| Contributors |
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xviii | |
| Preface |
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xx | |
| 1 Studying Religions |
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2 | (24) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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Methods for the Study of Religion |
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5 | (1) |
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Basic Human Religion: Origins of Faith |
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6 | (3) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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Why Are Humans Religious? |
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9 | (1) |
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Basic Human Religion: Patterns of Faith |
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9 | (17) |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (2) |
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Middle Eastern Prophets and Asian Sages |
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15 | (3) |
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The First Principle: Greek Philosophy and Daoist Thought |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (3) |
| 2 Indigenous Traditions |
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26 | (50) |
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28 | (6) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (2) |
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"Primitives" and the Problem of History |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (5) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (3) |
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39 | (4) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (7) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (4) |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (8) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (4) |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (12) |
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Interaction and Adaptation |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (1) |
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Contemporary Indigenous Traditions |
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63 | (7) |
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70 | (6) |
| 3 Religions of Antiquity |
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76 | (50) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (5) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (1) |
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Common Features of the Religions of Antiquity |
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83 | (15) |
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83 | (4) |
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87 | (5) |
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92 | (3) |
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95 | (3) |
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98 | (3) |
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101 | (4) |
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105 | (4) |
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109 | (5) |
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Iranian Tradition (Zoroastrianism) |
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114 | (4) |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (5) |
| 4 Jewish Traditions |
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126 | (56) |
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Jewish Identity as Ethnicity and Religion |
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127 | (2) |
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Earliest Jewish History: The Biblical Story |
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129 | (9) |
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The Biblical Narrative as Sacred History |
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130 | (1) |
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The Origins of "Israel," "Hebrew," "Jew," and "Semitic" |
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130 | (1) |
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When Was the Torah Written Down? |
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131 | (1) |
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Relationship as Covenant: The Israelites and Their God |
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131 | (4) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (2) |
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The Second Temple Period (515 BCE-70 CE) |
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138 | (4) |
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The Impact of Alexander the Great |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (2) |
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Enter the Romans (63 BCE) |
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142 | (6) |
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142 | (1) |
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The Rabbinic Period (70-700 CE) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (5) |
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Jewish Life under Islam: Seventh to Twelfth Century |
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148 | (3) |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (2) |
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Jews in the Christian World: Seventh to Fifteenth Century |
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151 | (5) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (2) |
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156 | (9) |
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Haskalah: The Jewish Enlightenment |
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156 | (1) |
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Modern Branches of Judaism |
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156 | (3) |
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159 | (4) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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The Holocaust (1933-1945) |
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165 | (6) |
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165 | (4) |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (3) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (2) |
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174 | (1) |
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Attitudes Toward Gays and Lesbians |
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174 | (2) |
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Gender Equality: A Distance Yet to Go |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (6) |
| 5 Christian Traditions |
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182 | (62) |
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184 | (4) |
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Internal Conflicts in the Early Church |
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187 | (1) |
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Relations Between Church and Society |
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188 | (2) |
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189 | (1) |
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Authority in the Early Church |
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190 | (3) |
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190 | (2) |
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192 | (1) |
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The Development of Orthodoxy |
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193 | (5) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (2) |
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Key Figures in Early Church Development |
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196 | (1) |
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Relations Between East and West |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (4) |
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198 | (2) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (2) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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Icons in the Orthodox Church |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (10) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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The Development of Papal Authority |
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206 | (1) |
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Reason and Revelation: Scholasticism and Mysticism |
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207 | (2) |
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Medieval Religious Communities: Monastic and Mendicant Orders |
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209 | (3) |
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Women in Medieval Catholicism |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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Worship in the Medieval Church |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (8) |
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214 | (1) |
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The Protestant Reformation in Continental Europe |
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214 | (2) |
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Sixteenth-Century Protestant Denominations |
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216 | (2) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (3) |
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Worship and the Protestant Reformation |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (11) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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Evangelical Great Awakenings |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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Theological Controversies and Denominational Splitting |
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226 | (1) |
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Historical Biblical Criticism |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (3) |
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Theological Diversity in the Modern/Postmodern Era |
