18320 (‘Determination of the stage-discharge relationship’), in which both the SKM and CES feature. The CES-AES incorporates five main components: A Roughness Adviser, A Conveyance Generator, an Uncertainty Estimator, a Backwater Module and an Afflux Estimator. The SKM provides an alternative approach, solving the governing equation analytically or numerically using Excel, or with the short Fortran program provided.

Special attention is paid to calculating the distributions of boundary shear stress distributions in channels of different shape, and to appropriate formulations for resistance and drag forces, including those on trees in floodplains. Worked examples are given for flows in a wide range of channel types (size, shape, cover, sinuosity), ranging from small scale laboratory flumes (Q = 2.0 ls-1) to European rivers (~2,000 m3s-1), and large-scale world rivers (> 23,000 m3s-1), a ~ 107 range in discharge. Sites from rivers in the UK, France, China, New Zealand and Ecuador are considered.

Topics are introduced initially at a simplified level, and get progressively more complex in later chapters. This book is intended for post graduate level students and practising engineers or hydrologists engaged in flood risk management, as well as those who may simply just wish to learn more about modelling flows in rivers.

Foreword 1st Edition xi
Foreword 2nd Edition xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Notation xvii
Acronyms xxiii
Glossary of terms xxv
1 Introduction
1.1 Context and motivation for book
1(5)
1.2 Scope of book and introduction to the CES-AES
6(1)
1.3 Limitations of the CES-AES
7(1)
1.4 Outline of book
8(2)
1.5 Origin of the CES-AES
10(5)
2 Practical and theoretical issues in channel hydraulics 15(78)
2.1 Getting started with some practical examples on calculating flows in watercourses
15(9)
2.2 Common difficulties in modelling flow in rivers and watercourses
24(21)
2.2.1 Modelling flow in rivers and watercourses
25(1)
2.2.2 Schematisation of channel geometry
26(3)
2.2.3 Roughness and resistance
29(4)
2.2.4 Energy and friction slopes
33(4)
2.2.5 Velocity distributions and implications for 1-D modelling
37(5)
2.2.6 Hydraulic structures and controls
42(2)
2.2.7 Calibration data for river models
44(1)
2.3 Flow in simple engineered channels
45(12)
2.3.1 Flows in rectangular channels
50(4)
2.3.2 Flows in trapezoidal channels
54(3)
2.4 Inbank flow in natural rivers
57(2)
2.5 Overbank flow in natural and engineered rivers
59(10)
2.5.1 Overbank flow in an engineered river
60(4)
2.5.2 Overbank flow in a natural river
64(5)
2.6 Flows through bridges and culverts
69(18)
2.6.1 Flows through bridges and contractions
69(8)
2.6.2 Flows through culverts
77(1)
2.6.3 Head-discharge and afflux relationships
77(1)
2.6.4 Geometrical parameters affecting flow through bridges
78(9)
2.7 Data sources used in this book
87(6)
2.7.1 Conveyance data
87(1)
2.7.2 Bridge afflux data
88(5)
3 Understanding roughness, conveyance and afflux 93(90)
3.1 Flow structures in open channel flow
93(12)
3.1.1 Boundary shear
93(2)
3.1.2 Vertical interfacial shear
95(1)
3.1.3 Transverse currents
95(2)
3.1.4 Coherent structures
97(3)
3.1.5 Horizontal interfacial shear
100(2)
3.1.6 Vorticity in rivers
102(1)
3.1.7 Special features near structures
103(2)
3.2 Governing equations
105(56)
3.2.1 Roughness Advisor methods
105(5)
3.2.2 Conveyance Estimation System methods
110(19)
3.2.3 Summary of CES methods, outputs and solution technique
129(9)
3.2.4 Backwater calculation methods
138(2)
3.2.5 Afflux Estimation System methods
140(21)
3.3 Dealing with uncertainty
161(8)
3.3.1 Introduction to uncertainty
161(1)
3.3.2 Risk, uncertainty, accuracy and error
162(1)
3.3.3 Components of uncertainty in the CES
163(3)
3.3.4 Representation and assessment of uncertainty
166(3)
3.4 Introduction to the CES-AES software
169(14)
3.4.1 Introduction to the Roughness Advisor
171(4)
3.4.2 Introduction to the Conveyance Generator
175(1)
3.4.3 Introduction to the Backwater Module
175(3)
3.4.4 Introduction to the Afflux Estimation System
178(5)
4 Practical issues - roughness, conveyance and afflux 183(72)
4.1 An overview of the CES-AES use in practice
183(6)
4.1.1 Single cross-section analysis
184(2)
4.1.2 Single structure analysis (bridges and culverts)
186(2)
4.1.3 Backwater profile analysis (no structures present)
188(1)
4.1.4 Backwater profile analysis (structures present)
189(1)
4.2 Estimating and using stage-discharge relationships and spatial velocities
189(29)
4.2.1 Stage-discharge prediction for the River Trent at Yoxall, Staffordshire, UK
189(3)
4.2.2 Stage-discharge and velocity prediction for the River Colorado, La Pampas, Argentina
192(3)
4.2.3 Hierarchical approach to estimating roughness (and other flow parameters) for the River Main, County Antrim, UK
195(6)
4.2.4 Stage-discharge, velocity and roughness predictions for the River Severn at Montford Bridge, UK
201(4)
4.2.5 Investigating the influence of roughness, slope and sinuosity on stage-discharge for the River La Suela, Cordoba, Argentina
205(8)
4.2.6 Application of the CES to a mountain stream with boulders
213(5)
4.3 Use of backwater module for estimating water levels along the River Main
218(3)
4.4 Estimating afflux at bridges
221(12)
4.4.1 Field scale verification of bridge backwater analysis at Pea Creek, Alabama
221(6)
4.4.2 Field scale bridge backwater analysis on the River Irwell, UK
227(6)
4.5 Estimating afflux at culverts
233(10)
4.5.1 Shallow culvert backwater analysis in a long reach
233(2)
4.5.2 Exploratory culvert design and maintenance calculations in CES-AES
235(8)
4.6 Dealing with vegetation and maintenance of weedy rivers
243(12)
4.6.1 Exploration of cutting regimes for the River Cole
244(5)
4.6.2 Exploration of different cutting regimes for the River Avon
249(3)
4.6.3 Exploration of channel deepening for the River Hooke
252(3)
