| Preface |
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xxi | |
| About the Authors |
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xxxii | |
| Part I Introduction to Astronomy |
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Chapter 1 Thinking Like an Astronomer |
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2 | (20) |
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1.1 Earth Occupies a Small Place in the Universe |
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4 | (3) |
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1.2 Science Is a Way of Viewing the Universe |
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7 | (5) |
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Process of Science: The Scientific Method |
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9 | (3) |
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1.3 Astronomers Use Mathematics to Find Patterns |
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12 | (5) |
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Working It Out: 1.1 Mathematical Tools |
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13 | (1) |
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Working It Out: 1.2 Reading a Graph |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Reading Astronomy News: Probe Detects Southern Sea Under Ice on Saturnian Moon Enceladus |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (3) |
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Exploration: Logical Fallacies |
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21 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 Patterns in the Sky-Motions of Earth and the Moon |
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22 | (36) |
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2.1 Earth Spins on Its Axis |
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24 | (9) |
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Working It Out: 2.1 How to Estimate the Size of Earth |
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31 | (2) |
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2.2 Revolution about the Sun Leads to Changes during the Year |
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33 | (7) |
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Process of Science: Theories Must Fit All the Known Facts |
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37 | (3) |
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2.3 The Moon's Appearance Changes as It Orbits Earth |
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40 | (3) |
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2.4 Calendars Are Based on the Day, Month, and Year |
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43 | (2) |
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2.5 Eclipses Result from the Alignment of Earth, Moon, and the Sun |
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45 | (8) |
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Origins: The Obliquity of Earth |
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51 | (1) |
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Reading Astronomy News: Thousands Expected in Hopkinsville for 2017 Solar Eclipse |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (3) |
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Exploration: The Phases of the Moon |
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57 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 Motion of Astronomical Bodies |
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58 | (24) |
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3.1 The Motions of Planets in the Sky |
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60 | (4) |
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Working It Out: 3.1 How Copernicus Computed Orbital Periods and Scaled the Solar System |
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64 | (1) |
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3.2 Kepler's Laws Describe Planetary Motion |
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64 | (5) |
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Process of Science: Theories Are Falsifiable |
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67 | (1) |
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Working It Out: 3.2 Kepler's Third Law |
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68 | (1) |
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3.3 Galileo's Observations Supported the Heliocentric Model |
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69 | (2) |
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3.4 Newton's Three Laws Help to Explain the Motion of Celestial Bodies |
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71 | (6) |
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Working It Out: 3.3 Using Newton's Laws |
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74 | (1) |
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Origins: Planets and Orbits |
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75 | (1) |
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Reading Astronomy News: NASA Spacecraft Take Spring Break at Mars |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (4) |
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Exploration: Kepler's Laws |
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81 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 Gravity and Orbits |
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82 | (26) |
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4.1 Gravity Is a Force between Any Two Objects Due to Their Masses |
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84 | (5) |
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Working It Out: 4.1 Playing with Newton's Laws of Motion and Gravitation |
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87 | (2) |
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4.2 An Orbit Is One Body "Falling around" Another |
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89 | (6) |
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Process of Science: Universality |
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91 | (3) |
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Working It Out: 4.2 Circular Velocity and Escape Velocity |
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94 | (1) |
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Working It Out: 4.3 Calculating Mass from Orbital Periods |
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95 | (1) |
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4.3 Tidal Forces Are Caused by Gravity |
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95 | (4) |
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Working It Out: 4.4 Tidal Forces |
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98 | (1) |
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4.4 Tidal Forces Affect Solid Bodies |
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99 | (4) |
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Origins: Tidal Forces and Life |
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101 | (1) |
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Reading Astronomy News: Exploding Stars Prove Newton's Law of Gravity Unchanged over Cosmic Time |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (4) |
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Exploration: Newton's Laws |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (34) |
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5.1 Light Brings Us the News of the Universe |
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110 | (7) |
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Process of Science: Agreement between Fields |
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116 | (1) |
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Working It Out: 5.1 Working with Electromagnetic Radiation |
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117 | (1) |
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5.2 The Quantum View of Matter Explains Spectral Lines |
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117 | (8) |
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5.3 The Doppler Shift Indicates Motion Toward or Away from Us |
