There is increasing evidence that even minute amounts of trace elements can have profound effects on the human body. Advances in Isotope Methods for the Analysis of Trace Elements in Man describes new methods that are being developed to understand normal and abnormal trace element nutrition and metabolism.
This book includes a wealth of practical advice, encompassing all aspects of isotope methodology, such as the latest developments of analysis techniques for both stable and radioactive isotopes, issues in study design, current cost of isotopes, and analysis. It provides both a historical review of what has been done in the past and details of current techniques and applications.
> This state-of-the-art collection from leading experts in the field from Europe and the United States makes a strong case for the practice and advancement of this critical health care tool.
Advances in Stable-isotope Methodology Leslie R. Woodhouse Steven A. Abrams History 1(2) First Use of Stable Isotopes with Humans --- Deuterium and 15N 2(1) Use of Mass Spectrometry for Mineral Stable-isotope Research 2(1) Using Stable Isotopes to Study Trace-element Metabolism 3(9) Advantages and Disadvantages 3(1) Stable-isotope Elements Available for Research 4(4) Instrumentation for Mineral Stable-isotope Research 8(1) Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) 9(1) Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) 9(1) Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS) 9(1) Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) 10(1) Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry (FAB-MS) 11(1) Stable-isotope Dosage, Preparation, and Administration 12(2) Practical Strategies for Conducting Stable-isotope Tracer Studies 14(4) Zinc 14(3) Iron 17(1) Appendix --- Stable-isotope Suppliers 18(5) References 19(4) Advances in Radioisotope Methodology Marianne Hansen Mats Isaksson Brittmarie Sandstrom Introduction 23(1) Radioisotopes 24(4) Whole-body Counting Techniques 28(6) Whole-body Counting 28(1) Whole-body Counting Applications 29(1) Metabolism and Biological Turnover Rate 29(1) Absorption Studies 30(1) Equipment and Technological Development 31(3) Body Imaging Techniques 34(1) Indirect Measurements of Absorption or Metabolism 35(4) Tissue Retention 35(1) Urinary Excretion 36(2) Fecal Monitoring 38(1) Equipment and Technological Development 38(1) Conclusion 39(4) References 39(4) Tracer-to-tracee Ratio for Compartmental Modelling of Stable-isotope Tracer Data Gianna Toffolo David M. Shames Alessandro Stevanato Claudio Cobelli Introduction 43(1) Single-pool Tracer Kinetics and Measurement 44(3) Tracer-to-tracee Ratio from Mass Spectrometry Measurements 47(3) Multi-pool Tracer Kinetics and Measurement 50(2) The Multiple Tracer Case 52(2) A Test of the Endogenous-constant, Steady-state Assumption 54(1) Software Tool: TTRM 54(2) Conclusion 56(4) References 56(4) Methods for Analysis of Trace-element Absorption S.J. Fairweather-Tait T.E. Fox L.J. Harvey B. Teucher J. Dainty General Introduction 60(2) Use of Isotopes 60(1) Methods 60(1) Definition of Absorption 61(1) Iron 62(4) Introduction 62(1) Normalization of Iron Absorption Data 62(1) Hemoglobin Incorporation 63(1) Whole-body Counting 64(1) Fecal Monitoring 64(1) Plasma Appearance/Disappearance 65(1) In vitro (Caco-2 Cells) 65(1) Conclusion 66(1) Copper 66(2) Introduction 66(1) Fecal Monitoring 66(1) Plasma Appearance 67(1) Whole-body Counting 67(1) Conclusion 68(1) Zinc 68(4) Introduction 68(1) Whole-body Counting 68(1) Fecal Monitoring 69(1) Urinary Monitoring 70(1) Plasma Appearance/Disappearance 70(1) Use of Simulation to Predict Absorption 71(1) Whole-gut Lavage Technique 71(1) In vitro (Caco-2 Cells) 72(1) Conclusion 72(1) Selenium 72(9) Introduction 72(2) Fecal Monitoring 74(1) Plasma Appearance/Disappearance 74(1) Whole-body Counting 75(1) Urinary Monitoring 75(1) Conclusion 76(1) References 76(5) Kinetic Studies of Whole-body Trace-element Metabolism Nicola M. Lowe Malcolm J. Jackson Introduction 81(1) General Considerations in Study Design 82(1) Isotope Dose 82(1) Sampling Strategy 82(1) Free-Living or Metabolic Unit Unit 83(1) Compartmental Modelling 83(2) General Assumptions 84(1) Specific Examples of Isotope Turnover Studies 85(4) Zinc 85(1) Copper 86(2) Selenium 88(1) Conclusion 89(4) References 90(3) Stable-isotope Methods for the Investigation of Iron Metabolism in Man Morteza Janghorbani Introduction 93(1) Iron Metabolism in Relation to the Design of Stable-isotope Protocols 94(1) Feasibility Issues 95(4) Analytical Methods 99(3) Neutron Activation Analysis 99(1) Mass Spectrometry 100(1) Summary of Current Analytical Capabilities 101(1) Selected Applications 102(2) Relationship between Mucosal Absorption and Hemoglobin Incorporation of Dietary Iron 102(1) Issues of Dietary Availability of Iron 103(1) Conclusion 104(5) References 105(4) Use of Isotopes in the Assessment of Zinc Status Malcolm J. Jackson Nicola M. Lowe Introduction 109(2) Isotopic Techniques 111(2) Short-term Two-compartment Model 112(1) Simplified Techniques to Measure the Exchangeable Zinc Pool 113(1) Conclusion 113(4) References 