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viii | |
Preface |
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xi | |
Sociophonetic Foundations |
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xi | |
Format of the Book |
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xiii | |
Representing Speech in Text |
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xv | |
Software and Online Support |
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xvi | |
Looking Ahead |
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xvii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xviii | |
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1 Sociophonetics = Sociolinguistics + Phonetics |
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1 | (11) |
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1.1 So What Is Sociophonetics? |
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4 | (2) |
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1.2 From Sociolinguistics to Sociophonetics |
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6 | (3) |
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1.3 The Sociophonetic Frontier |
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9 | (1) |
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1.4 Production and Perception: The Two Halves of Sociophonetics |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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2 Sociophonetics and Its Methods: Foundations |
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12 | (28) |
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2.1 Acoustics and Phonetics: Doing the "Phonetics" in Sociophonetics |
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13 | (6) |
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2.1.1 Acoustic Properties of the Speech Signal |
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16 | (1) |
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2.1.2 The (Socio)phonetic Nuts and Bolts |
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17 | (2) |
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2.2 Language in Society: Doing the "Socio" in Sociophonetics |
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19 | (3) |
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22 | (3) |
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2.4 A Closer Look at Vowels and Sibilants |
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25 | (7) |
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25 | (2) |
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2.4.2 Common Vowel Measures |
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27 | (2) |
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2.4.3 A Focus on Sibilants |
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29 | (1) |
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2.4.4 Common Sibilant Measures |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (6) |
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2.5.1 Auditory Approaches |
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33 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Sociophonetic Studies of Perception |
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33 | (5) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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3 Sociophonetics and Its Methods: Vowels and Sibilants |
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40 | (33) |
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40 | (17) |
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43 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Formant Extraction and Taking Measurements |
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44 | (3) |
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3.1.3 How Many Vowel Tokens Are Enough? |
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47 | (2) |
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3.1.4 Visualization and Plotting |
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49 | (3) |
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3.1.5 Normalization and Other Data Processing |
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52 | (3) |
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3.1.6 Other Considerations: Token-Level vs. Speaker-Level Measures |
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55 | (2) |
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3.1.7 Final Considerations in Vowel Analysis |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (14) |
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3.2.1 Token Selection and Delimitation |
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58 | (3) |
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3.2.2 Taking Measurements |
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61 | (4) |
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3.2.3 Visualizing Sibilant Data |
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65 | (4) |
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3.2.4 Normalization? And Other Considerations |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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4 Sociophonetics and Regional Variation: A New Dialectology? |
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73 | (23) |
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74 | (5) |
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4.1.1 Sociophonetic Dialectology |
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77 | (2) |
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4.2 Sociolinguistic Research on Regional Variation |
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79 | (2) |
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4.3 Sociophonetic Research on Regional Variation |
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81 | (6) |
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4.4 Perception and Regional Variation |
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87 | (6) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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5 Sociophonetics and Social Factors |
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96 | (30) |
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5.1 Social Variability in Phonetics |
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97 | (2) |
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5.2 Four Social Factors of Central Importance |
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99 | (1) |
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5.2.1 Socioeconomic Status |
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100 | (6) |
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106 | (3) |
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109 | (4) |
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113 | (3) |
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5.3 Sociophonetic Studies of Social Factors |
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116 | (4) |
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5.4 Perception and Social Factors |
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120 | (4) |
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5.5 Complicating the Four Social Factors |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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6 Sociophonetics, Style and Identity |
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126 | (1) |
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6.1 Language and Individual Variation |
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127 | (3) |
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6.2 Individual Variation in Phonetics |
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130 | (2) |
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6.3 Individual Variation in Sociolinguistics: Style |
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132 | (2) |
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6.3.1 Three Major Sociolinguistic Models of Style |
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134 | (2) |
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6.3.2 What Is and Is Not Style? |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (5) |
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6.5 Language and Social Identity |
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142 | (3) |
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145 | (4) |
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6.7 Perception and Social Identity |
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149 | (6) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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7 Sociophonetics and Sound Change |
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156 | (22) |
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7.1 Theories on Sound Change over Time |
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157 | (7) |
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7.2 The Labovian Project: Language Variation and Change |
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164 | (5) |
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7.3 Understanding the Present and the Past Together |
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169 | (1) |
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7.4 Sociophonetic Contributions to Sound Change |
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170 | (5) |
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7.5 Future Theories of Sound Change |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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8 Sociophonetics and Its Methodological Future |
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178 | (30) |
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8.1 Balancing Traditional and New Approaches |
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179 | (2) |
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8.2 From Manual to Automatic Approaches |
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181 | (2) |
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8.3 Establishing Best Practices for Reliable Data |
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183 | (3) |
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8.4 Considering Sociophonetic Data from a Corpus-based Perspective |
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186 | (2) |
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8.5 Advantages of Computational Methods |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (16) |
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191 | (4) |
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8.6.2 Automatic Acoustic Analyses |
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195 | (4) |
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8.6.3 The Promise of Speech Recognition |
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199 | (3) |
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8.6.4 Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Their Applications |
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202 | (4) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (46) |
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9.1 From Advancing Methods to Advancing Knowledge |
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208 | (2) |
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9.2 Sociophonetics and Linguistic Theory |
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210 | (1) |
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9.3 The Future of Sociophonetics |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (40) |
Index |
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254 | |