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Accelerator Radiation Physics for Personnel and Environmental Protection [Kietas viršelis]

(Fermi National Accelerator Laboratoy, USA), (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, USA)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 306 pages, aukštis x plotis: 254x178 mm, weight: 739 g, 55 Tables, black and white; 174 Line drawings, black and white; 174 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 14-May-2019
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 1138589012
  • ISBN-13: 9781138589018
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Accelerator Radiation Physics for Personnel and Environmental ProtectionDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 306 pages, aukštis x plotis: 254x178 mm, weight: 739 g, 55 Tables, black and white; 174 Line drawings, black and white; 174 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 14-May-2019
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 1138589012
  • ISBN-13: 9781138589018
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781138589018.html
Raktažodžiai:
Choice Recommended Title, January 2020

Providing a vital resource in tune with the massive advancements in accelerator technologies that have taken place over the past 50 years, Accelerator Radiation Physics for Personnel and Environmental Protection is a comprehensive reference for accelerator designers, operators, managers, health and safety staff, and governmental regulators.

Up-to-date with the latest developments in the field, it allows readers to effectively work together to ensure radiation safety for workers, to protect the environment, and adhere to all applicable standards and regulations.

This book will also be of interest to graduate and advanced undergraduate students in physics and engineering who are studying accelerator physics.

Features:











Explores accelerator radiation physics and the latest results and research in a comprehensive single volume, fulfilling a need in the market for an up-to-date book on this topic





Contains problems designed to enhance learning





Addresses undergraduates with a background in math and/or science

Recenzijos

"The book begins with a nice review of basic concepts in both radiation safety and accelerator physics that ranges from tracing the evolution of radiation safety standards through how radiation fields are produced around accelerators to how beams of charged particles are magnetically focused. After dispensing with the basics, the book goes on to discuss prompt radiation fields from electrons and from protons and ions, and it includes a chapter on phenomena that are unique to low-energy radiation Of particular interest, however, were the chapters about induced radioactivity Rounding out this book are chapters on radiation shielding and radiation protection instrumentation The book itself (including the electronic version) is well done.

The graphics are crisp, text (even smaller fonts) is easy to read, and the book just looks good.

Each section includes not only a written description of the subject that delves fairly deeply into the physics underlying even the seemingly mundane aspects of work at these facilities. This is accompanied by a mathematical description as well In addition, each section includes a question set with questions of varying complexity and difficulty. In fact, I should have mentioned earlier that this is not only a great reference book but is also the first new graduate-level textbook on this topic since the classic tome by Patterson and Thomas, published in 1973." - P. Andrew Karam in Health Physics Journal (vol 121, 2021).

Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Authors xv
1 Basic Radiation Physics Concepts and Units of Measurement 1(24)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Units of Measure and Physical Quantities
1(2)
1.3 Radiological Standards
3(1)
1.4 Units of Measure for Radiological Quantities
3(7)
1.4.1 Synopsis of the 1973 Radiation Protection System
4(1)
1.4.2 Synopsis of the 1990 Radiation Protection System
5(1)
1.4.3 Values of Radiation Protection Quantities
6(4)
1.5 Physical Constants and Atomic and Nuclear Properties
10(1)
1.6 Summary of Relativistic Relationships
11(3)
1.7 Energy Loss by Ionization
14(7)
1.8 Multiple Coulomb Scattering
21(2)
Problems
23(2)
2 General Considerations for Accelerator Radiation Fields 25(18)
2.1 Introduction
25(1)
2.2 Primary Radiation Fields at Accelerators: General Considerations
25(2)
2.3 Theory of Radiation Transport
27(3)
2.3.1 General Considerations of Radiation Transport
27(2)
2.3.2 The Boltzmann Equation
29(1)
2.4 The Monte Carlo Method
30(4)
2.4.1 General Principles of the Monte Carlo Technique
30(2)
2.4.2 Monte Carlo Example: A Sinusoidal Angular Distribution of Beam Particles
32(2)
2.5 Review of Magnetic Deflection and Focusing of Charged Particles
34(8)
2.5.1 Magnetic Deflection of Charged Particles
34(2)
2.5.2 Magnetic Focusing of Charged Particles
36(6)
Problems
42(1)
3 Prompt Radiation Fields due to Electrons 43(38)
3.1 Introduction
43(1)
3.2 Unshielded Radiation Produced by Electron Beams
43(11)
3.2.1 Dose Rate in a Direct Beam of Electrons
43(1)
3.2.2 Bremsstrahlung
44(5)
3.2.3 Neutrons
49(3)
3.2.3.1 Giant Photonuclear Resonance Neutrons
49(2)
3.2.3.2 Quasi-Deuteron Neutrons
51(1)
3.2.3.3 High-Energy Particles
52(1)
3.2.3.4 Production of Thermal Neutrons
52(1)
3.2.4 Muons
52(2)
3.2.5 Summary of Unshielded Radiation Produced by Electron Beams
54(1)
3.3 Electromagnetic Cascade: Introduction
54(3)
3.4 Electromagnetic Cascade Process
57(5)
3.4.1 Longitudinal Shower Development
58(3)
3.4.2 Lateral Shower Development
61(1)
3.5 Shielding of Hadrons Produced by Electromagnetic Cascade
62(2)
3.5.1 Neutrons
62(2)
3.5.2 High-Energy Particles
64(1)
3.6 Synchrotron Radiation
64(15)
3.6.1 General Discussion of the Phenomenon
65(3)
3.6.2 Insertion Devices
68(3)
3.6.3 Radiation Protection Issues Specific to Synchrotron Radiation Facilities
71(10)
3.6.3.1 Operating Modes
71(2)
3.6.3.2 Gas Bremsstrahlung: Straight Ahead
73(1)
3.6.3.3 Gas Bremsstrahlung: Secondary Photons
74(2)
3.6.3.4 Gas Bremsstrahlung: Neutron Production Rates
76(1)
3.6.3.5 Importance of Ray Tracing
77(2)
Problems
79(2)
4 Prompt Radiation Fields due to Protons and Ions 81(42)
4.1 Introduction
81(1)
4.2 Radiation Production by Proton Beams
81(9)
4.2.1 The Direct Beam: Radiation Hazards and Nuclear Interactions
81(1)
4.2.2 Neutrons and Other Hadrons at High Energies
82(4)
4.2.2.1 E0 10 MeV
82(1)
4.2.2.2 10 E0 200 MeV
83(1)
4.2.2.3 200 MeV E0 1.0 GeV: "Intermediate" Energy
83(2)
4.2.2.4 E0 1.0 GeV: "High"-Energy Region
85(1)
4.2.3 Sullivan&;s Formula
86(2)
4.2.4 Muons
88(2)
4.3 Primary Radiation Fields at Ion Accelerators
90(6)
4.3.1 Light Ions (Ion Mass Number A 5)
90(2)
4.3.2 Heavy Ions (Ions with A 4)
92(4)
4.4 Hadron (Neutron) Shielding for Low-Energy Incident Protons (E0 15 MeV)
96(2)
4.5 Limiting Attenuation at High Energy
98(2)
4.6 Intermediate- and High-Energy Shielding: Hadronic Cascade
100(10)
4.6.1 Hadronic Cascade from a Conceptual Standpoint
100(1)
4.6.2 Simple One-Dimensional Cascade Model
101(2)
4.6.3 Semiempirical Method: Moyer Model for a Point Source
103(5)
4.6.4 Moyer Model for a Line Source
108(2)
4.7 Use of Monte Carlo Shielding Codes for Hadronic Cascades
110(10)
4.7.1 Examples of Results of Monte Carlo Calculations
110(1)
4.7.2 General Comments on Monte Carlo Star-to-Dose Conversions
111(2)
4.7.3 Shielding against Muons at Proton Accelerators
