Preface |
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xv | |
About The Authors |
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xx | |
Chapter 1 Public Policy: An Introduction |
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1 | (18) |
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1 | (6) |
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What Constitutes Public Policy? |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (1) |
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Reasons for the Growing Pervasiveness of Public Policy |
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3 | (1) |
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Policy Impact: The Frequent Failure of Public Policies to Achieve Their Goals |
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4 | (3) |
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7 | (11) |
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Models of the Policy Process |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Stages of Policy Development |
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10 | (3) |
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Aspects of Policy Evaluation |
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13 | (5) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
Chapter 2 Contexts of Public Policy |
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19 | (19) |
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The Institutional Context |
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19 | (11) |
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Intergovernmental Relations |
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21 | (3) |
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Participants in Intergovernmental Relations |
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24 | (1) |
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Contemporary Intergovernmental Realities |
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25 | (1) |
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Forms of Intergovernmental Interaction |
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25 | (1) |
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Changing Intergovernmental Relations |
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26 | (3) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (3) |
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33 | (3) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
Chapter 3 The Economy: Changing Government-Business Relationships |
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38 | (30) |
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Issue Background: Key Concepts in Economics |
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38 | (10) |
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The Free-Enterprise System |
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39 | (3) |
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History of Government's Role |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (4) |
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Contemporary Policy: Purposes and Tools of Economic Intervention |
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48 | (9) |
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Protecting Citizens and Consumers |
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48 | (4) |
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Maintaining a Sound Economy |
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52 | (1) |
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Sustaining Economic Activity |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (3) |
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Policy Evaluation: Encouraging Competition or Discouraging Innovation? |
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57 | (6) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (4) |
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64 | (3) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
Chapter 4 Economic Issues: Taxing, Spending, and Budgeting |
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68 | (23) |
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Issue Background: Concepts and Issues |
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68 | (4) |
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70 | (2) |
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Contemporary Policy: Approaches to Managing the Economy |
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72 | (5) |
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Traditional Economic Theory |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (1) |
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Economic Policy Obstacles |
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76 | (1) |
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Policy Evaluation: Success or Failure? |
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77 | (6) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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Federal Revenues and Spending |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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Continuing Debates: Spending, Taxes, the Deficit, and Economic Stimulus Programs |
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83 | (6) |
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Policy Conflict over the Federal Spending to Stimulate the Economy: TARP and ARRA |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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Budget Deficit and National Debt |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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Balanced Budget Amendment |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
Chapter 5 Energy and Environmental Policies: Policy Instability |
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91 | (41) |
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Energy Policy Issue Background: Complacency and Crisis |
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91 | (4) |
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Traditional Energy Policy |
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91 | (2) |
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Western Vulnerability: OPEC and the Arab Oil Embargo |
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93 | (2) |
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Contemporary Policy: A Cycle of Complacency, Crisis, and Concern |
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95 | (6) |
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95 | (2) |
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Global Dependence on Fossil Fuels |
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97 | (2) |
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Energy Policy after 1973 Energy Policy after 1980 |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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Policy Evaluation: Continued Fossil Fuel Dependence |
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101 | (9) |
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Alternatives to Fossil Fuels |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (3) |
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Political Impact of Continued Oil Dependence |
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107 | (3) |
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Continuing Debates: Energy Policy Concern |
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110 | (3) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (1) |
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Issue Background: A Legacy of Environmental Abuse |
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113 | (7) |
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113 | (3) |
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Water and Solid-Waste Pollution |
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116 | (1) |
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Toxic and Hazardous Waste |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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Contemporary Environmental Policy |
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120 | (2) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) |
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121 | (1) |
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Policy Evaluation: Searching for Direction |
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122 | (3) |
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Current Policy Direction and Values |
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122 | (2) |
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Public Environmental Concern |
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124 | (1) |
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The Politics of Regulation |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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Continuing Debates: Unresolved Policy Issues |
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125 | (5) |
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125 | (1) |
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Self Regulation of the Market |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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The Role of State Governments |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Energy and the Environment |
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128 | (2) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (2) |
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Energy Policy-Related Websites |
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130 | (1) |
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Environmental Policy-Related Websites |
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131 | (1) |
Chapter 6 Crime and Criminal Justice: Dilemmas of Social Control |
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132 | (61) |
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Issue Background: The Growth and Decline of Crime |
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135 | (11) |
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135 | (6) |
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141 | (5) |
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Issues in Equal Protection and Government Response to Crime |
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146 | (4) |
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Contemporary Policy: Constitutional Rights and Deterrence of Crime |
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150 | (15) |
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Confessions and the Right to Counsel |