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125 | (2) |
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Working It Out: 5.2 Making Use of the Doppler Effect |
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127 | (1) |
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5.4 Temperature Affects the Spectrum of Light That an Object Emits |
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127 | (5) |
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Working It Out: 5.3 Working with the Stefan-Boltzmann Law and Wien's Law |
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132 | (1) |
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5.5 The Brightness of Light Depends on the Luminosity and Distance of the Light Source |
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132 | (5) |
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Working It Out: 5.4 Using Radiation Laws to Calculate Equilibrium Temperatures of Planets |
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134 | (1) |
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Origins: Temperatures of Planets |
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135 | (1) |
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Reading Astronomy News: A Study in Scarlet |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (4) |
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Exploration: Light as a Wave, Light as a Photon |
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141 | (1) |
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Chapter 6 The Tools of the Astronomer |
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142 | (30) |
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6.1 The Optical Telescope Revolutionized Astronomy |
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144 | (8) |
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Working It Out: 6.1 Telescope Aperture and Magnification |
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146 | (4) |
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Working It Out: 6.2 Diffraction Limit |
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150 | (2) |
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6.2 Optical Detectors and Instruments Used with Telescopes |
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152 | (3) |
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6.3 Astronomers Observe in Wavelengths Beyond the Visible |
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155 | (4) |
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6.4 Planetary Spacecraft Explore the Solar System |
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159 | (2) |
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6.5 Other Tools Contribute to the Study of the Universe |
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161 | (6) |
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Process of Science: Technology and Science Are Symbiotic |
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163 | (2) |
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Origins: Microwave Telescopes Detect Radiation from the Big Bang |
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165 | (1) |
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Reading Astronomy News: Big Mirrors, High Hopes: Extremely Large Telescope is a Go |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (3) |
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Exploration: Geometric Optics and Lenses |
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171 | (1) |
| Part II The Solar System |
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Chapter 7 The Birth and Evolution of Planetary Systems |
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172 | (28) |
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7.1 Planetary Systems Form around a Star |
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174 | (3) |
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Process of Science: Converging Lines of Inquiry |
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176 | (1) |
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7.2 The Solar System Began with a Disk |
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177 | (4) |
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Working It Out: 7.1 Angular Momentum |
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180 | (1) |
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7.3 The Inner Disk and Outer Disk Formed at Different Temperatures |
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181 | (4) |
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7.4 The Formation of Our Solar System |
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185 | (2) |
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7.5 Planetary Systems Are Common |
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187 | (8) |
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Working It Out: 7.2 Estimating the Size of the Orbit of a Planet |
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189 | (1) |
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Working It Out: 7.3 Estimating the Radius of an Extrasolar Planet |
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190 | (3) |
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Origins: Kepler's Search for Earth-Sized Planets |
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193 | (1) |
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Reading Astronomy News: Earth-Size Planet Found in the "Habitable Zone" of Another Star |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (3) |
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Exploration: Exploring Extrasolar Planets |
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199 | (1) |
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Chapter 8 The Terrestrial Planets and Earth's Moon |
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200 | (34) |
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8.1 Impacts Help Shape the Evolution of the Planets |
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202 | (5) |
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Process of Science: Certainty Is Sometimes Out of Reach |
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206 | (1) |
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8.2 Radioactive Dating Tells Us the Age of the Moon and the Solar System |
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207 | (2) |
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Working It Out: 8.1 Computing the Ages of Rocks |
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208 | (1) |
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8.3 The Surface of a Terrestrial Planet Is Affected by Processes in the Interior |
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209 | (5) |
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Working It Out: 8.2 How Planets Cool Off |
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212 | (2) |
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8.4 Planetary Surfaces Evolve through Tectonism |
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214 | (5) |
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8.5 Volcanism Signifies a Geologically Active Planet |
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219 | (3) |
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8.6 The Geological Evidence for Water |
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222 | (7) |
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Origins: The Death of the Dinosaurs |
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227 | (1) |
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Reading Astronomy News: Did Volcanoes Erupt on the Moon while Dinosaurs Roamed Earth? |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (3) |
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Exploration: Exponential Behavior |
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233 | (1) |
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Chapter 9 Atmospheres of the Terrestrial Planets |
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234 | (34) |
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9.1 Atmospheres Change over Time |
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236 | (2) |