113(7)
Problems
120(3)
5 Unique Low-Energy Prompt Radiation Phenomena 123(26)
5.1 Introduction
123(1)
5.2 Transmission of Photons and Neutrons through Penetrations
123(15)
5.2.1 Albedo Coefficients
123(4)
5.2.1.1 Usage of Photon Albedo Coefficients
126(1)
5.2.2 Neutron Attenuation in Labyrinths: General Considerations
127(1)
5.2.3 Attenuation in the First Legs of Straight Penetrations
127(4)
5.2.4 Attenuation in Second and Successive Legs of Straight Penetrations
131(3)
5.2.5 Attenuation in Curved Tunnels
134(1)
5.2.6 Attenuation beyond the Exit
135(2)
5.2.7 Determination of the Source Factor
137(1)
5.3 Skyshine
138(8)
5.3.1 Simple Parameterizations of Neutron Skyshine
138(2)
5.3.2 A More Rigorous Treatment
140(4)
5.3.3 Examples of Experimental Verifications
144(2)
Problems
146(3)
6 Shielding Materials and Neutron Energy Spectra 149(20)
6.1 Introduction
149(1)
6.2 Discussion of Shielding Materials Commonly Used at Accelerators
149(5)
6.2.1 Earth
149(2)
6.2.2 Concrete
151(1)
6.2.3 Other Hydrogenous Materials
151(1)
6.2.3.1 Polyethylene and Other Materials That Can Be Borated
151(1)
6.2.3.2 Water, Wood, and Paraffin
152(1)
6.2.4 Iron
152(1)
6.2.5 High Atomic Number Materials: Lead, Tungsten, and Uranium
153(1)
6.2.6 Miscellaneous Materials: Beryllium, Aluminum, and Zirconium
154(1)
6.3 Neutron Energy Spectra outside of Shields
154(15)
6.3.1 General Considerations
154(1)
6.3.2 Examples of Neutron Spectra due to Incident Electrons
155(1)
6.3.3 Examples of Neutron Spectra due to Low- and Intermediate- Energy Protons
155(3)
6.3.4 Examples of Neutron Spectra due to High-Energy Protons
158(2)
6.3.5 Leakage of Low-Energy Neutrons through Iron Shielding
160(5)
6.3.6 Neutron Spectra due to Ions
165(2)
6.3.7 Neutron Fluence and Dosimetry
167(2)
7 Induced Radioactivity in Accelerator Components 169(30)
7.1 Introduction
169(1)
7.2 Fundamental Principles of Induced Radioactivity
169(2)
7.3 Activation of Components at Electron Accelerators
171(6)
7.3.1 General Phenomena
171(1)
7.3.2 Results for Electrons at Low Energies
172(2)
7.3.3 Results for Electrons at High Energies
174(3)
7.4 Activation of Components at Proton and Ion Accelerators
177(21)
7.4.1 General Phenomena
177(4)
7.4.2 Methods of Systematizing Activation due to High-Energy Hadrons
181(14)
7.4.2.1 Gollon's Rules of Thumb
188(1)
7.4.2.2 Barbier Danger Parameter
189(6)
7.4.3 Uniform Irradiation of Walls of an Accelerator Enclosure
195(3)
Problems
198(1)
8 Induced Radioactivity in Environmental Media 199(30)
8.1 Introduction
199(1)
8.2 Airborne Radioactivity
199(15)
8.2.1 Production
199(3)
8.2.2 Accounting for Ventilation
202(1)
8.2.3 Propagation of Airborne Radionuclides in the Environment
203(5)
8.2.3.1 Meteorological Considerations
203(5)
8.2.4 Radiation Protection Standards for Airborne Radioactivity
208(4)
8.2.4.1 Radiation Protection Standards for Occupational Workers
208(1)
8.2.4.2 Radiation Protection Standards for Members of the Public
209(1)
8.2.4.3 Example Numerical Values of the Derived Air Concentrations and Derived Concentration Standards
209(3)
8.2.4.4 Mixtures of Radionuclides
212(1)
8.2.5 Production of Airborne Radionuclides at Electron Accelerators
212(1)
8.2.6 Production of Airborne Radionuclides at Proton Accelerators
213(1)
8.3 Water and Geological Media Activation
214(13)
8.3.1 Water Activation at Electron Accelerators
215(1)
8.3.2 Water and Geological Media Activation at Proton Accelerators
216(4)
8.3.2.1 Water Activation at Proton Accelerators
216(1)
8.3.2.2 Geological Media Activation
216(4)
8.3.3 Regulatory Standards
220(1)
8.3.4 Propagation of Radionuclides through Geological Media
221(10)
8.3.4.1 General Considerations
221(1)
8.3.4.2 Simple Single Resident Model
222(1)
8.3.4.3 Concentration Model
222(3)
8.3.4.4 Example of Application: Jackson Model
225(2)
Problems
227(2)
