Preface |
|
xi | |
Book endorsement: Additive Friction Stir Deposition |
|
xv | |
|
|
1 | (20) |
|
1.1 Additive manufacturing for metals |
|
|
2 | (3) |
|
1.2 Solid-state metal additive manufacturing |
|
|
5 | (4) |
|
1.3 Additive friction stir deposition |
|
|
9 | (7) |
|
1.4 Organization of this book |
|
|
16 | (5) |
|
|
18 | (3) |
|
|
21 | (56) |
|
2.1 Elements of friction theory |
|
|
22 | (7) |
|
2.2 Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer |
|
|
29 | (4) |
|
|
29 | (2) |
|
|
31 | (2) |
|
2.3 Basic principle of additive friction stir deposition |
|
|
33 | (4) |
|
2.4 Establishment of an integrated in situ monitoring system: real-time measurement of temperature, force, torque, and material flow |
|
|
37 | (4) |
|
2.5 Temperature evolution in the deposited material and substrate |
|
|
41 | (10) |
|
2.5.1 Thermal history of the deposited materials |
|
|
41 | (2) |
|
2.5.2 Dependence of thermal features on the processing conditions in additive friction stir deposition |
|
|
43 | (4) |
|
2.5.3 Power law relationships of peak temperature and processing parameters |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
2.5.4 Temperature evolution of the substrate |
|
|
48 | (3) |
|
2.6 Force and torque evolution |
|
|
51 | (6) |
|
2.6.1 Multiple phases of force and torque evolution |
|
|
52 | (2) |
|
2.6.2 Dependence of steady-state force and torque on processing conditions |
|
|
54 | (3) |
|
2.7 In situ visualization of material rotation and flow |
|
|
57 | (7) |
|
2.7.1 Footprint and material rotation |
|
|
58 | (2) |
|
2.7.2 Contact state and sticking coefficient |
|
|
60 | (4) |
|
2.8 Correlation of the material flow behavior to temperature, force, and torque evolution |
|
|
64 | (9) |
|
2.8.1 Influences of the contact state and material flow on heat generation |
|
|
66 | (3) |
|
2.8.2 Influences of the contact state and material flow on force and torque |
|
|
69 | (2) |
|
2.8.3 Factors governing the contact state and material flow behavior |
|
|
71 | (2) |
|
|
73 | (4) |
|
|
74 | (3) |
|
3 Material flow phenomena |
|
|
77 | (50) |
|
3.1 Plasticity and finite deformation theory |
|
|
78 | (4) |
|
3.2 Elements of fluid mechanics |
|
|
82 | (5) |
|
3.3 Previous experimental studies on material flow in friction stir welding |
|
|
87 | (5) |
|
3.4 Design of tracer experiments for material flow investigation in additive friction stir deposition |
|
|
92 | (3) |
|
3.5 Flow path of the center volume of the feed material |
|
|
95 | (12) |
|
3.5.1 Center tracer flow during initial material feeding |
|
|
95 | (7) |
|
3.5.2 Center tracer flow during steady-state deposition |
|
|
102 | (5) |
|
3.6 Flow path of the edge volume of the feed material |
|
|
107 | (5) |
|
3.6.1 Edge tracer flow during initial material feeding |
|
|
107 | (3) |
|
3.6.2 Edge tracer flow during steady-state deposition |
|
|
110 | (2) |
|
3.7 Material deformation and flow at the interface |
|
|
112 | (10) |
|
3.7.1 Surface and interface morphology |
|
|
113 | (5) |
|
|
118 | (4) |
|
|
122 | (5) |
|
|
124 | (3) |
|
4 Dynamic microstructure evolution |
|
|
127 | (56) |
|
4.1 Elements of microstructure evolution |
|
|
129 | (6) |
|
4.2 Dynamic recrystallization mechanisms |
|
|
135 | (7) |
|
4.2.1 Discontinuous dynamic recrystallization |
|
|
135 | (3) |
|
4.2.2 Continuous dynamic recrystallization |
|
|
138 | (4) |
|
4.3 Thermomechanical history in additive friction stir deposition |
|
|
142 | (5) |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
|
144 | (2) |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
4.4 Characteristics of the resulting microstructures by additive friction stir deposition |
|
|
147 | (4) |
|
4.4.1 High stacking fault energy materials: Al and Mg |
|
|
147 | (2) |
|
4.4.2 Low (to medium) stacking fault energy materials: Inconel 625 and 316 L stainless steel |
|
|
149 | (2) |
|
