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21st Century Astronomy Seventh Edition [Multiple-component retail product]

(University of California, Santa Cruz), (Weber State University)
  • Format: Multiple-component retail product, 816 pages, height x width x depth: 274x246x28 mm, weight: 1709 g, Contains 1 Paperback / softback and 1 Digital product license key
  • Pub. Date: 01-Jul-2022
  • Publisher: WW Norton & Co
  • ISBN-10: 0393877027
  • ISBN-13: 9780393877021
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  • Format: Multiple-component retail product, 816 pages, height x width x depth: 274x246x28 mm, weight: 1709 g, Contains 1 Paperback / softback and 1 Digital product license key
  • Pub. Date: 01-Jul-2022
  • Publisher: WW Norton & Co
  • ISBN-10: 0393877027
  • ISBN-13: 9780393877021
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Comprehensive and authoritative, 21st Century Astronomy fosters scientific literacy by offering carefully crafted activities that help students apply the process of science to astronomy, the news and the world. The 21st Century learning package provides the most up-to-date astronomy research, engaging students as they prepare for lecture, perform in-class activities and complete meaningful homework assignmentsboth in person and online. Lead author Stacy Palen draws on her experience teaching at an open enrollment university to build intentionality and transparency into every aspect of the learning package, giving activities a clear purpose and making them easy to execute without special equipment. Nortons service supports every instructor, every step of the way.

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with Ebook, Smartwork, and Student Site
PART I INTRODUCTION TO ASTRONOMY
1 Thinking Like an Astronomer
2(20)
1.1 Earth Occupies a Small Place in the Universe
4(4)
1.2 Science Is a Way of Viewing the Universe
8(6)
Process Of Science the Scientific Method
10(2)
Reading Astronomy News Astronomers Find Massive Black Hole in the Early Universe
12(2)
Working It Out 1.1 Mathematical Tools
14(1)
1.3 Astronomers Use Mathematics to Find Patterns
14(8)
Working It Out 1.2 Reading a Graph
16(1)
Origins an Introduction
17(1)
Summary
18(1)
Questions and Problems
18(3)
Exploration The Scale of the Universe
21(1)
2 Patterns in the Sky-Motions of Earth and the Moon
22(36)
2.1 Earth Spins on Its Axis
24(10)
Working It Out 2.1 How to Estimate Earth's Size
31(3)
2.2 Revolution about the Sun Leads to Changes during the Year
34(6)
Process of Science Theories Must Fit All the Known Facts
38(2)
2.3 The Moon's Appearance Changes as It Orbits Earth
40(4)
2.4 Calendars Are Based on the Day, Month, and Year
44(2)
2.5 Eclipses Result from the Alignment of Earth, the Moon, and the Sun
46(12)
Reading Astronomy News 2500 Miles of Citizen Scientists
49(4)
Origins the Obliquity of Earth
53(1)
Summary
53(1)
Questions and Problems
54(3)
Exploration Phases of the Moon
57(1)
3 Motion of Astronomical Bodies
58(24)
3.1 The Motions of Planets in the Sky
60(5)
Reading Astronomy News Jupiter and Saturn Will Come within 0.1 Degrees of Each Other, Forming the First Visible "Double Planet" in 800 Years
64(1)
3.2 Kepler's Laws Describe Planetary Motion
65(6)
Working it Out 3.1 How Copernicus Computed Orbital Periods and Scaled the Solar System
66(3)
Process Of Science Theories Are Falsifiable
69(2)
Working It Out 3.2 Kepler's Third Law
71(1)
