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El. knyga: Prehistoric Mobility and Diet in the West Eurasian Steppes 3500 to 300 BC: An Isotopic Approach [De Gruyter E-books]

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Prehistoric Mobility and Diet in the West Eurasian Steppes 3500 to 300 BC: An Isotopic ApproachDidesnis paveikslėlis
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Questions concerning mobility and migration as well as subsistence strategies of past societies have always been of major importance in archaeological research. The West Eurasian steppes in the Eneolithic, the Early Bronze and the Iron Age were largely inhabited by cultural communities believed to show an elevated level of spatial mobility, often linked to their subsistence economy. In this volume, questions concerning the mobility and potential migration as well as the diet and economy of the West Eurasian steppes communities during the 4th, the 3rd and the 1st Millennia BC are approached by applying isotope analysis, specifically 87Sr/86Sr, 18O, 15N and 13C analyses. Adapting a combination of different isotopic systems to a study area of vast spatial and chronological dimension allowed a wide variety of questions to be answered and establishes the beginning of a database of biogeochemical data for the West Eurasian steppes. Besides the characterisation of mobility and subsistence patterns of the archaeological communities under discussion, attempts to identify possible Early Bronze Age migrations from the steppes to the steppe-like plains in parts of Eastern Europe were made, alongside an evaluation of the applicability of isotope analysis to this context.
Acknowledgements XI
1 Introduction 1(6)
2 Background 7(48)
2.1 Archaeological background
7(34)
2.1.1 Introduction
7(1)
2.1.2 The (Middle and) Late Eneolithic period in the North Pontic steppe
7(5)
2.1.2.1 History of Research
7(1)
2.1.2.2 Characterisation of the (Middle and) Late Eneolithic steppe cultures
8(4)
2.1.2.2.1 Chronology and regional subdivision
8(3)
2.1.2.2.2 Economy and interaction of the Eneolithic steppe cultures
11(1)
2.1.3 The Early Bronze Age Yamnaya period
12(7)
2.1.3.1 Chronology
12(1)
2.1.3.2 Distribution and regional subdivision
13(2)
2.1.3.3 Burial tradition
15(1)
2.1.3.4 Economy
16(1)
2.1.3.5 Regional variants and distinct cultures of relevance
17(2)
2.1.4 The Middle Bronze Age Catacomb culture period
19(6)
2.1.4.1 Chronology
19(1)
2.1.4.2 Distribution and regional subdivision
20(1)
2.1.4.3 Burial tradition
21(3)
2.1.4.4 Economy
24(1)
2.1.5 (South)westward steppe impact
25(7)
2.1.5.1 History of research
25(2)
2.1.5.2 Late Eneolithic period
27(1)
2.1.5.3 Early Bronze Age Yamnaya horizon
28(3)
2.1.5.4 Middle Bronze Age Catacomb culture horizon
31(1)
2.1.6 The Iron Age Scythian period
32(9)
2.1.6.1 Introduction
32(1)
2.1.6.2 Chronology and distribution of the Scythian cultural groups
33(1)
2.1.6.3 Historical sources of the Scythians
34(1)
2.1.6.4 Characterization of the Scythian culture in respect to this study
35(2)
2.1.6.5 Cultural groups touched upon in this study
37(4)
2.2 Methodological background
41(14)
2.2.1 The application of isotope analysis
41(5)
2.2.1.1 Mobility in archaeology and the application of strontium and oxygen isotope analyses
42(2)
2.2.1.2 Palaeodiet and the application of carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis
44(2)
2.2.2 Tooth and bone as sample materials and information archives
46(4)
2.2.3 Geology and ecology in the study region with regard to isotope analysis
50(5)
3 Sample sites and Material 55(18)
3.1 Introduction
55(1)
3.2 Eneolithic and Bronze Age
56(12)
3.2.1 Carpathian-Balkan region
56(5)
3.2.1.1 Bulgaria
56(3)
3.2.1.2 Hungary
59(2)
3.2.2 North Pontic region
61(4)
3.2.2.1 Central Ukraine
61(3)
3.2.2.2 East Ukraine
64(1)
3.2.3 Russia
65(3)
3.2.3.1 Volga region
65(2)
3.2.3.2 Kuban and Northwest Caspian Sea region
67(1)
3.3 Iron Age
68(5)
3.3.1 North Pontic region
68(3)
3.3.2 Central Asia: Berel'
71(2)
4 Mobility and Migration 73(154)
4.1 Introduction