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152 | (1) |
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The Exclusionary Rule and Search and Seizure |
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153 | (3) |
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156 | (7) |
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Technology, Deterrence, and Crime |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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Policy Evaluation: Flaws in the Criminal Justice System? |
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165 | (10) |
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Confessions and the Right to Counsel |
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166 | (1) |
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The Exclusionary Rule and Search and Seizure |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (2) |
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Is Technology Always Infallible? |
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170 | (3) |
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Conclusion: Crime and Criminal Procedure |
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173 | (2) |
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Continuing Debates: Policy Options for Reducing Crime |
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175 | (16) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (2) |
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Crimes of Violence and Gun Control |
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178 | (9) |
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Decriminalization and Deterrence |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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Penal Reform, Sentencing, and Recidivism |
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188 | (1) |
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Zero Tolerance for Petty Street Crime |
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189 | (1) |
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Limiting the Alternatives to Punishment |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
Chapter 7 Poverty and Social Welfare Policy |
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193 | (38) |
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Issue Background: Poverty |
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193 | (17) |
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193 | (4) |
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197 | (2) |
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199 | (2) |
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201 | (8) |
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209 | (1) |
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Contemporary Policy: Social Insurance and Social Assistance Programs |
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210 | (9) |
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210 | (4) |
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214 | (2) |
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216 | (3) |
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219 | (1) |
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Policy Evaluation: Do Social Welfare Policies Reduce Poverty? |
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219 | (7) |
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Accomplishments and Criticisms of Social Insurance |
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220 | (1) |
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Accomplishments and Criticisms of Social Assistance |
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220 | (6) |
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Continuing Debates: Social Welfare Policy Change |
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226 | (4) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
Chapter 8 Health Care: Transformation or Continued Crisis? |
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231 | (49) |
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Issue Background: The Changing Health Care System |
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232 | (9) |
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The Structure of American Health Care |
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232 | (1) |
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Quality: How Healthy Is America? |
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233 | (3) |
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Inequities in Access to Health Care |
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236 | (2) |
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238 | (2) |
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240 | (1) |
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Contemporary Policy: Medicare, Medicaid, and the Affordable Care Act |
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241 | (15) |
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242 | (3) |
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245 | (1) |
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Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act |
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246 | (9) |
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255 | (1) |
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Policy Evaluation: Health Care at the Crossroads |
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256 | (10) |
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Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act |
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256 | (6) |
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262 | (1) |
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Ideology and the Health Care System |
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263 | (3) |
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Continuing Debates: Reshaping a Complex System |
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266 | (13) |
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266 | (4) |
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270 | (1) |
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Debating the Future of the ACA |
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271 | (3) |
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Controlling the Cost of Health Care |
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274 | (2) |
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276 | (1) |
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Beginning and End of Life |
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277 | (1) |
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Reform and Long-Term Care |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
Chapter 9 Education: Conflict in Policy Direction |
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280 | (38) |
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Issue Background: Historical Perspectives and the Onset of Federal Involvement in Education |
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281 | (5) |
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The Tradition of Free Public Education |
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281 | (1) |
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The Tradition of Local Control |
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281 | (1) |
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An Emerging Role for State and Federal Governments |
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282 | (1) |
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The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965: Expanding the Federal Policy Role |
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283 | (2) |
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The Federal Role in Higher Education |
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285 | (1) |
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Contemporary Policy: Remedying Social Inequality through Education |
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286 | (5) |
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The Issue of Unequal Financial Resources |
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287 | (3) |
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290 | (1) |
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Educational Inequality Outside the United States |
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290 | (1) |
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Policy Evaluation: Educational Quality in the United States |
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291 | (9) |
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Concern over Poor Student Achievement |
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291 | (4) |
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Questioning Teacher Competency |
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295 | (1) |
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Merit Pay and Master Teachers |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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Changing Priorities in Federal Education Policy |
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299 | (1) |
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Continuing Debates: Community Control, Private Schools, a Changing Federal Role, and Conflicting Priorities |
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300 | (17) |
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Community Control and Decentralization |
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300 | (1) |
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The Issue of Private Schools |
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301 | (2) |
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303 | (1) |
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Education Policy Priorities in the Twenty-first Century |
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304 | (4) |
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Education Policy Initiatives of President Obama |
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308 | (1) |
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Unresolved Education Issues: Teachers and Curriculum |
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309 | (2) |
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Unresolved Education Issues: Structural Questions |
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311 | (3) |
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Issues in Higher Education |
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314 | (3) |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