3.3 Galileo's Observations Supported the Heliocentric Model
71(2)
3.4 Newton's Three Laws Help Explain How Celestial Bodies Move
73(9)
Origins Planets and Orbits
76(1)
Working It Out 3.3 Using Newton's Laws
77(1)
Summary
78(1)
Questions and Problems
78(3)
Exploration Kepler's Laws
81(1)
4 Gravity
82(26)
4.1 Gravity Is an Attractive Force between Objects
84(5)
Working it Out 4.1 Playing with Newton's Laws of Motion and Gravitation
88(1)
4.2 An Orbit Is One Body "Falling Around" Another
89(6)
Process of Science Universality
92(3)
Working it Out 4.2 Circular Velocity and Escape Velocity
95(1)
4.3 Tidal Forces Are Caused by Gravity
95(6)
Working It Out 4.3 Calculating Mass from Orbital Periods
96(1)
Reading Astronomy News Earth Has Acquired a Brand-New Moon That's about the Size of a Car
97(3)
Working It Out 4.4 Tidal Forces
100(1)
4.4 Tidal Forces Affect Solid Bodies
101(7)
Origins Tidal Forces and Life
103(1)
Summary
104(1)
Questions and Problems
104(3)
Exploration Newton's Laws
107(1)
5 Light
108(34)
5.1 Light Brings Us the News of the Universe
110(8)
Process Of Science Agreement between Fields
116(2)
Working It Out 5.1 Working with Electromagnetic Radiation
118(1)
5.2 The Quantum View of Matter Explains Spectral Lines
118(9)
Reading Astronomy News A Study in Scarlet
124(3)
5.3 The Doppler Shift Indicates Motion Toward or Away from Us
127(2)
Working It Out 5.2 Making Use of the Doppler Effect
129(1)
5.4 Temperature Affects the Spectrum of Light That an Object Emits
129(4)
5.5 The Brightness of Light Depends on the Luminosity and Distance of the Source
133(9)
Working It Out 5.3 Working with the Stefan-Boltzmann Law and Wien's Law
134(1)
Origins Temperatures of Planets
135(1)
Working It Out 5.4 Using Radiation Laws to Calculate Equilibrium Temperatures of Planets
136(1)
Summary
137(1)
Questions and Problems
138(3)
Exploration Light as a Wave
141(1)
6 The Tools of the Astronomer
142(32)
6.1 The Optical Telescope Revolutionized Astronomy
144(10)
Working It Out 6.1 Telescope Aperture and Magnification
147(4)
Working It Out 6.2 Diffraction Limit
151(3)
6.2 Optical Detectors and Instruments Used with Telescopes
154(2)
6.3 Astronomers Observe in Wavelengths Beyond the Visible
156(5)
6.4 Planetary Spacecraft Explore the Solar System
161(4)
Reading Astronomy News Nasa's Perseverance Mars Rover Extracts First Oxygen from Red Planet
162(3)
6.5 Other Tools Contribute to the Study of the Universe
165(9)
Process Of Science Technology and Science Are Symbiotic
167(1)
Origins Microwave Telescopes Detect Radiation from the Big Bang
168(2)
Summary
170(1)
Questions and Problems
170(3)
Exploration Geometric Optics and Lenses
173(1)
PART II THE SOLAR SYSTEM
7 The Formation of Planetary Systems
174(28)
7.1 Planetary Systems Form around a Star
176(2)
7.2 The Solar System Began with a Disk
178(6)
Process Of Science Converging Lines of Inquiry
179(3)
Working It Out 7.1 Angular Momentum
182(2)
7.3 The Inner Disk and Outer Disk Formed at Different Temperatures
184(3)
7.4 The Formation of Our Solar System
187(2)
7.5 Planetary Systems Are Common
189(13)
Working It Out 7.2 Estimating the Size of a Planet's Orbit
191(1)
Working It Out 7.3 Estimating the Radius of an Exoplanet
192(3)
Origins The Search for Earth-Sized Planets
195(1)
Reading Astronomy News Nasa's Tess Mission Uncovers Its 1st World With Two Stars
196(1)
Summary
197(1)
Questions and Problems
198(3)
Exploration Exploring Exoplanets
201(1)
8 The Terrestrial Planets and Earth's Moon