114(3) Copper Status and Metabolism Studied with Isotopic Tracers Judith R. Turnlund Introduction 117(1) Background 118(1) Copper Status 118(1) Isotopic Tracers 119(4) Radioactive Tracers 119(1) Stable-isotope Tracers 120(1) Methods of Stable-isotope Analysis 120(1) Neuron Activation Analysis 120(1) Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry 120(1) Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry 121(1) Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry 121(1) Multiple Stable-isotope Labelling 121(1) Studies Using Isotopic Tracers of Copper 122(1) Conclusion 123(7) References 123(7) Use of Stable Isotopes of Selenium to Investigate Selenium Status Helen M. Crews Introduction 130(1) Dietary Selenium and Its Metabolism 130(3) Sources and Daily Intakes 130(1) Chemical Form and Bioavailability 131(1) Metabolism of Selenium 132(1) The Role of Selenium in the Body 133(4) Selenium and Disease 133(1) Selenium Deficiency and Disease 133(1) Selenium and Cancer 134(1) Selenoproteins 134(1) Intracellular Glutathione Peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.9.) 135(1) Cellular (Cystolic) GSHpx 135(1) Phospholipid Hydroperoxide GSHpx 135(1) Gastrointestinal GSHpx 136(1) Extracellular GSHpx 136(1) Plasma GSHpx 136(1) Iodothyronine Deiodinases (EC 3.8.1.4.) 136(1) Thioredoxin Reductase (EC 1.6.4.5.) 136(1) Selenium-binding Protein 137(1) Others 137(1) Assessment of Selenium Status and Use of Stable Isotopes 137(8) Status Assays 137(1) Analytical Aspects 138(1) Assays for GSHpx Activity 138(1) Measurement of Selenium Isotopes 139(1) Modelling of Selenium Body Pools 140(3) Stable-isotope Studies with Low-to-medium Selenium Intakes 143(1) Stable-isotope Studies with High Selenium Intakes 144(1) Conclusion 145(7) References 146(6) Use of Isotopes for Studies with Manganese, Chromium, and Molybdenum John W. Finley Manganese 152(7) Introduction 152(1) Manganese 152(1) Radioactive Isotopes of Managanese and Studies of Managanese Essentiality 153(1) Studies with Laboratory Animals and Cultured Cells 153(1) Distribution and Retention of Radioactive Managanese in Humans 154(1) Radioactive Methods of Determining Apparent Managanese Absorption in Humans 155(1) Radioactive Methods for Determining True Managanese Absorption 156(2) The Use of Radioisotopes to Study Managanese/Iron Interactions 158(1) Chromium 159(2) Introduction 159(1) Chemistry and Biochemistry 160(1) Radioactive Chromium in Human Studies 160(1) Nutritional Studies with 51Cr 160(1) Stable Isotopes of Chromium in Human Studies 161(1) Molybdenum 161(1) Chemistry and Biochemistry 161(1) Radioactive Isotopes of Molybdenum in Human Studies 161(1) Stable Isotopes of Molybdenum in Human Studies 162(1) Summary 162(5) References 163(4) Trace-element Studies in Infants and Pregnant or Lactating Women Lena Davidsson Introduction 167(3) Iron 170(8) Methodology 170(3) Erythrocyte Incorporation and Iron Absorption 173(1) Studies in Premature Infants 173(1) Studies in Term Infants 174(1) Human Milk and Infant Formula 174(2) Complementary Foods 176(1) Iron Supplements 177(1) Studies in Pregnant Women 177(1) Zinc 178(2) Zinc and Copper 180(1) Selenium 181(1) Chromium 182(1) Conclusion 183(4) References 183(4) Stable-isotope Studies in the Elderly Catherine I.A. Jack Nicola M. Lowe Malcolm J. Jackson Introduction 187(1) Practicalities of Working with Elderly Subjects 188(1) Ethical Considerations 188(1) Examples of Stable-isotope Studies in the Elderly 189(1) Zinc Homeostasis in the Elderly 189(1) Copper Homeostasis in the Elderly 189(1) Selenium Status of the Elderly 190(1) Conclusion 190(4) Acknowledgments 190(1) References 191(3) Applications of Trace-element Studies in Developing Countries: Practical and Technical Aspects R.S. Gibson C. Hotz Introduction 194(1) Applications of Isotope Studies in Developing Countries 195(4) Supplementation 195(2) Fortification 197(1) Dietary Strategies 198(1) Practical Aspects of Implementing Isotope Studies in Developing Countries 199(7) Securing Support within the Country at the National and Community Level 199(1) Selecting the Study Design 200(1) Assessing the Nutritional and Health Status of the Study participants 201(2) Assessing Levels of Trace Elements and Absorption Modifiers in the Habitual Diets of Study Participants 203(1) Assessing Food Intakes 203(1) Compiling a Local Food Composition Table for Use in a Developing Country 204(1) Assessing Intakes of Trace Elements and Absorption Modifiers in Habitual Diets 204(1) Assessing Nutrient Intakes during the Metabolic Study 205(1) Technical Aspects of Implementing Isotope Studies in Developing Countries 206(6) Considerations When Selecting the Isotopic Technique 207(1) Fecal Monitoring 207(1) Urinary Monitoring 208(1) Tissue Retention 209(1) Plasma Tolerance Curves and Plasma Deconvolution 209(1) Collecting, Preparing, and Processing the Metabolic Samples for Analysis of Native Trace Elements and Isotopic Enrichment 210(1) Fecal Samples 210(1) Urine Samples 211(1) Blood Samples 211(1) Conclusion 212(1) References 212(5) Index 217
Nicola Lowe, Malcolm Jackson
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