5 Further issues on flows in rivers 255(28)
5.1 Ecological issues
255(3)
5.2 Sediment and geomorphological issues
258(5)
5.3 Trash screen and blockage issues
263(3)
5.4 Wider modelling issues
266(10)
5.4.1 Types of model
266(7)
5.4.2 Implications involved in model selection, calibration and use
273(2)
5.4.3 The CES-AES software in context
275(1)
5.5 Software architecture and calculation engines
276(7)
6 The Shiono & Knight Method (SKM) for analyzing open channel flows 283(144)
6.1 Theoretical background to the governing equation used in the SKM
283(7)
6.1.1 Derivation
283(3)
6.1.2 Analytical solutions
286(4)
a Flow in a constant depth domain with a horizontal bed (H = constant)
286(1)
b Flow in a variable depth domain with a linear side slope
287(3)
6.2 Physical background to the governing equation used in the SKM
290(25)
6.2.1 Three-dimensional flow equations
290(3)
6.2.2 Three, two and one-dimensional turbulent flow equations
293(3)
6.2.3 Physical background to a simple turbulence model
296(4)
6.2.4 Vorticity and secondary flows
300(15)
a Streamwise vorticity
301(2)
b Planform vorticity
303(12)
6.3 Boundary conditions
315(12)
6.3.1 Symmetric flow
317(1)
6.3.2 Asymmetric flow
318(3)
6.3.3 Vertical walls
321(3)
6.3.4 Symmetric flow in a trapezoidal compound channel with a very steep internal wall
324(3)
6.4 Analytical solutions using the SKM
327(39)
6.4.1 Flows in rectangular channels
328(11)
6.4.2 Flows in trapezoidal channels
339(18)
6.4.3 Flows in compound channels
357(9)
6.5 Boundary shear stress distributions in channel flow and shear forces on boundary elements
366(16)
6.5.1 Experimental data on boundary shear stress distributions with uniform roughness
366(7)
6.5.2 Experimental data on boundary shear stress distributions with non-uniform roughness
373(3)
6.5.3 Predicting boundary shear stress using the SKM
376(6)
a Rectangular channels
376(2)
b Compound channels
378(1)
c Link between the area method and the SKM
379(3)
6.6 Resistance equations for surfaces, shape effects and trees
382(41)
6.6.1 Velocity distribution laws and resistance formulation
383(6)
6.6.2 Effects of cross-sectional shape on resistance
389(10)
6.6.3 Drag force caused by trees
399(28)
a Formulation of the drag force term using numerical results with experimental data
400(8)
b Comparison of analytical results for a constant depth domain with experimental data
408(15)
6.7 Flow dependent resistance issues
423(4)
7 Worked examples using the Shiono & Knight Method (SKM) 427(60)
7.1 Using Excel to solve the SKM equations together with analytical expressions for the AI coefficients
427(25)
7.1.1 Introduction and explanatory notes
427(2)
7.1.2 Inbank flows in rectangular channels
429(7)
7.1.3 Inbank flows in trapezoidal channels
436(2)
7.1.4 Inbank flows in urban drainage channels
438(3)
7.1.5 Overbank flow in compound trapezoidal channels
441(8)
7.1.6 Overbank flow in compound rectangular channels
449(1)
7.1.7 Overbank flow in the River Severn
450(1)
7.1.8 Flows in regime channels of lenticular shape with sediment
451(1)
7.2 Using Excel to solve the SKM equations numerically
452(35)
7.2.1 Introduction and explanatory notes
452(1)
7.2.2 The Flood Channel Facility (FCF), Series 02.
452(8)
7.2.3 Overbank flow in the River Main
460(12)
7.2.4 Overbank flow in the River Severn with trees on the floodplain
472(4)
7.2.5 Overbank flow in a compound trapezoidal channel with rod roughness
476(6)
7.2.6 Flow in the River Rhone, France
482(1)
7.2.7 Flow in the Yangtze River, China
482(2)
7.2.8 Flow in the Paute River, Ecuador
484(1)
7.2.9 Flow in other world rivers
484(3)
8 Further examples - estimating flow, level and velocity in practice 487(26)
8.1 Estimating and using stage-discharge relationships
487(15)
8.1.1 Stage-discharge prediction for the River Dane at Rudheath, Cheshire, UK
487(4)
8.1.2 Stage-discharge prediction for the river blackwater, Coleford Bridge, North-East Hampshire, UK
491(3)
8.1.3 Stage-discharge prediction for the River Torridge, Torrington, North Devon, UK
494(2)
8.1.4 Stage-discharge prediction for the River Blackwater at Ower, Hampshire and Wiltshire, UK
496(2)
8.1.5 Stage-discharge prediction for the River Heathcote, Sloan Terrace, NZ
498(3)
8.1.6 Stage discharge prediction for the River Cuenca, Ucubamba, Ecuador
501(1)
8.2 Estimating and using spatial velocities
502(11)
8.2.1 Velocity prediction for the River Severn at Shrewsbury
502(2)
8.2.2 Velocity prediction for the River Frome at East Burton, Dorset, UK
504(3)
8.2.3 Velocity prediction for the River Rhone, Lyon, France
507(2)
8.2.4 Velocity prediction for the Yangtze River, China
509(4)
9 Concluding remarks 513(14)
9.1 Concluding remarks
513(7)
9.2 CES and SKM: Differences and Similarities
520(2)
9.3 Future developments
522(5)
Appendix 1 The finite element approximations for the CES equations 527(4)
Appendix 2 Summary of hydraulic equations used in the AES 531(2)
Appendix 3 Cross-section survey data 533(12)
Appendix 4 Derivation of the governing depth-averaged equation used in the SKM 545(6)
Appendix 5 Analytical solutions to the governing equation used in the SKM 551(14)
Appendix 6 Fortran program for solving the governing depth-averaged equation used in the SKM 565(6)
References 571(24)
Author index 595(6)
Subject index 601
Professor Donald Knight retired from the University of Birmingham in December 2007, after teaching and undertaking research in the Department of Civil Engineering for just over 39 years. He continues research as an Emeritus Professor at Birmingham. He has co-authored several books and published over 160 refereed journal and conference papers on open channel flow, modelling, boundary shear stress, sediment mechanics and flooding, including several review articles. Donald is assistant Editor of the Journal of Disaster Research (Tokyo University) and of Water and Sediment Erosion Research (Beijing & Tsinghua Universities).