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9.2 Secondary Atmospheres Evolve |
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238 | (5) |
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Working It Out: 9.1 Atmosphere Retention |
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239 | (4) |
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9.3 Earth's Atmosphere Has Detailed Structure |
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243 | (8) |
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9.4 The Atmospheres of Venus and Mars Differ from Earth's |
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251 | (4) |
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9.5 Greenhouse Gases Affect Global Climates |
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255 | (7) |
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Process of Science: Thinking about Complexity |
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259 | (1) |
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Origins: Our Special Planet |
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260 | (1) |
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Reading Astronomy News: Mars Once Had an Entire Ocean-and then Lost It, Scientists Say |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (4) |
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Exploration: Climate Change |
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267 | (1) |
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Chapter 10 Worlds of Gas and Liquid-The Giant Planets |
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268 | (28) |
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10.1 The Giant Planets Are Large, Cold, and Massive |
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270 | (5) |
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Process of Science: Scientific Laws Make Testable Predictions |
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272 | (3) |
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10.2 The Giant Planets Have Clouds and Weather |
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275 | (6) |
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Working It Out: 10.1 Measuring Wind Speeds on Different Planets |
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280 | (1) |
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10.3 The Interiors of the Giant Planets Are Hot and Dense |
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281 | (2) |
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Working It Out: 10.2 Internal Thermal Energy Heats the Giant Planets |
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282 | (1) |
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10.4 The Giant Planets Are Magnetic Powerhouses |
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283 | (4) |
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10.5 The Planets of Our Solar System Might Not Be Typical |
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287 | (4) |
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Origins: Giant Planet Migration and the Inner Solar System |
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289 | (1) |
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Reading Astronomy News: Hubble Sees Jupiter's Red Spot Shrink to Smallest Size Ever |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (3) |
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Exploration: Estimating Rotation Periods of the Giant Planets |
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295 | (1) |
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Chapter 11 Planetary Moons and Rings |
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296 | (30) |
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11.1 Many Solar System Planets Have Moons |
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298 | (3) |
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Working It Out: 11.1 Using Moons to Compute the Mass of a Planet |
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300 | (1) |
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11.2 Some Moons Have Geological Activity and Water |
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301 | (7) |
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Working It Out: 11.2 Tidal Forces on the Moons |
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303 | (5) |
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11.3 Rings Surround the Giant Planets |
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308 | (4) |
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Working It Out: 11.3 Feeding the Rings |
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312 | (1) |
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11.4 Ring Systems Have a Complex Structure |
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312 | (9) |
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Process of Science: Following Up on the Unexpected |
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315 | (4) |
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Origins: Extreme Environments |
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319 | (1) |
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Reading Astronomy News: Possible New Moon Forming around Saturn |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (3) |
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Exploration: Measuring Features on lo |
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325 | (1) |
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Chapter 12 Dwarf Planets and Small Solar System Bodies |
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326 | (32) |
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12.1 Dwarf Planets May Outnumber Planets |
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328 | (4) |
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Process of Science: How to Classify Pluto |
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330 | (1) |
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Working It Out: 12.1 Eccentric Orbits |
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331 | (1) |
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12.2 Asteroids Are Pieces of the Past |
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332 | (5) |
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12.3 Comets Are Clumps of Ice |
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337 | (7) |
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12.4 Meteorites Are Remnants of the Early Solar System |
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344 | (4) |
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12.5 Collisions Still Happen Today |
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348 | (5) |
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Working It Out: 12.2 Impact Energy |
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350 | (1) |
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Origins: Comets, Asteroids, Meteoroids, and Life |
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351 | (1) |
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Reading Astronomy News: Rosetta Spacecraft Finds Water on Earth Didn't Come from Comets |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (3) |
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Exploration: Asteroid Discovery |
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357 | (1) |
| Part III Stars and Stellar Evolution |
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Chapter 13 Taking the Measure of Stars |
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358 | (32) |
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13.1 Astronomers Measure the Distance, Brightness, and Luminosity of Stars |
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360 | (5) |
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Working It Out: 13.1 Parallax and Distance |
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363 | (1) |
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Working It Out: 13.2 The Magnitude System |
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364 | (1) |
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13.2 Astronomers Can Determine the Temperature, Size, and Composition of Stars |