202(36)
8.1 Impacts Help Shape the Evolution of the Planets
204(6)
Process of Science Certainty Is Sometimes Out of Reach
209(1)
8.2 Radiometric Dating Tells Us the Age of the Moon and the Solar System
210(2)
Working It Out 8.1 Computing the Ages of Rocks
211(1)
8.3 The Surface of a Terrestrial Planet Is Affected by Processes in the Interior
212(6)
Working It Out 8.2 How Planets Cool
215(2)
Reading Astronomy News Moon Had a Magnetic Field for at Least a Billion Years Longer than Thought
217(1)
8.4 Planetary Surfaces Evolve through Tectonism
218(5)
8.5 Volcanism Signifies a Geologically Active Planet
223(3)
8.6 The Geological Evidence for Water
226(12)
Origins The Death of the Dinosaurs
232(1)
Summary
233(1)
Questions and Problems
234(3)
Exploration Exponential Behavior
237(1)
9 Atmospheres of the Terrestrial Planets
238(34)
9.1 Atmospheres Change over Time
240(3)
Working It Out 9.1 Atmosphere Retention
242(1)
9.2 Secondary Atmospheres Evolve
243(4)
9.3 Earth's Atmosphere Has Detailed Structure
247(9)
9.4 The Atmospheres of Venus and Mars Differ from Earth's
256(4)
Reading Astronomy News Phosphine on Venus
257(3)
9.5 Greenhouse Gases Affect Global Climates
260(12)
Process of Science Thinking about Complexity
264(2)
Origins Our Special Planet
266(1)
Summary
267(1)
Questions and Problems
268(3)
Exploration Climate Change
271(1)
10 Worlds of Gas and Liquid---The Giant Planets
272(30)
10.1 The Giant Planets Are Large, Cold, and Massive
274(6)
Process of Science Scientific Laws Make Testable Predictions
278(2)
10.2 The Giant Planets Have Clouds and Weather
280(8)
Reading Astronomy News Juno Spacecraft Spots Jupiter's Great Red Spot
281(6)
Working It Out 10.1 Measuring Wind Speeds on Different Planets
287(1)
10.3 The Interiors of the Giant Planets Are Hot and Dense
288(3)
Working It Out 10.2 Internal Thermal Energy Heats the Giant Planets
289(2)
10.4 The Giant Planets Are Magnetic Powerhouses
291(3)
10.5 The Planets of Our Solar System Might Not Be Typical
294(8)
Origins Giant Planet Migration and the Inner Solar System
296(2)
Summary
298(1)
Questions and Problems
298(3)
Exploration Estimating Rotation Periods of the Giant Planets
301(1)
11 Planetary Moons and Rings
302(30)
11.1 Many Solar System Planets Have Moons
304(3)
Working It Out 11.1 Using Moons to Compute the Mass of a Planet
307(1)
11.2 Some Moons Have Geological Activity and Water
307(9)
Working It Out 11.2 Tidal Forces on the Moons
310(1)
Reading Astronomy News Nasa Killed Cassini to Avoid Contaminating Saturn's Moons
311(5)
11.3 Rings Surround the Giant Planets
316(4)
11.4 Ring Systems Have a Complex Structure
320(12)
Working It Out 11.3 Feeding the Rings
321(3)
Process Of Science Following Up on the Unexpected
324(2)
Origins Extreme Environments
326(1)
Summary
327(1)
Questions and Problems
328(3)
Exploration Measuring Features on lo
331(1)
12 Dwarf Planets and Small Solar System Bodies
332(32)
12.1 Dwarf Planets May Outnumber Planets
334(6)
Process of Science How to Classify Pluto
337(1)
Working It Out 12.1 Eccentric Orbits
338(2)
12.2 Asteroids Are Pieces of the Past
340(4)
12.3 Comets Are Clumps of Ice
344(7)
12.4 Meteorites Are Remnants of the Early Solar System
351(5)
Reading Astronomy News Rosetta Spacecraft Finds Water on Earth Didn't Come from Comets
352(4)
12.5 Comet and Asteroid Collisions Still Happen Today
356(8)
Origins Comets, Asteroids, Meteoroids, and Life
358(1)
Working It Out 12.2 Impact Energy