73(1)
4.2 Theories on mobility and migration
73(10)
4.2.1 History of research in mobility and migration theories in prehistoric archaeology
73(1)
4.2.2 Mobility
74(5)
4.2.2.1 Definition
74(1)
4.2.2.2 Mobility models
75(2)
4.2.2.3 Characteristic forms of mobility in the Eurasian steppe belt
77(2)
4.2.3 Migration
79(3)
4.2.3.1 Definition
79(1)
4.2.3.2 Migration models
79(2)
4.2.3.3 Migration in the West Eurasian steppes
81(1)
4.2.4 Scientific contribution to mobility and migration research in archaeology
82(1)
4.3 87Sr/86Sr analysis
83(41)
4.3.1 Basics
83(4)
4.3.1.1 Introduction
83(1)
4.3.1.2 Strontium in tooth and bone
84(1)
4.3.1.3 Definition of the 'local' biologically available strontium
85(2)
4.3.2 Material
87(1)
4.3.3 Methods
88(3)
4.3.3.1 Methodology for tooth enamel samples
88(2)
4.3.3.2 Methodology for comparative samples
90(1)
4.3.3.3 Strontium concentration measurements
91(1)
4.3.4 Results
91(19)
4.3.4.1 Correction of the 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios
92(1)
4.3.4.2 Results of the 87Sr/86Sr analysis
93(6)
4.3.4.2.1 Eneolithic and Bronze Age
93(5)
4.3.4.2.2 Iron Age
98(1)
4.3.4.3 Intra-site and inter-site comparison
99(2)
4.3.4.4 Inter-regional comparison
101(1)
4.3.4.5 Differences related to gender and age
101(4)
4.3.4.5.1 Eneolithic and Bronze Age
101(3)
4.3.4.5.2 Iron Age
104(1)
4.3.4.5.3 Comparison on a regional scale
104(1)
4.3.4.6 Chronological differences
105(2)
4.3.4.7 Strontium concentrations
107(3)
4.3.5 Biological measurements of 87Sr/86Sr
110(14)
4.3.5.1 Published 87Sr/86Sr data
110(2)
4.3.5.2 Estimation of the 'local' 87Sr/86Sr range and identification of 'locals' and 'non-locals'
112(10)
4.3.5.2.1 Eneolithic and Bronze Age
112(8)
4.3.5.2.2 Iron Age
120(2)
4.3.5.3 Evaluation of the 'local' 87Sr/86Sr values
122(2)
4.4 SI80 analysis
124(43)
4.4.1 Basics
124(11)
4.4.1.1 Introduction
124(1)
4.4.1.2 Variations in 8180
125(4)
4.4.1.2.1 General causes of variation
125(1)
4.4.1.2.2 Seasonal variation
126(1)
4.4.1.2.3 Intra-tooth and intra-species variation
127(1)
4.4.1.2.4 Intra-site variation
127(2)
4.4.1.3 8180 analysis of 6180 in tooth enamel carbonate
129(1)
4.4.1.4 Data conversion
129(4)
4.4.1.4.1 Conversion of 8/80c measured against V-PDB into V-S MOW data
129(1)
4.4.1.4.2 Conversion into data comparable to meteoric water
130(3)
4.4.1.5 Data comparison
133(3)
4.4.1.5.1 Comparison to 8180 results of studies in the same region
133(1)
4.4.1.5.2 Comparison to 8180 in modern precipitation
134(1)
4.4.2 Material
135(1)
4.4.3 Method
135(1)
4.4.4 Results 8180c (V-P DB)
136(16)
4.4.4.1 Eneolithic and Bronze Age
137(5)
4.4.4.2 Iron Age
142(1)
4.4.4.3 Intra-site and inter-site comparison
143(2)
4.4.4.4 Inter-regional comparison
145(1)
4.4.4.5 Gender and age related differences
145(5)
4.4.4.5.1 Eneolithic and Bronze Age
145(4)
4.4.4.5.2 Iron Age
149(1)
4.4.4.5.3 Comparison on a regional scale
149(1)
4.4.4.6 Chronological differences
150(2)
4.4.5 Biological measurements of 8=80
152(7)
4.4.5.1 Estimation of the 'local' 8180 range
152(1)
4.4.5.2 Published data of 8180 in humans and animals
152(3)
4.4.5.3 Published modern water values
155(1)
4.4.5.4 8.80 in precipitation
155(3)
4.4.5.5 Conversion of 6180 in tooth enamel carbonate into 8180 in water
158(1)
4.4.6 'Locals' and 'non-locals'
159(8)
4.4.6.1 Results of the data conversion into 8180 in water and 'local' 5180 ranges
159(6)
4.4.6.1.1 Eneolithic and Bronze Age
159(5)
4.4.6.1.2 Iron Age
164(1)
4.4.6.2 Potential correlation between 8180 results and longitude and latitude
165(1)
4.4.6.3 Evaluation of the 'local' 8180 values
166(1)
4.5 Combined results and discussion of 87Sr/86Sr and 8180 analyses
167(32)
4.5.1 Eneolithic and Bronze Age
167(24)
4.5.2 Iron Age
191(8)
4.6 Discussion of this chapter's results
199(24)
4.6.1 Sampling
199(6)
4.6.1.1 Sample selection and sample size
199(1)
4.6.1.2 Reference sample material and the definition of the 'local' signatures
200(5)
4.6.1.3 Intra-individual sampling in humans
205(1)
4.6.2 Identification of outliers
205(5)
4.6.2.1 'Local' or 'non-local'?