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365 | (6) |
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Working It Out: 13.3 Estimating the Sizes of Stars |
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370 | (1) |
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13.3 Measuring the Masses of Stars in Binary Systems |
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371 | (5) |
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Working It Out: 13.4 Measuring the Mass of an Eclipsing Binary Pair |
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374 | (2) |
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13.4 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram Is the Key to Understanding Stars |
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376 | (8) |
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Process of Science: Science Is Collaborative |
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378 | (4) |
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382 | (1) |
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Reading Astronomy News: NASA's Hubble Extends Stellar Tape Measure 10 Times Farther into Space |
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (1) |
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385 | (1) |
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385 | (4) |
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Exploration: The H-R Diagram |
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389 | (1) |
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Chapter 14 Our Star-The Sun |
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390 | (30) |
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14.1 The Sun Is Powered by Nuclear Fusion |
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392 | (5) |
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Working It Out: 14.1 The Source of the Sun's Energy |
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394 | (3) |
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14.2 Energy Is Transferred from the Interior of the Sun |
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397 | (6) |
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Process of Science: Learning from Failure |
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401 | (2) |
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14.3 The Atmosphere of the Sun |
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403 | (2) |
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14.4 The Atmosphere of the Sun Is Very Active |
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405 | (9) |
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Working It Out: 14.2 Sunspots and Temperature |
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407 | (5) |
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Origins: The Solar Wind and Life |
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412 | (1) |
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Reading Astronomy News: Carrington-Class CME Narrowly Misses Earth |
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413 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (4) |
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Exploration: The Proton-Proton Chain |
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419 | (1) |
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Chapter 15 The Interstellar Medium and Star Formation |
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420 | (28) |
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15.1 The Interstellar Medium Fills the Space between the Stars |
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422 | (8) |
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Working It Out: 15.1 Dust Glows in the Infrared |
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425 | (4) |
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Process of Science: All Branches of Science Are Interconnected |
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429 | (1) |
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15.2 Molecular Clouds Are the Cradles of Star Formation |
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430 | (2) |
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15.3 Formation and Evolution of Protostars |
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432 | (4) |
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15.4 Evolution Before the Main Sequence |
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436 | (7) |
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Working It Out: 15.2 Luminosity, Surface Temperature, and Radius of Protostars |
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438 | (3) |
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Origins: Star Formation, Planets, and Life |
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441 | (1) |
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Reading Astronomy News: Interstellar Dust Discovered Inside NASA Spacecraft |
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442 | (1) |
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443 | (1) |
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443 | (1) |
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444 | (3) |
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Exploration: The Stellar Thermostat |
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447 | (1) |
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Chapter 16 Evolution of Low-Mass Stars |
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448 | (30) |
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16.1 The Life of a Main-Sequence Star Depends on Its Mass |
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450 | (3) |
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Working It Out: 16.1 Estimating Main-Sequence Lifetimes |
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452 | (1) |
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16.2 The Star Leaves the Main Sequence |
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453 | (3) |
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16.3 Helium Burns in the Degenerate Core |
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456 | (4) |
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16.4 Dying Stars Shed Their Outer Layers |
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460 | (6) |
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Working It Out: 16.2 Escaping the Surface of an Evolved Star |
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461 | (5) |
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16.5 Binary Star Evolution |
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466 | (7) |
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Process of Science: Science Is Not Finished |
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470 | (1) |
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Origins: Stellar Lifetimes and Biological Evolution |
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471 | (1) |
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Reading Astronomy News: Scientists Solve Riddle of Celestial Archaeology |
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472 | (1) |
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473 | (1) |
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473 | (1) |
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474 | (3) |
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Exploration: Low-Mass Stellar Evolution |
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477 | (1) |
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Chapter 17 Evolution of High-Mass Stars |
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478 | (28) |
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17.1 High-Mass Stars Follow Their Own Path |
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480 | (4) |
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17.2 High-Mass Stars Go Out with a Bang |
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484 | (5) |
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Working It Out: 17.1 Binding Energy of Atomic Nuclei |
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485 | (4) |