359(1)
Summary
360(1)
Questions and Problems
360(3)
Exploration Asteroid Discovery
363(1)
PART III STARS AND STELLAR EVOLUTION
13 Taking the Measure of Stars
364(32)
13.1 Astronomers Measure the Distance, Brightness, and Luminosity of Stars
366(7)
Reading Astronomy News Nasa's New Horizons Conducts the First Interstellar Parallax Experiment
369(2)
Working it Out 13.1 Parallax and Distance
371(1)
Working it Out 13.2 The Magnitude System
372(1)
13.2 Astronomers Can Determine the Temperature, Size, and Composition of Stars
373(6)
Working it Out 13.3 Estimating the Sizes of Stars
378(1)
13.3 Measuring the Masses of Stars in Binary Systems
379(4)
Working It Out 13.4 Measuring the Mass of an Eclipsing Binary Pair
382(1)
13.4 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram Is the Key to Understanding Stars
383(13)
Process Of Science Science Is Collaborative
386(4)
Origins Habitable Zones
390(1)
Summary
391(1)
Questions and Problems
392(3)
Exploration H-R Diagram
395(1)
14 Our Star---The Sun
396(30)
14.1 The Sun Is Powered by Nuclear Fusion
398(6)
Working It Out 14.1 The Source of the Sun's Energy
401(3)
14.2 Energy Is Transferred from the Interior of the Sun
404(6)
Process Of Science Learning from Failure
408(2)
14.3 The Atmosphere of the Sun
410(2)
14.4 The Atmosphere of the Sun Is Very Active
412(14)
Working It Out 14.2 Sunspots and Temperature
415(4)
Reading Astronomy News Carrington-Class CME Narrowly Misses Earth
419(2)
Origins The Solar Wind and Life
421(1)
Summary
422(1)
Questions and Problems
422(3)
Exploration The Proton-Proton Chain
425(1)
15 The Interstellar Medium and Star Formation
426(30)
15.1 The Interstellar Medium Fills the Space between the Stars
428(10)
Working It Out 15.1 Dust Glows in the Infrared
433(3)
Process Of Science All Branches of Science Are Interconnected
436(2)
15.2 Stars Form in Molecular Clouds
438(2)
15.3 Formation and Evolution of Protostars
440(6)
Reading Astronomy News Interstellar Dust Discovered inside NASA Spacecraft
442(4)
15.4 Evolution before the Main Sequence
446(10)
Working It Out 15.2 Luminosity, Surface Temperature, and Radius of Protostars
448(2)
Origins Star Formation, Planets, and Life
450(1)
Summary
451(1)
Questions and Problems
452(3)
Exploration The Stellar Thermostat
455(1)
16 Evolution of Low-Mass Stars
456(30)
16.1 The Life of a Main-Sequence Star Depends on Its Mass
458(3)
16.2 The Star Leaves the Main Sequence
461(3)
Working It Out 16.1 Estimating Main-Sequence Lifetimes
462(2)
16.3 Helium Fuses in the Degenerate Core
464(4)
16.4 Dying Stars Shed Their Outer Layers
468(7)
Working It Out 16.2 Escaping the Surface of an Evolved Star
469(6)
Reading Astronomy News Scientists Solve Riddle of Celestial Archaeology
16.5 Binary Star Evolution
475(11)
Origins Stellar Lifetimes and Biological Evolution
479(1)
Process Of Science Science Is Unfinished
480(1)
Summary
481(1)
Questions and Problems
482(3)
Exploration Evolution of Low-Mass Stars
485(1)
17 Evolution of High-Mass Stars
486(30)
17.1 High-Mass Stars Follow Their Own Path
488(5)
17.2 High-Mass Stars Go Out with a Bang
493(5)
Working It Out 17.1 Binding Energy of Atomic Nuclei
494(4)
17.3 The Spectacle and Legacy of Supernovae
498(9)
Reading Astronomy News Supergiant Betelgeuse Smaller, Closer Than First Thought
501(1)
Working It Out 17.2 Gravity on a Neutron Star
502(1)
Process Of Science Occam's Razor
503(4)
17.4 Star Clusters Are Snapshots of Stellar Evolution