Chapter 10 Legal and Social Equality: The Struggle against Oppression and Bigotry |
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318 | (35) |
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Issue Background: The Idea of Equality |
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320 | (10) |
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320 | (5) |
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325 | (3) |
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Equality of Material Well-Being |
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328 | (1) |
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The Civil Rights Movement and Equality |
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329 | (1) |
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Contemporary Policy: Strengthening Constitutional Guarantees of Equality |
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330 | (14) |
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The Erosion of the Fourteenth Amendment |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (2) |
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333 | (1) |
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The Struggle for Racial Balance in Employment and Higher Education |
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333 | (3) |
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Equality and the Women's Movement |
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336 | (5) |
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Bias against Homosexuals, the Handicapped, and Native Americans |
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341 | (3) |
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Policy Evaluation: The Drive for Proportional Equality |
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344 | (4) |
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Busing for Racial Balance |
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345 | (1) |
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Retreat on Preference Programs: Weber and Title VII |
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345 | (1) |
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Recent Assaults on Racial and Gender Preference |
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346 | (2) |
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Continuing Debates: The Changing Conception of Equality |
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348 | (4) |
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The Debate over Affirmative Action |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (3) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
Chapter 11 Immigration Policy: The Barely Open Door |
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353 | (24) |
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Issue Background: From an Open Door to Increasing Limits |
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354 | (6) |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (4) |
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Transition to a Preference System |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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Contemporary Policy: Responding to Changing Immigration Dynamics |
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360 | (6) |
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Policy Evaluation: Contrasting Perceptions |
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366 | (1) |
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366 | (6) |
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366 | (1) |
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Impact on Public Services |
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367 | (3) |
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370 | (2) |
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Continuing Debates: Openness or Restriction? |
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372 | (4) |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
Chapter 12 Foreign and Defense Policy: Security and Interests in a Dangerous World |
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377 | (40) |
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Issue Background: Competing Approaches to Foreign Policy |
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379 | (11) |
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Realism or Classical Diplomacy |
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379 | (5) |
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384 | (2) |
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The American Style in Foreign Policy: Wilsonian Idealism |
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386 | (1) |
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Universal Justice and the Nuremberg Principle |
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386 | (2) |
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Diplomacy, Force, and American Optimism |
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388 | (1) |
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Collective Security and Institutional Solutions to World Conflict |
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389 | (1) |
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Policy Past and Present: Cold War, Containment, and After |
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390 | (4) |
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The Failure of Containment in Vietnam |
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392 | (1) |
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The Search for a Comprehensive Peace in Palestine |
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393 | (1) |
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Policy Evaluation: Realism versus Idealism in the Middle East |
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394 | (11) |
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The Emerging Threat of Iran's Nuclear Ambitions |
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395 | (1) |
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Oil, U.S. Foreign Policy, and the Middle East |
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396 | (2) |
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398 | (6) |
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American Options in the Area: A Ray of Hope Dashed |
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404 | (1) |
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Continuing Debates: Responding to Terrorism and Nuclear Proliferation |
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405 | (9) |
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406 | (1) |
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Options for Confronting Terror |
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406 | (4) |
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The War in Iraq and the Struggle with Terror |
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410 | (1) |
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Prewar Intelligence on WMDs and on a Connection between Iraq and Terrorism |
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411 | (2) |
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413 | (1) |
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America Faces a Changing Middle East |
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414 | (1) |
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Continuing Debates: Issues on the Foreign Policy Horizon |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
Chapter 13 Private Morality and Public Policy: Moral Values, the Constitution, and the Open Society |
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417 | (51) |
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The Idea of the Open Society |
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418 | (9) |
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The Neopopulism Emergence on the Right and Its Challenge to the Open Society |
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418 | (2) |
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Challenges to the Open Society on the Left |
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420 | (1) |
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The Open Society and Tolerance of Diverse Ideas |
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421 | (2) |
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Community and Family Values versus the Open Society |
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423 | (2) |
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The Courts and Social Policy |
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425 | (2) |
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Abortion, Birth Control, and the Law |
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427 | (9) |
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End-of-Life Care, Assisted Suicide, and the Preservation of Lye |
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434 | (2) |
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The First Amendment and Public Morality: Suppressing Obscenity and Offensive Speech |
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436 | (12) |
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436 | (2) |
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Fighting Words and Regulating Insensitive Speech |
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438 | (5) |
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Obscenity and the Marketplace of Ideas |
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443 | (1) |
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Censorship, Obscenity, and the Law: The Roth Rule |
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444 | (4) |
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The Conflict between Pornography and Public Morality |
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448 | (18) |
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Conflict over the Role of Religion in the United States |
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454 | (1) |
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Freedom of, and from, Religion |
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455 | (1) |
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455 | (7) |
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462 | (4) |
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466 | (1) |
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467 | (1) |
Glossary |
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468 | (10) |
References |
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478 | (28) |
Index |
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506 | |