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17.3 The Spectacle and Legacy of Supernovae |
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489 | (6) |
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Working It Out: 17.2 Gravity on a Neutron Star |
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491 | (3) |
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Process of Science: Occam's Razor |
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494 | (1) |
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17.4 Star Clusters Are Snapshots of Stellar Evolution |
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495 | (6) |
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Origins: Seeding the Universe with New Chemical Elements |
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499 | (1) |
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Reading Astronomy News: We Are Swimming in a Superhot Supernova Soup |
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500 | (1) |
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501 | (1) |
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501 | (1) |
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501 | (4) |
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Exploration: The CNO Cycle |
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505 | (1) |
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Chapter 18 Relativity and Black Holes |
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506 | (28) |
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18.1 Relative Motion Affects Measured Velocities |
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508 | (2) |
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18.2 Special Relativity Explains How Time and Space Are Related |
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510 | (5) |
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Working It Out: 18.1 Time Dilation |
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514 | (1) |
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18.3 Gravity Is a Distortion of Spacetime |
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515 | (8) |
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Process of Science: New Science Can Encompass the Old |
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520 | (3) |
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523 | (6) |
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Working It Out: 18.2 Masses in X-Ray Binaries |
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526 | (1) |
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Origins: Gamma-Ray Bursts |
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527 | (1) |
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Reading Astronomy News: After Neutron Star Death-Match, a Black Hole Is Born |
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528 | (1) |
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529 | (1) |
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529 | (1) |
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530 | (3) |
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533 | (1) |
| Part IV Galaxies, the Universe, and Cosmology |
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534 | (30) |
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19.1 Galaxies Come in Different Shapes and Sizes |
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536 | (6) |
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19.2 Astronomers Use Several Methods to Find Distances to Galaxies |
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542 | (4) |
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Working It Out: 19.1 Finding the Distance from a Type la Supernova |
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544 | (2) |
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Working It Out: 19.2 Redshift-Calculating the Recession Velocity and Distance of Galaxies |
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546 | (1) |
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19.3 Galaxies Are Mostly Dark Matter |
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546 | (3) |
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19.4 Most Galaxies Have a Supermassive Black Hole at the Center |
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549 | (10) |
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Working It Out: 19.3 The Size, Density, and Power of a Supermassive Black Hole |
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553 | (2) |
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Process of Science: Finding the Common Thread |
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555 | (2) |
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Origins: Habitability in Galaxies |
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557 | (1) |
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Reading Astronomy News: Hubble Helps Find Smallest Known Galaxy with a Supermassive Black Hole |
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558 | (1) |
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559 | (1) |
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559 | (1) |
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560 | (3) |
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Exploration: Galaxy Classification |
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563 | (1) |
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Chapter 20 The Milky Way-A Normal Spiral Galaxy |
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564 | (26) |
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20.1 Astronomers Have Measured the Size and Structure of the Milky Way |
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566 | (4) |
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20.2 The Components of the Milky Way Provide Clues about the Formation of Spiral Galaxies |
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570 | (6) |
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Process of Science: Unknown Unknowns |
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571 | (5) |
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20.3 Most of the Milky Way Is Unseen |
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576 | (4) |
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Working It Out: 20.1 The Mass of the Milky Way inside the Sun's Orbit |
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578 | (1) |
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Working It Out: 20.2 The Mass of the Milky Way's Central Black Hole |
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579 | (1) |
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20.4 The History and Future of the Milky Way |
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580 | (5) |
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Origins: The Galactic Habitable Zone |
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583 | (1) |
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Reading Astronomy News: Dark Matter Half What We Thought, Say Scientists |
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584 | (1) |
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585 | (1) |
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585 | (1) |
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586 | (3) |
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Exploration: The Center of the Milky Way |
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589 | (1) |
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Chapter 21 The Expanding Universe |
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590 | (26) |
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21.1 The Cosmological Principle |
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592 | (5) |
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Process of Science: Data Are the Ultimate Authority |
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596 | (1) |
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21.2 The Universe Began in the Big Bang |
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597 | (4) |
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Working It Out: 21.1 Expansion and the Age of the Universe |