4.5 Dynamic microstructure evolution along the flow path of an Al-Cu alloy |
|
|
151 | (10) |
|
4.5.1 Microstructure characterization along the flow path of the center tracer |
|
|
151 | (5) |
|
4.5.2 Microstructure characterization along the flow path of the edge tracer |
|
|
156 | (2) |
|
4.5.3 Quantification of the overall trend |
|
|
158 | (3) |
|
4.6 Processing-microstructure linkages of Al-Mg-Si and Cu |
|
|
161 | (13) |
|
4.6.1 Microstructure characterization of Al--Mg--Si printed at various conditions |
|
|
162 | (5) |
|
4.6.2 Microstructure characterization of Cu printed at various conditions |
|
|
167 | (3) |
|
4.6.3 Analysis of the microstructure evolution mechanisms and trends |
|
|
170 | (4) |
|
4.7 Dynamic phase evolution |
|
|
174 | (2) |
|
|
176 | (7) |
|
|
178 | (5) |
|
5 Effects of tool geometry |
|
|
183 | (20) |
|
5.1 A survey of tool effects in friction stir welding |
|
|
184 | (2) |
|
5.2 Tool types and geometries for additive friction stir deposition |
|
|
186 | (3) |
|
5.3 Effects of tool geometry on interface morphology |
|
|
189 | (7) |
|
5.4 Effects of tool geometry on microstructure |
|
|
196 | (4) |
|
|
200 | (3) |
|
|
200 | (3) |
|
6 Beyond metals and alloys: additive friction stir deposition of metal matrix composites |
|
|
203 | (30) |
|
6.1 Introduction to metal matrix composites |
|
|
204 | (2) |
|
6.2 Current processing approaches to metal matrix composites |
|
|
206 | (9) |
|
|
206 | (4) |
|
6.2.2 Additive production |
|
|
210 | (5) |
|
6.3 Additive friction stir deposition of metal matrix composites |
|
|
215 | (4) |
|
6.3.1 Feeding strategy and printing principle |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
|
217 | (2) |
|
|
219 | (8) |
|
6.4.1 Cu-Zr02 printed using a composite feed-rod |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
6.4.2 Al-Zr02, Al-SiC, and Cu-SiC composites printed by packing particles in the hollow feed-rod |
|
|
219 | (6) |
|
6.4.3 Al--SiC printed by auger feeding |
|
|
225 | (2) |
|
6.5 Limitations of this printing approach |
|
|
227 | (2) |
|
6.5.1 Maximum volume fraction of reinforcement |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
|
229 | (4) |
|
|
230 | (3) |
|
7 Mechanical properties of the printed materials |
|
|
233 | (44) |
|
7.1 Elements of the mechanical behavior of materials |
|
|
234 | (4) |
|
7.2 Tensile properties of the printed metals and alloys |
|
|
238 | (18) |
|
7.2.1 Effects of precipitation strengthening |
|
|
238 | (6) |
|
7.2.2 Effects of postprocess aging |
|
|
244 | (2) |
|
7.2.3 Effects of dislocation content |
|
|
246 | (4) |
|
7.2.4 Effects of grain size |
|
|
250 | (3) |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
7.2.6 Gradient of the mechanical properties |
|
|
254 | (2) |
|
|
256 | (8) |
|
|
264 | (4) |
|
7.5 Mechanical properties of bilayer structures |
|
|
268 | (3) |
|
7.6 Mechanical properties of printed metal matrix composites |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
|
271 | (6) |
|
|
272 | (5) |
|
|
277 | (42) |
|
|
278 | (14) |
|
8.1.1 Through-hole filling |
|
|
281 | (3) |
|
|
284 | (2) |
|
8.1.3 Surface and divot repair |
|
|
286 | (3) |
|
8.1.4 Fastener hole repair |
|
|
289 | (3) |
|
8.2 Selective-area cladding on thin automotive sheet metals |
|
|
292 | (9) |
|
|
292 | (3) |
|
8.2.2 Thin substrate distortion |
|
|
295 | (6) |
|
|
301 | (9) |
|
8.3.1 Solid-state metal recycling background |
|
|
301 | (4) |
|
8.3.2 Friction stirring for solid-state recycling |
|
|
305 | (5) |
|
8.4 Large-scale additive manufacturing |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
8.5 Printing and repair under harsh conditions |
|
|
311 | (2) |
|
|
313 | (6) |
|
|
314 | (5) |
|
|
319 | (8) |
|
9.1 In-depth understanding of the underlying physics |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
9.3 Incorporation of artificial intelligence |
|
|
322 | (3) |
|
|
325 | (2) |
|
|
325 | (2) |
Index |
|
327 | |