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230 | (1) |
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The Changing Place of Women |
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230 | (1) |
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Twentieth-Century Movements for Social Change |
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230 | (2) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (4) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (2) |
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Christianity and Pluralism |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (7) |
| 6 Muslim Traditions |
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244 | (58) |
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246 | (5) |
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246 | (2) |
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The Life of Muhammad (560-632 CE) |
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248 | (3) |
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251 | (4) |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (11) |
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The Five Pillars of Islam |
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255 | (5) |
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260 | (4) |
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Islamic Philosophy and Theology |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (8) |
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266 | (2) |
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Sufism: The Mystical Tradition |
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268 | (6) |
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274 | (6) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (3) |
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280 | (3) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (3) |
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283 | (1) |
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Premodern Reform Movements |
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283 | (1) |
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Modern Revivalism and Reform |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (12) |
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Twentieth-Century Secularism |
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286 | (1) |
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Twentieth-Century Islamic Revivalism |
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286 | (1) |
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Contemporary Revivalist Movements |
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287 | (1) |
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State Islam and the Islamic Revolution |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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War, Terrorism, and Violence |
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292 | (6) |
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298 | (4) |
| 7 Hindu Traditions |
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302 | (62) |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (9) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (3) |
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308 | (6) |
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314 | (11) |
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314 | (1) |
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The Mahabarata and the Bhagauad Qita |
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315 | (1) |
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The Three Ways to Liberation |
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315 | (2) |
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The Deities of Classical Hinduism |
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317 | (4) |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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Caste and the Laws of Manu |
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323 | (1) |
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The Stages and Goals of Life |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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Schools and Communities of Theology |
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325 | (12) |
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325 | (2) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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Hinduism in Southeast Asia |
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328 | (2) |
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South Indian Devotion (Bhakti) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (5) |
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Practices, Rituals, and Arts |
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337 | (15) |
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337 | (2) |
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Sculptural and Pictorial Symbolism |
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339 | (2) |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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The Annual Festival Cycle |
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342 | (3) |
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345 | (2) |
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347 | (3) |
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350 | (2) |
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352 | (6) |
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Global Hinduism, Interaction, and Adaptation |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (4) |
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Hinduism and the Environment |
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356 | (1) |
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356 | (2) |
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358 | (6) |
| 8 Sikh Traditions |
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364 | (36) |
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366 | (8) |
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367 | (3) |
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370 | (4) |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (7) |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (2) |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (2) |
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381 | (5) |
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381 | (1) |
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381 | (2) |
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The Annual Festival Cycle |
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (2) |
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386 | (2) |
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386 | (1) |
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386 | (2) |
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388 | (3) |
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388 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (1) |
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Interaction and Adaptation |
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391 | (2) |
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391 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (3) |
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393 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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Sexuality and Bioethical Issues |
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393 | (2) |
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395 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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396 | (4) |
| 9 Jaina Traditions |
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400 | (34) |
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402 | (2) |
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404 | (4) |
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408 | (3) |
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409 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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411 | (2) |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (7) |
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414 | (4) |
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418 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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420 | (2) |
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421 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (3) |
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426 | (3) |
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Twentieth-Century Reform Movements |
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426 | (1) |
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427 | (1) |
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427 | (2) |
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429 | (5) |
| 10 Buddhist Traditions |
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434 | (62) |
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436 | (1) |
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The First Gem: The Buddha |
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436 | (7) |
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Religious Life in Ancient India |
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436 | (1) |
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The Bodhisattva Vow and Previous Lives |
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437 | (1) |
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Siddhartha's Birth and Childhood |
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437 | (2) |
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The Four Sights and the Great Departure |
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439 | (1) |
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439 | (3) |
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Setting the Wheel in Motion |
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442 | (1) |
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443 | (1) |
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The Second Gem: The Dharma |
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443 | (4) |