9 Radiation Protection Instrumentation at Accelerators 229(40)
9.1 Introduction
229(1)
9.2 Counting Statistics
229(2)
9.3 Special Considerations for Accelerator Environments
231(2)
9.3.1 Large Range of Flux Densities, Absorbed Dose Rates, etc
231(1)
9.3.2 Possible Large Instantaneous Values of Flux Densities, Absorbed Dose Rates, etc
232(1)
9.3.3 Large Energy Domain of Neutron Radiation Fields
232(1)
9.3.4 Presence of Mixed Radiation Fields
232(1)
9.3.5 Directional Sensitivity
232(1)
9.3.6 Sensitivity to Features of Accelerator Environment Other than Ionizing Radiation
232(1)
9.4 Standard Instruments and Dosimeters
233(7)
9.4.1 Ionization Chambers
233(5)
9.4.2 Geiger-Muller Detectors
238(1)
9.4.3 Thermoluminescent Dosimeters
238(1)
9.4.4 Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeters
239(1)
9.4.5 Nuclear Track Emulsions
239(1)
9.4.6 Track Etch Dosimeter
239(1)
9.4.7 CR-39 Dosimeters
239(1)
9.4.8 Bubble Detectors
240(1)
9.5 Specialized Detectors
240(26)
9.5.1 Thermal Neutron Detectors
240(4)
9.5.1.1 Boron-10
241(2)
9.5.1.2 Lithium-6
243(1)
9.5.1.3 Helium-3
243(1)
9.5.1.4 Cadmium
244(1)
9.5.1.5 Silver
244(1)
9.5.2 Moderated Neutron Detectors
244(11)
9.5.2.1 Spherical Moderators, Bonner Spheres, and Related Detectors
245(8)
9.5.2.2 Long Counters
253(2)
9.5.3 Activation Detectors
255(2)
9.5.4 Special Activation Detectors for Very High-Energy Neutrons
257(1)
9.5.5 Proton Recoil Counters
257(2)
9.5.6 Tissue Equivalent Proportional Chambers and Linear Energy Transfer Spectrometry
259(1)
9.5.7 Recombination Chamber Technique
259(4)
9.5.8 Counter Telescopes
263(3)
Problems
266(3)
Appendix: Synopses of Common Monte Carlo Codes and Examples for High-Energy Proton-Initiated Cascades 269(14)
References 283(12)
Index 295
J. Donald Cossairt is a Distinguished Scientist at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) in Batavia, Illinois. He received a BA in physics and mathematics from Indiana Central College (now the University of Indianapolis) (1970) and MS and PhD degrees in experimental nuclear physics from Indiana University Bloomington (1972, 1975). His career began with a postdoctoral appointment in nuclear physics research at the Texas A&M University Cyclotron Institute, then transitioned to radiation physics with his move to Fermilab in 1978. He is a member of the American Physical Society, a Fellow Member of the Health Physics Society, a Distinguished Emeritus Member of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements and is a Certified Health Physicist. Dr. Cossairt has numerous publications in health physics, nuclear physics, and particle physics. He received a G. William Morgan Lectureship Award from HPS in 2011. He has been an instructor of the Radiation Physics, Regulation and Management course at 14 sessions the U.S. Particle Accelerator School and was co-academic dean of the Professional Development School of the Health Physics Society held in Oakland, California in 2008.



Matthew Quinn is the Senior Radiation Safety Officer and Laser Safety Officer at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) in Batavia, Illinois.  He has worked on shielding assessments, operational radiation safety, radioanalytical measurements and laser safety.  Dr. Quinn is a three-time instructor of the Radiation Physics, Regulation and Management course at the U.S. Particle Accelerator School, serves as the Vice Chair of the Department of Energy EFCOG Laser Safety Task Group, and is the president-elect of the Accelerator Section of the Health Physics Society.  He received a BS in physics from Loyola University Chicago (2000), MS and PhD degrees in nuclear physics from the University of Notre Dame (2005, 2009), and was a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Radiation Oncology at Loyola University Medical Center before joining Fermilab in 2010.