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598 | (3) |
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21.3 Expansion Is Described with a Scale Factor |
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601 | (3) |
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Working It Out: 21.2 When Redshift Exceeds One |
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603 | (1) |
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21.4 Astronomers Observe Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation |
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604 | (7) |
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Origins: Big Bang Nucleosynthesis |
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608 | (2) |
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Reading Astronomy News: 50th Anniversary of the Big Bang Discovery |
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610 | (1) |
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611 | (1) |
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611 | (1) |
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611 | (4) |
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Exploration: Hubble's Law for Balloons |
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615 | (1) |
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616 | (30) |
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22.1 Gravity and the Expansion of the Universe |
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618 | (2) |
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Working It Out: 22.1 Calculating the Critical Density |
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619 | (1) |
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22.2 The Accelerating Universe |
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620 | (6) |
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Process of Science: Never Throw Anything Away |
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622 | (4) |
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22.3 Inflation Solves Several Problems in Cosmology |
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626 | (3) |
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22.4 The Earliest Moments of the Universe Connect the Very Largest Size Scales to the Very Smallest |
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629 | (7) |
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Working It Out: 22.2 Pair Production in the Early Universe |
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632 | (4) |
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22.5 String Theory and Multiverses |
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636 | (5) |
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Origins: Our Own Universe Must Support Life |
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639 | (1) |
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Reading Astronomy News: Cosmic Inflation: How Progress in Science Is Achieved |
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640 | (1) |
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641 | (1) |
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641 | (1) |
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641 | (4) |
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Exploration: Studying Particles |
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645 | (1) |
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Chapter 23 Large-Scale Structure in the Universe |
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646 | (28) |
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23.1 Galaxies Form Groups, Clusters, and Larger Structures |
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648 | (3) |
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Working It Out: 23.1 Mass of a Cluster of Galaxies |
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650 | (1) |
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23.2 Gravity Forms Large-Scale Structure |
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651 | (6) |
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Process of Science: Multiple Streams of Evidence |
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656 | (1) |
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23.3 First Light of Stars and Galaxies |
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657 | (5) |
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Working It Out: 23.2 Observing High-Redshift Objects |
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660 | (2) |
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662 | (7) |
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Origins: We Are the 4 or 5 Percent |
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667 | (1) |
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Reading Astronomy News: Welcome to Laniakea, Your Galactic Supercluster Home |
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668 | (1) |
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669 | (1) |
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669 | (1) |
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669 | (4) |
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Exploration: The Story of a Proton |
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673 | (1) |
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|
674 | |
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24.1 Life Evolves on Earth |
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676 | (5) |
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Working It Out: 24.1 Exponential Growth |
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680 | (1) |
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24.2 Life Involves Complex Chemical Processes |
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681 | (3) |
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Process of Science: All of Science Is Interconnected |
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682 | (2) |
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24.3 Where Do Astronomers Look for Life? |
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684 | (5) |
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24.4 Scientists Are Searching for Signs of Intelligent Life |
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689 | (6) |
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Working It Out: 24.2 Putting Numbers into the Drake Equation |
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690 | (2) |
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Origins: The Fate of Life on Earth |
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692 | (2) |
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Reading Astronomy News: Finding Life Beyond Earth Is within Reach |
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694 | (1) |
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695 | (1) |
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695 | (1) |
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696 | (3) |
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Exploration: Fermi Problems and the Drake Equation |
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|
699 | |
| Appendix 1 Mathematical Tools |
|
A-1 | |
| Appendix 2 Physical Constants and Units |
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A-6 | |
| Appendix 3 Periodic Table of the Elements |
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A-8 | |
| Appendix 4 Properties of Planets, Dwarf Planets, and Moons |
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A-9 | |
| Appendix 5 Space Missions |
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A-13 | |
| Appendix 6 Nearest and Brightest Stars |
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A-15 | |
| Appendix 7 Observing the Sky |
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A-18 | |
| Appendix 8 Uniform Circular Motion and Circular Orbits |
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A-27 | |
| Appendix 9 IAU 2006 Resolutions: "Definition of a Planet in the Solar System" and "Pluto" |
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A-29 | |
| Glossary |
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G-1 | |
| Selected Answers |
|
SA-1 | |
| Credits |
|
C-1 | |
| Index |
|
I-1 | |