507(9)
Origins Seeding the Universe with New Chemical Elements
511(1)
Summary
512(1)
Questions and Problems
512(3)
Exploration The CNO Cycle
515(1)
18 Relativity and Black Holes
516(30)
18.1 Relative Motion Affects Measured Velocities
518(3)
18.2 Special Relativity Explains How Time and Space Are Related
521(6)
Working It Out 18.1 Time Dilation
526(1)
18.3 Gravity Is a Distortion of Spacetime
527(6)
Process Of Science New Science Can Encompass the Old
531(2)
18.4 Black Holes
533(13)
Working It Out 18.2 Masses in X-ray Binaries
537(2)
Reading Astronomy News Ligo Just Detected the Oldest Gravitational Waves Ever Discovered
539(1)
Origins Gamma-Ray Bursts
540(1)
Summary
541(1)
Questions and Problems
542(3)
Exploration Black Holes
545(1)
PART IV GALAXIES, THE UNIVERSE, AND COSMOLOGY
19 Galaxies
546(58)
19.1 Galaxies Come in Different Shapes and Sizes
548(6)
19.2 Astronomers Use Several Methods to Find Distances to Galaxies
554(6)
Working It Out 19.1 Finding the Distance from a Type la Supernova
557(2)
Working It Out 19.2 Redshift---Calculating the Recession Velocity and Distance of Galaxies
559(1)
19.3 Galaxies Are Mostly Dark Matter
560(3)
19.4 Most Galaxies Have a Supermassive Black Hole at the Center
563(15)
Working It Out 19.3 The Size, Density, and Power of a Supermassive Black Hole
566(3)
Process Of Science Finding the Common Thread
569(1)
Origins Habitability in Galaxies
570(1)
Reading Astronomy News Earth Faster, Closer to Black Hole in New Map of Galaxy
571(1)
Summary
572(1)
Questions and Problems
572(3)
Exploration Galaxy Classification
575(1)
The Milky Way---A Normal Spiral Galaxy
576(2)
20.1 Astronomers Have Measured the Size and Structure of the Milky Way
578(6)
Reading Astronomy News Scientists Peer into the 3-D Structure of the Milky Way
581(3)
20.2 The Components of the Milky Way Reveal Its Evolution
584(6)
20.3 Most of the Milky Way Is Unseen
590(4)
Working It Out 20.1 The Mass of the Milky Way inside the Sun's Orbit
591(1)
Process Of Science Unknown Unknowns
592(2)
Working It Out 20.2 The Mass of the Milky Way's Central Black Hole
594(1)
20.4 The History and Future of the Milky Way
594(10)
Origins The Galactic Habitable Zone
598(1)
Summary
599(1)
Questions and Problems
600(3)
Exploration The Center of the Milky Way
603(1)
21 The Expanding Universe
604(22)
21.1 The Cosmological Principle
606(3)
21.2 The Universe Began in the Big Bang
609(5)
Working It Out 21.1 Expansion and the Age of the Universe
611(2)
Process Of Science Data Are the Ultimate Authority
613(1)
21.3 Expansion Is Described with a Scale Factor
614(3)
Working It Out 21.2 When Redshift Exceeds 1
616(1)
21.4 Astronomers Observe Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
617(9)
Reading Astronomy News 50th Anniversary of the Big Bang Discovery
620(1)
Origins Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
621(1)
Summary
622(1)
Questions and Problems
623(2)
Exploration Hubble's Law for Balloons
625(1)
22 Cosmology
626(30)
22.1 Gravity and the Expansion of the Universe
628(3)
Working It Out 22.1 Calculating the Critical Density
630(1)
22.2 The Accelerating Universe
631(6)
Process Of Science Never Throw Anything Away
633(2)
Reading Astronomy News Astronomers Find Half of the Missing Matter in the Universe
635(2)
22.3 Inflation Solves Several Problems in Cosmology
637(4)
22.4 The Earliest Moments of the Universe Connect the Very Largest Size Scales to the Very Smallest
641(7)
