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El. knyga: Anticipatory Ethics and The Use of CRISPR in Humans

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  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 20-May-2022
  • Leidėjas: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783030983680
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Anticipatory Ethics and The Use of CRISPR in HumansDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 20-May-2022
  • Leidėjas: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783030983680
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The future of gene editing in humans will involve the use of CRISPR. How we think about the combination of the scientific, ethical, and moral aspects of this technology is paramount to the success or failure of CRISPR in humans. Unfortunately, the current scientific discussion around CRISPR in humans has left ethics trailing behind due to the rapid pace of innovation. New modes of ethics and stakeholder participation are needed to keep pace with rapid scientific advances and provide the necessary policy and ethical frameworks necessary to help CRISPR flourish as an important health care tool to treat human disease. This requires intense interdisciplinary collaboration and discussion between scientists and philosophers, policymakers and legal scholars, and the public.

Dr. Michael W. Nestor (a neuroscientist who actively uses CRISPR in pre-clinical research) and Professor Richard Wilson (a philosopher who focuses on anticipatory ethics) set out to develop a new ethical approach considering the use of CRISPR in human targeted therapies. The field of anticipatory ethics is uniquely poised to tackle questions in fast-evolving technical areas where the pace of innovation outstrips traditional philosophical approaches. Furthermore, because of its “anticipatory” nature, this type of analysis provides the opportunity to look ahead and into the future concerning potential uses of CRISPR in humans, uses that are not currently possible.

 

Nestor and Wilson collaborate both scientifically and philosophically in this book to forecast potential outcomes as the scientific and medical community goes beyond using CRISPR to correct genes that underlie diseases where a single gene is involved. Instead, Nestor and Wilson envision CRISPR in complex, multigenic disorders with a specific focus on the use of CRISPR to edit genes involved in mental traits like IQ or other cognitive characteristics. They argue that the use of CRISPR to modify genes that are potentially important for mental traits represents a particular category for special consideration from scientists, policymakers, the public, and other stakeholders. 

 

Nestor and Wilson explain why using CRISPR to alter mental states is very different from treating a disease like cancer by combining the latest scientific advancements with anticipatory ethics and philosophical phenomenology. Their analysis considers the role that mental states play in personhood and the lived experience-as genes that can change mental/cognitive attributes like IQ have wide-ranging effects on the lived experience in ways that are categorically different from other attributes.

 

This book was written to set a non-exhaustive framework for shared understanding and discussion across disciplines and appeal to scientists and non-scientists alike. This appeal is made inclusively, inviting all stakeholders to engage in active dialogue about the appropriate context for using CRISPR and other gene-editing technologies in humans. It provides policy analysis and recommendations for assuring the most inclusive, equitable, and ethically sound use of CRISPR in humans, concerning its positive potential to treat mental conditions like depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, autism, and the potential to induce other cognitive enhancements.