Caroline Hazlewood is Group Manager at HR Wallingford. She has a PhD and MSc in Hydraulic Engineering and a BSc in Civil Engineering. She is a member of International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR) and member of the Journal of Flood Risk Management (JFRM) Editorial Board.

Rob Lamb is Managing Director of the JBA Trust, a research and educational charity funded by the JBA Group. His background is in hydrology and numerical modelling, with research interests in flooding and risk analysis in environmental and engineered systems. He has worked at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology in Wallingford, and, from 2002, at JBA Consulting. Since 2013, he has been an Honorary Professor at Lancaster Universitys Environment Centre. In 2016 he was part of the British governments scientific advisory group on flooding.

Professor Paul Samuels is a Technical Director at HR Wallingford and a Visiting Industrial Professor at the University of Bristol, UK.

Shiono Koji is Emeritus Professor at Loughborough University since 2017. He studied his PhD on vertical turbulent exchange in stratified flow at the Department of Civil Engineering, Birmingham University 1978-1981 and was appointed as a research follow at Birmingham University from 1981-1986, specialising on estuarine flows. In 1989 he took up a lectureship at the Department of Civil Engineering, Bradford University. In 1994 he was appointed as a Senior Lecture at Department of Civil and Building, Loughborough University, and promoted to Professor of Environmental Hydrodynamics in 1999. Hiono was awarded Emeritus Professor at Loughborough University in 2017.
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