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Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer of Planetary Atmospheres [Kietas viršelis]

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(Senior Physicist, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, USA), (Professor, Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Canada)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 158 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 252x177x16 mm, weight: 458 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 23-Mar-2017
  • Leidėjas: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 019966210X
  • ISBN-13: 9780199662104
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer of Planetary AtmospheresDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 158 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 252x177x16 mm, weight: 458 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 23-Mar-2017
  • Leidėjas: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 019966210X
  • ISBN-13: 9780199662104
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9780199662104.html
Raktažodžiai:
Spectroscopy and radiative transfer are rapidly growing fields within atmospheric and planetary science with implications for weather, climate, biogeochemical cycles, air quality on Earth, as well as the physics and evolution of planetary atmospheres in our solar system and beyond. Remote sensing and modeling atmospheric composition of the Earth, of other planets in our solar system, or of planets orbiting other stars require detailed knowledge of how radiation and matter interact in planetary atmospheres. This includes knowledge of how stellar or thermal radiation propagates through atmospheres, how that propagation affects radiative forcing of climate, how atmospheric pollutants and greenhouse gases produce unique spectroscopic signatures, how the properties of atmospheres may be quantitatively measured, and how those measurements relate to physical properties. This book provides this fundamental knowledge to a depth that will leave a student with the background to become capable of performing quantitative research on atmospheres.

The book is intended for graduate students or for advanced undergraduates. It spans across principles through applications, with sufficient background for students without prior experience in either spectroscopy or radiative transfer. Courses based on this book are intended to be accompanied by the development of increasing sophisticated atmospheric and spectroscopic modeling capability (ideally, the student develops a computer model for simulation of atmospheric spectra from microwave through ultraviolet).

Recenzijos

provide[ s] fundamental knowledge to a depth that will leave a student with the background to become capable of performing quantitative research on atmospheres * Lunar and Planetary Information Bulletin *