Working It Out 22.2 Pair Production in the Early Universe
644(4)
22.5 Superstring Theory and Multiverses
648(8)
Origins Our Own Universe Must Support Life
650(1)
Summary
651(1)
Questions and Problems
652(3)
Exploration Studying Particles
655(1)
23 Large-Scale Structure in the Universe
656(28)
23.1 Galaxies Form Groups, Clusters, and Larger Structures
658(4)
Working It Out 23.1 Mass of a Cluster of Galaxies
661(1)
23.2 Gravity Forms Large-Scale Structure
662(4)
23.3 First Light of Stars and Galaxies
666(7)
Process Of Science Multiple Streams of Evidence
667(2)
Reading Astronomy News Astronomers Spot Farthest Galaxy Known in the Universe
669(2)
Working It Out 23.2 Observing High-Redshift Objects
671(2)
23.4 Galaxies Evolve
673(11)
Origins We Are the 4 or 5 Percent
679(1)
Summary
679(1)
Questions and Problems
680(3)
Exploration The Story of a Proton
683(1)
24 Life
684
24.1 Life Evolves on Earth
686(6)
Working It Out 24.1 Exponential Growth
691(1)
24.2 Life Involves Complex Chemical Processes
692(3)
Process Of Science All of Science Is Interconnected
693(2)
24.3 Where Do Astronomers Look for Life?
695(5)
24.4 Scientists Are Searching for Signs of Intelligent Life
700
Working It Out 24.2 Putting Numbers into the Drake Equation
702(2)
Reading Astronomy News When Reporting News about Aliens, Caution Is Advised
704(1)
Origins The Fate of Life on Earth
705(2)
Summary
707(1)
Questions and Problems
707(3)
Exploration Exploring the Habitable Zone
710
Appendix 1 Mathematical Tools 1(5)
Appendix 2 Physical Constants and Units 6(2)
Appendix 3 Periodic Table of the Elements 8(1)
Appendix 4 Properties of Planets, Dwarf Planets, and Moons 9(4)
Appendix 5 Space Missions 13(2)
Appendix 6 Brightest Stars 15(1)
Appendix 7 Observing the Sky 16(10)
Appendix 8 Uniform Circular Motion and Circular Orbits 26
Glossary 1(1)
Selected Answers 1(1)
Credits 1(1)
Index 1
Stacy Palen is an award-winning professor in the physics department at Weber State University. She received her BS in physics from Rutgers University and her PhD in physics from the University of Iowa. As a lecturer and postdoc at the University of Washington, she taught Introductory Astronomy more than 20 times over 4 years. Since joining Weber State, she has been very active in science outreach activities ranging from star parties to running the state Science Olympiad. Stacy does research in formal and informal astronomy education and the death of Sun-like stars. She spends much of her time thinking, teaching, and writing about the applications of science in everyday life. She then puts that science to use on her small farm in Ogden, Utah. George Blumenthal is the director of the Center for Studies in Higher Education at the University of California, Berkeley. From 2006 to 2019 he was chancellor at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He joined the UC Santa Cruz faculty as a professor of astronomy and astrophysics in 1972. Chancellor Blumenthal received his BS degree from the University of WisconsinMilwaukee and his PhD in physics from the University of California, San Diego. As a theoretical astrophysicist, Blumenthal's research encompasses several broad areas, including the nature of the dark matter that constitutes most of the mass in the universe, the origin of galaxies and other large structures in the universe, the earliest moments in the universe, astrophysical radiation processes, and the structure of active galactic nuclei such as quasars.