This open access book synthesizes important advances in the assessment and management of soil and groundwater systems contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, especially in the form of light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs). LNAPL characterization and remediation is challenging due to the multi-phase, multi-component nature of the problem and the various physical, chemical, and biological processes involved in a dynamic and heterogeneous hydrogeological setting. This book focuses on the current state of practice of LNAPL characterization and remediation and seeks to provide information and a framework that would allow some of these complexities to be better addressed by contaminated land practitioners, researchers, and regulators.
1. Introduction Challenges of LNAPL remediation.-
2. Subsurface flow and
transport in heterogeneous media.- 3. Evolution of our understanding on LNAPL
distribution.- 4. Novel formulations of capillary pressure-fluid saturation
relationships.-
5. LNAPL mobility, transmissivity, and recoverability.-
6.
The new paradigm of natural source zone depletion.- 7.Advances in field
characterisation methods.-
8. High-resolution site characterisation.-
9.
Geophysical investigations.- 10.LNAPL dissolution and the mass flux
approach.- 11.Vapour intrusion.-
12. Advances in risk assessment.-
13.
Remediation strategies.-
14. Remediation endpoints.-
15. Case study on
natural source zone depletion.- 16.Case study on high-resolution site
characterisation.- 17.Case study on risk management.-
18. Persistent
questions and future directions.