1 Basic Solar and Planetary Properties
1(12)
1.1 Solar Properties
1(4)
1.1.1 Solar Structure
1(2)
1.1.2 The Solar Cycle, Variability
3(1)
1.1.3 Reference Solar Irradiance
3(1)
1.1.4 Limb Darkening and Brightening
4(1)
1.2 Properties of Earth and its Atmosphere
5(5)
1.2.1 Earth's Orbit and the Seasons
5(1)
1.2.2 Hydrostatic Equilibrium
5(1)
1.2.3 Albedo and Spectral Reflectance
6(1)
1.2.4 Basic Structure and Variability of Earth's Atmosphere
7(1)
1.2.5 Adiabatic Lapse Rate
8(1)
1.2.6 Composition of Earth's Atmosphere
8(2)
1.3 Other Atmospheres in the Solar System
10(1)
1.4 Extrasolar Planets
10(3)
References and Further Reading
11(1)
Problems
12(1)
2 Elements of Math and Physics
13(4)
2.1 Units for Radiation; Wavelengths and Frequencies
13(1)
2.2 Optical Elements
13(2)
2.2.1 Solid Angle
13(1)
2.2.2 Etendue
14(1)
2.2.3 Diffraction Limit
15(1)
2.3 Lambertian Reflectance and Emission
15(1)
2.4 The Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Function
16(1)
Further Reading
16(1)
Problems
16(1)
3 Blackbody Radiation, Boltzmann Statistics, Temperature, and Thermodynamic Equilibrium
17(9)
3.1 Thermodynamic Equilibrium
17(1)
3.1.1 Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium
17(1)
3.2 Boltzmann Statistics
18(2)
3.3 Blackbody Radiation
20(6)
3.3.1 Relation of Intensity with Wavelength and Temperature (Planck's Law)
21(1)
3.3.2 Radiation Constants
21(1)
3.3.3 The Rayleigh-Jeans Limit
22(1)
3.3.4 Antenna Temperature, Noise Temperature, System Temperature
23(1)
3.3.5 Emissivity, Reflectivity, Kirchoff's Law
23(1)
3.3.6 Relation between Flux Density and Temperature (Stefan-Boltzmann Constant)
23(1)
3.3.7 Relation between Maximum Intensity and Temperature (Wien's Law)
24(1)
References and Further Reading
24(1)
Problems
24(2)
4 Radiative Transfer
26(9)
4.1 Definitions
26(1)
4.2 The Basic Equation of Radiative Transfer
27(8)
Further Reading
32(1)
Problems
33(2)
5 Spectroscopy Fundamentals
35(19)
5.1 Einstein A and B Coefficients
35(1)
5.2 Rotational Spectroscopy
36(7)
5.2.1 Diatomic Molecules
37(5)
5.2.2 Polyatomic Molecules
42(1)
5.3 Vibrational Spectroscopy
43(5)
5.3.1 Diatomic Molecules
43(4)
5.3.2 Polyatomic Molecules
47(1)
5.4 Nuclear Spin
48(3)
5.5 Electronic Spectroscopy
51(3)
5.5.1 Electronic Orbital Angular Momentum, Electronic Spin Angular Momentum
51(1)
5.5.2 Electronic Transitions
52(1)
References
53(1)
Problems
53(1)
6 Line Shapes
54(9)
6.1 Gaussian Line Shape, Doppler Broadening
54(1)
6.2 Lorentzian Line Shape (Lifetime/Collisional Broadening)
55(3)
6.2.1 Lifetime Broadening
56(1)
6.2.2 Collisional (Pressure) Broadening
56(2)
6.3 The Voigt Function
58(1)
6.4 The HITRAN Molecular Spectroscopic Database
59(4)
References
60(1)
Problems
60(3)
7 Atmospheric Scattering
63(14)
7.1 Scattering Regime
63(1)
7.2 Polarization in Scattering
64(2)
7.2.1 The Stokes Vector and the Polarization Ellipse
64(1)
7.2.2 The Mueller Matrix
65(1)
7.3 Rayleigh Scattering
66(4)
7.3.1 Depolarization: The Inelastic Raman Scattering Component
68(2)
7.4 Mie Scattering
70(3)
7.5 Additional Scattering Considerations
73(4)
7.5.1 Non-spherical Particles
73(1)
7.5.2 The Angstrom Exponent
73(1)
7.5.3 Expansion in Legendre Polynomials
73(1)
References
74(1)
Problems
75(2)
8 Radiation and Climate
77(10)
8.1 Simple One-layer Model
77(1)
8.2 Gray Atmosphere Models
78(2)
8.3 Wavelength-specific and Altitude-dependent Absorption and Emission
80(1)
8.4 Earth's Energy Budget
81(3)
8.5 Climate Sensitivity
84(3)
References
85(1)
Problems
85(2)
9 Modeling Radiative Transfer
87(10)
9.1 Introduction
87(1)
9.2 Plane-parallel Scattering Formulation
87(2)
9.3 Surface Reflectance and Albedo
89(1)
9.4 The Two-stream Approximation
90(2)
9.5 Replacing the Multiple-scattering Radiative Transfer Integrodifferential Equations by a System of Linear Equations
92(5)
9.5.1 Expansion of Azimuth Dependence
92(1)
9.5.2 Discrete Ordinates
93(2)
References
95(1)
Problems
95(2)
10 Principles of Atmospheric Remote Sensing Measurements
97(29)
10.1 Introduction
97(1)
10.1.1 Limb, Nadir, and Zenith Measurement Geometries
97(1)
10.1.2 Absorption, Emission, and Scattering Measurement Modes
98(1)
10.2 Viewing and Sampling
98(3)
10.2.1 Spectral Resolution
99(1)
10.2.2 The Sampling Theorem
99(2)
10.3 Spectral Noise
101(2)
10.3.1 Gaussian Description of Noise
101(2)
10.3.2 Noise Temperatures
103(1)
10.4 Instrument Types
103(5)
10.4.1 Microwave and Millimeter-wave Instruments
103(1)
10.4.2 Dispersive Instruments
104(1)
10.4.3 Fourier Transform Spectrometers (Michelson Interferometers)
105(3)
10.5 Ground-based Remote Sensing
108(1)
10.6 The Geometry of Limb Remote Sensing
109(1)
10.7 Nadir Satellite Remote Sensing
110(16)
10.7.1 Aerosol Remote Sensing
110(1)
10.7.2 Trace Gas Remote Sensing
111(3)
10.7.3 Calculation of the AMF
114(2)
10.7.4 Vertical Sensitivity
116(1)
10.7.5 Vertical Variation of Species
116(1)
10.7.6 Overview of Nadir-viewing Satellites
117(5)
References
122(3)
Problems
125(1)
11 Data Fitting
126(13)
11.1 Introduction
126(1)
11.2 Linear Fitting
126(2)
11.3 Nonlinear Fitting
128(2)
11.4 The Levenberg--Marquardt Method
130(1)
11.5 Optimal Estimation
131(3)
11.5.1 Weighting Functions
131(1)
11.5.2 Contribution Functions
132(1)
11.5.3 Averaging Kernels
132(2)
11.6 Twomey--Tikhonov Regularization
134(1)
11.7 Correlated Parameters
135(4)
References and Further Reading
136(1)
Problems
137(2)
Appendix A 1976 US Standard Atmosphere 139(1)
Appendix B Physical Constants and Physical Data 140(1)
Appendix C Useful Formulas 141(2)
Index 143
Kelly Chance is a Senior Physicist at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Principal Investigator for the NASA/Smithsonian Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) satellite instrument that is currently being built to measure North American air pollution, including the U.S., Mexico, Canada, and Cuba at high spatial resolution, hourly from geostationary orbit (tempo.si.edu). He has been measuring Earth's atmosphere from balloons, aircraft, the ground and, especially, from satellites since receiving his PhD in Chemical Physics from Harvard in 1977. Measurements include the physics and chemistry of the stratospheric ozone layer, climate-altering greenhouse gases, and atmospheric pollution. For many years he taught the course "Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer of Planetary Atmospheres" at Harvard.

Randall V. Martin is Professor at Dalhousie University, and Research Associate at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. His degrees are from Cornell University (B.S.), Oxford University (M.Sc.), and Harvard University (M.S., Ph.D.). He has taught Radiative Transfer at Dalhousie for several years. His research is at the interface of satellite remote sensing and global modeling, with a focus on characterizing atmospheric composition to inform effective policies surrounding major environmental and public health challenges ranging from air quality to climate change. His professional honors include the Langstroth Memorial Teaching Award, an NSERC Steacie Memorial Fellowship, and selection to the Royal Society of Canada.