1 Brief Introduction to CRISPR Cas9
1(24)
1.1 Historical Overview
1(8)
1.2 Current Animal/Human Models to Treat Disease
9(2)
1.3 Current Clinical Applications for CRISPR in Humans
11(1)
1.4 Familial Conditions Caused by Dominant and Recessive Traits
11(5)
1.4.1 Blood Conditions
11(1)
1.4.2 Conditions Causing Specific Abnormal Enzymatic/Hormonal Processes
12(1)
1.4.3 Digestive and Nutritionally Related Abnormalities
12(1)
1.4.4 Autoimmune Disorders
13(1)
1.4.5 Blood Conditions
13(1)
1.4.6 Cancers
14(1)
1.4.7 Ocular (Eye) Conditions
14(1)
1.4.8 Chronic Infections
14(1)
1.4.9 Protein-Folding Conditions
15(1)
1.5 Vaccine Development Utilizing CRISPR---Focus on Covid-19
16(1)
1.6 Current and Future Challenges
17(8)
References
20(5)
2 Introduction to Anticipatory Ethics
25(12)
2.1 Introduction
25(2)
2.2 Some Assumptions
27(1)
2.3 A Brief Overview
27(10)
References
34(3)
3 CRISPR, Phenomenology, and Lived Experience
37(28)
3.1 Introduction
37(2)
3.2 Life World {Lebenswelt)
39(1)
3.3 The Natural Attitude
40(1)
3.4 Intersubjectivity
41(2)
3.5 Phenomenology and Anticipatory Stakeholders
43(3)
3.6 Postphenomenology
46(4)
3.7 Philosophy of Design
50(4)
3.8 CRISPR and Stakeholders: Short- and Long-Term Considerations
54(1)
3.9 Classical Bioethics
55(3)
3.10 Anticipatory Classical Bioethics
58(7)
References
61(4)
4 CRISPR and the Concept of Personhood
65(12)
4.1 Introduction
65(1)
4.2 CRISPR Editing of Complex Multigenic Traits Like Cognition
65(3)
4.3 CRISPR and Definitions of Personhood
68(3)
4.4 Belief-Desire-Intention Model of Agency
71(1)
4.5 Personhood, the BDI Model, Moral Agency, and Ethics
72(5)
References
75(2)
5 The Use and Access to CRISPR in Historically Socioeconomically Disadvantaged and Marginalized Communities
77(12)
5.1 Introduction
77(1)
5.2 Considerations of Future Stakeholders
78(1)
5.3 Pluralist Universalism, Intuition Ethics, and CRISPR
79(2)
5.4 Social Justice and the Tyranny of Future Persons
81(3)
5.5 Policy Perspectives That Include Historically Marginalized Stakeholders
84(5)
References
86(3)
6 Future Use of CRISPR: Gene Drive
89(14)
6.1 Introduction
89(2)
6.2 Applications of CRISPR "Gene Drive" Technology on Humans
91(2)
6.3 Anticipatory Analysis of Gene Drive in Humans
93(4)
6.4 The Case of Emergent Ethical Principles Arising Due to the Uniqueness and Rapid Pace of Development of New Technologies
97(1)
6.5 Policy Considerations for the Use of Gene Drive
98(1)
6.6 Anticipating Ethical Implications for the Future
99(4)
References
100(3)
7 Future Use of CRISPR II: CRISPR Kill Switches
103(10)
7.1 Introduction
103(1)
7.2 Anti-CRISPR Proteins That Block DNA Binding
104(3)
7.3 Artificial Anti-CRISPR Proteins
107(1)
7.4 Anti-CRISPR Associated Genes
107(1)
7.5 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA): Safe Genes Project
108(5)
References
109(4)
8 Domestic and International Regulation of CRISPR
113(12)
8.1 Introduction
113(1)
8.2 Background and Recent Developments
113(2)
8.3 National Regulation of Human Genomic Modifications
115(1)
8.4 National Regulation in the USA
116(1)
8.5 National Regulation in the UK
117(1)
8.6 National Regulation in China
118(1)
8.7 National Regulation in France
119(1)
8.8 International Legislation to Human Genomic Germline Modifications
119(2)
8.9 CRISPR in Mental Disorders, Current WHO Guidelines, and Concluding Remarks
121(1)
8.10 WHO Guidelines on CRISPR Utilization
122(3)
References
122(3)
9 Policy Recommendations Concerning CRISPR Germline Editing in Humans
125(14)
9.1 Introduction
125(2)
9.2 Policy Guidelines for Limiting CRISPR Use in Humans
127(2)
9.3 Artificial Intelligence as a Policy Analogue for CRISPR
129(4)
9.4 Additional Policy Analogs for Germline CRISPR Editing Governance
133(2)
9.5 The CRISPR Cognition Genes Database
135(4)
References
137(2)
10 Conclusions
139(2)
References
140(1)
Index 141
Michael W. Nestor received his Ph.D. in Neuroscience from The University of Maryland, School of Medicine and has dual certificates in Regulatory Affairs-Medical Devices and Pharmaceuticals from RAPS and a certificate in Project Management from the University of California, Irvine. He completed postdoctoral fellowships at the National Institutes of Health and The New York Stem Cell Foundation, where he was also a Staff Scientist. Concurrently, Michael was an NIH IRACDA Fellow at Rutgers University, focused on teaching in minority-serving institutions and helping increase the participation of traditionally underrepresented groups in science. Dr. Nestor was awarded an American Association for the Advancement of Science, Science and Technology Policy Fellowship and served in the executive branch.

A neuroscientist with 20 years of research experience, Dr. Nestor was Director of Neural Stem Cell Research at The Hussman Institute for Autism, where he led his laboratory studying autism by creating brain organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells. His lab developed multiplexed high-throughput CRISPR and drug-screening platforms using human stem cell derived brain organoids. Michael ran his own human stem cell consulting company, Synapstem, and acted as a venture advisor to the UM Momentum Fund and the Abell Foundation and as Co-Chair of the Neural Stem Cell Working Group at the University of Maryland, School of Medicine. 

 

Richard L. Wilson teaches philosophy and ethics in the Philosophy and Computer and Information Sciences Departments at Towson University. He is a Senior Research Scholar in the Hoffberger Center for Professional Ethics at the University of Baltimore. Professor Wilson specializes in Applied Ethics and has taught a wide variety of Applied Ethics Classes. As a specialist in Applied Ethics, he has taught courses and published a variety of books and articles in Engineering Ethics,Computer Science Ethics, Biomedical Ethics, Business Ethics, Media Ethics, and Environmental Ethics. Recent publications include a book, Glossary of Cyber Warfare, Cyber Crime and Cyber Security, with a variety of papers published including 3D Printing and Anticipatory Business Ethics, An Anticipatory Ethical Analysis of Offensive Cyberspace Operations, The Use of Facial Recognition in China's Social Credit System: An Anticipatory Ethical Analysis, Anticipatory Medical Ethics: Pharmaceuticals and Nanotechnology, and The Ethics of Autonomy and Lethality. His most recent publications include: Anticipatory Ethics as a Method for Teaching Engineering Ethics in the ASEE Proceedings and Smart Cities and Cyber Security: Ethical and Anticipated Ethical Concerns.
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