205(2)
4.6.2.2 Identification of outliers on an intra-site level
207(2)
4.6.2.3 Identification of outliers on an intra-regional level
209(1)
4.6.2.4 Identification of outliers on an inter-regional level
209(1)
4.6.3 Reconstruction of economic systems
210(4)
4.6.3.1 Mobility variants
210(2)
4.6.3.2 Elements of uncertainty
212(2)
4.6.4 Detection of a possible increase of mobility due to the emergence of draught animals, wagons and climatic changes using 87Sr/86Sr and 8180 analyses
214(5)
4.6.4.1 Site variability
214(3)
4.6.4.2 Exceptional burials
217(2)
4.6.5 Mobility in the Iron Age Scythian period
219(2)
4.6.5.1 Human mobility
219(1)
4.6.5.2 Evidence for faunal mobility in the Iron Age Scythian period
220(1)
4.6.6 Isotopic indicators for possible migrations from the steppe area to the west
221(2)
4.7 Conclusions
Chapter 4
223(4)
5 Case study: Faunal mobility in the context of the Globular Amphora culture 227(16)
5.1 Introduction
227(1)
5.2 Theories of faunal mobility
227(1)
5.3 Stable isotope analysis of faunal mobility
228(1)
5.4 Archaeological framework
229(3)
5.4.1 Globular Amphora culture and cattle depositions
229(2)
5.4.2 Archaeology of Zauschwitz
231(1)
5.5 Expected isotopic values of Zauschwitz
232(1)
5.6 Material
233(1)
5.7 Results and discussion
234(6)
5.7.1 Strontium isotope analysis
234(1)
5.7.2 Oxygen isotope analysis
235(2)
5.7.3 Combination of strontium and oxygen isotope analyses
237(3)
5.8 Conclusions
Chapter 5
240(3)
6 Palaeodiet 243(40)
6.1 Introduction
243(1)
6.1.1 Objectives of this study
243(1)
6.1.2 Diet of the West Eurasian steppe people in the Eneolithic, the Early and Middle Bronze Age
243(1)
6.2 Methodological basics
244(6)
6.2.1 Potential information derived from stable isotope analysis
244(1)
6.2.2 813C analysis
245(3)
6.2.2.1 Basic principles
245(1)
6.2.2.2 513C in C3 and C4 plants and their consumers
246(1)
6.2.2.3 813C in marine, freshwater and terrestrial diet
246(1)
6.2.2.4 Trophic level shifts
247(1)
6.2.3 815N analysis
248(4)
6.2.3.1 Basic principles
248(1)
6.2.3.2 Trophic level effect
249(1)
6.2.3.3 Terrestrial, freshwater and marine food
249(1)
6.2.3.4 Climatic effect and water dependency
250(1)
6.3 Material
250(1)
6.4 Method
251(1)
6.5 Results of 813C and 815N analysis
252(6)
6.5.1 Sample preservation
252(1)
6.5.2 Results faunal material
252(1)
6.5.3 Results human material
253(5)
6.5.3.1 Human bones
253(1)
6.5.3.2 Results and discussion of combined 8.3C and 515N analysis of the human bones
254(4)
6.5.3.3 Human teeth
258(1)
6.6 Discussion
258(22)
6.6.1 Discussion of the results of the faunal references compared to further studies
258(3)
6.6.2 Discussion of the results of the human bones
261(8)
6.6.2.1 Internal site variation
261(2)
6.6.2.2 Correlation between 813C and 815N ratios
263(3)
6.6.2.3 Chronological comparison
266(1)
6.6.2.4 Variations based on gender and age
267(2)
6.6.3 Discussion of the results of human teeth
269(1)
6.6.4 Discussion of possible dietary components
270(4)
6.6.5 Comparison of the results for human bones to analogous studies
274(54)
6.6.5.1 North Pontic region
274(2)
6.6.5.2 Kuban region
276(1)
6.6.5.3 West Pontic region
277(3)
6.7 Conclusions
Chapter 6
280(3)
7 Summaries in English, German and Russian 283(12)
8 Bibliography 295(32)
Appendices
Introduction to the Appendices
327(1)
Appendix A
I Sites
328(21)
II Samples
349(35)
Appendix B
Data 87Sr/86Sr analysis
384(4)
Appendix C
Data 8180 analysis
388(11)
Appendix D
Data 613C and 615N analysis
399
Claudia Gerling, Exzellenzcluster Topoi, Institut für Prähistorische Archäologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Deutschland
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9783110311211_pe.html