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The Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path |
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444 | (1) |
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The Three Characteristics of Existence |
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445 | (1) |
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445 | (1) |
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The Tripitaka: Three Baskets of Sacred Texts |
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446 | (1) |
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The Third Gem: The Sangha |
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447 | (4) |
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447 | (1) |
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447 | (1) |
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Controversies, Councils, and Sects |
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448 | (1) |
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449 | (1) |
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449 | (2) |
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Early Buddhism: The First Vehicle ("Hinayana") |
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451 | (1) |
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452 | (3) |
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452 | (1) |
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Theravada in Southeast Asia |
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452 | (1) |
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Theravada Practice: Rituals and Mindfulness |
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453 | (2) |
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Mahayana: The Second Vehicle |
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455 | (11) |
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456 | (2) |
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458 | (7) |
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465 | (1) |
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Vajrayana: The Third Vehicle |
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466 | (6) |
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467 | (2) |
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469 | (1) |
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470 | (2) |
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Interaction and Adaptation in East Asia |
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472 | (2) |
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472 | (1) |
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473 | (1) |
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474 | (1) |
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474 | (3) |
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474 | (1) |
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474 | (1) |
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475 | (2) |
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Buddhism in the Modern World |
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477 | (11) |
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477 | (2) |
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Theravada in Modern Sri Lanka |
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479 | (3) |
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Theravada in Modern Southeast Asia |
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482 | (3) |
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485 | (1) |
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Buddhism in Modern China, Korea, and Japan |
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486 | (1) |
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487 | (1) |
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488 | (3) |
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489 | (1) |
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A Renewed Sense of Mission |
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490 | (1) |
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490 | (1) |
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Cooperation among Buddhists |
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491 | (1) |
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491 | (5) |
| 11 Chinese and Korean Traditions |
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496 | (64) |
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498 | (1) |
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The Classical Period to the Qin (c. 2300 BCE-206 BCE) |
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498 | (16) |
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498 | (10) |
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508 | (6) |
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The Han Dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE) |
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514 | (7) |
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State Confucianism, Huang-Lao, and Religious Daoism |
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514 | (1) |
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The Introduction of Buddhism |
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514 | (1) |
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515 | (4) |
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519 | (1) |
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520 | (1) |
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The Six Dynasties Period (220-589) |
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521 | (7) |
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521 | (1) |
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522 | (5) |
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527 | (1) |
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The Sui and Tang Dynasties (589-907) |
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528 | (3) |
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528 | (1) |
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528 | (1) |
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529 | (1) |
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530 | (1) |
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The Song, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties (960-1644) |
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531 | (5) |
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531 | (1) |
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532 | (2) |
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534 | (1) |
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535 | (1) |
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The Qing Dynasty and Republican Period (1644-Present) |
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536 | (7) |
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The Challenges of Modernity |
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536 | (1) |
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536 | (3) |
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Daoism and Popular Religion |
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539 | (1) |
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539 | (1) |
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Government Treatment of Religion |
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540 | (1) |
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540 | (1) |
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541 | (2) |
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543 | (9) |
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Korea and China: A Shared History |
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543 | (2) |
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545 | (1) |
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The Three Kingdoms (c. 50 BCE-668 CE) |
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545 | (2) |
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United Silla, Later Three Kingdoms, and Goryeo (668-1392) |
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547 | (1) |
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548 | (2) |
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Recent Developments: 1897 to the Present |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
|
552 | (8) |
| 12 Japanese Traditions |
|
560 | (32) |
|
|
|
562 | (2) |
|
|
|
564 | (6) |
|
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
Religious and Spiritual Agents |
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
|
|
567 | (2) |
|
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
Pivotal Developments in Japanese Religious History |
|
|
570 | (2) |
|
|
|
570 | (2) |
|
New Emphases in Japanese Religious Practice |
|
|
572 | (6) |
|
New Sects in the Kamakura and Muromachi Periods |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
|
|
572 | (3) |
|
Rinzai Zen and Kamakura Culture |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
Soto Zen: The Gradual Path |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
Confucianism and the Beginnings of Shinto |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
The Emergence of "Shinto" |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
Continuities of Japanese Religious Practice |
|
|
578 | (3) |
|
Global and Domestic Trends |
|
|
581 | (2) |
|
Christianity's Rise and Fall |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
Unification and Stability |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
|
|
583 | (3) |
|
|
|
583 | (2) |
|
Postwar Restructuring and Religious Adaptation |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
|
|
586 | (6) |
| 13 New Religions and Movements |
|
592 | (36) |
|
Defining New Religions, Sects, and Cults |
|
|
593 | (2) |
|
New Religions from the East |
|
|
595 | (6) |
|
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
|
596 | (2) |
|
International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) |
|
|
598 | (3) |
|
Religions Arising from the Abrahamic Lineage |
|
|
601 | (12) |
|
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) |
|
|
601 | (2) |
|
|
|
603 | (3) |
|
|
|
606 | (2) |
|
|
|
608 | (3) |
|
The Church of Almighty God (Eastern Lightning) |
|
|
611 | (2) |
|
Religions Inspired by Other Forms of Spirituality |
|
|
613 | (8) |
|
Wicca: The Witchcraft Revival |
|
|
613 | (2) |
|
|
|
615 | (3) |
|
|
|
618 | (3) |
|
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
|
|
622 | (6) |
| Credits |
|
628 | (1) |
| Index |
|
629 | |
