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xv | |
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xviii | |
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|
xx | |
Preface |
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xxii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxviii | |
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Chapter 1 Introduction: an overview of the world economy |
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1 | (19) |
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1 | (1) |
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The scope of international economics |
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2 | (1) |
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The output of the world economy |
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3 | (1) |
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Imports and exports of goods in the world economy |
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4 | (2) |
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International trade in services |
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|
6 | (4) |
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Capital flows in the world economy |
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10 | (2) |
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Trends in international production and trade |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (3) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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Problems and questions for review |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 Why countries trade |
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|
20 | (19) |
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20 | (1) |
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International trade versus interregional trade |
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21 | (1) |
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Trade in an individual product |
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21 | (5) |
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Trade based on absolute advantage |
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26 | (2) |
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26 | (1) |
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The gains from specialization and trade with absolute advantage |
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27 | (1) |
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Trade based on comparative advantage |
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28 | (4) |
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29 | (1) |
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The gains from specialization and trade with comparative advantage |
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30 | (2) |
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Trade based on opportunity costs |
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32 | (2) |
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33 | (1) |
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The gains from specialization and trade with opportunity costs |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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Problems and questions for review |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Comparative advantage and the production possibilities frontier |
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39 | (28) |
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39 | (1) |
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The production possibilities frontier and constant costs |
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40 | (7) |
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The production possibilities frontier |
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40 | (2) |
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Production and consumption without specialization and trade |
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42 | (1) |
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Production and consumption with specialization and trade |
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42 | (5) |
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47 | (4) |
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Changes in the gains from specialization and trade |
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47 | (1) |
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Demand conditions and the terms of trade |
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48 | (1) |
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Distribution of the gains from trade |
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49 | (2) |
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Trade under increasing opportunity costs |
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51 | (7) |
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Increasing costs and the production possibilities frontier |
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51 | (3) |
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Production and consumption without specialization and trade |
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54 | (1) |
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Production and consumption with specialization and trade |
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54 | (4) |
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International trade under increasing costs: an advanced analysis |
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58 | (6) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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Problems and questions for review |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 Factor endowments and the commodity composition of trade |
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|
67 | (26) |
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67 | (1) |
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The factor-proportions theory |
|
|
68 | (5) |
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Assumptions of the factor-proportions theory |
|
|
68 | (2) |
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The factor-proportions theory |
|
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70 | (3) |
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Factor-price equalization and the distribution of income |
|
|
73 | (7) |
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Factor-price equalization |
|
|
73 | (3) |
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Trade and the distribution of income |
|
|
76 | (2) |
|
Trade and income inequality |
|
|
78 | (2) |
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The specific-factors model |
|
|
80 | (2) |
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Empirical evidence concerning the factor-proportions theory |
|
|
82 | (3) |
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|
82 | (1) |
|
Explanations of the Leontief paradox |
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83 | (2) |
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International trade not explained by the factor-proportions theory |
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|
85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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|
86 | (1) |
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Problems and questions for review |
|
|
87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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|
89 | (1) |
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Appendix 4.1 Factor-proportions theory: an advanced analysis |
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90 | (3) |
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Chapter 5 Intra-industry trade |
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|
93 | (24) |
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|
93 | (1) |
|
Defining intra-industry trade |
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93 | (3) |
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The increasing importance of intra-industry trade |
|
|
96 | (2) |
|
Intra-industry trade in homogeneous products |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
Intra-industry trade in differentiated products |
|
|
98 | (11) |
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|
100 | (4) |
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|
104 | (2) |
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|
106 | (3) |
|
Empirical evidence on intra-industry trade |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
The welfare implications of intra-industry trade |
|
|
110 | (3) |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
Problems and questions for review |
|
|
114 | (1) |
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|
115 | (1) |
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|
115 | (2) |
|
Chapter 6 The Firm In The World Economy |
|
|
117 | (19) |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
The firm in international trade |
|
|
118 | (5) |
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|
118 | (5) |
|
The multinational corporation |
|
|
123 | (6) |
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|
123 | (4) |
|
Reasons for the existence of MNCs |
|
|
127 | (2) |
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|
129 | (1) |
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|
130 | (1) |
|
Public policy toward MNCs |
|
|
131 | (2) |
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|
133 | (1) |
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|
133 | (1) |
|
Problems and questions for review |
|
|
133 | (1) |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
|
134 | (2) |
|
Chapter 7 International factor movements |
|
|
136 | (17) |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
International trade versus international factor movements |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
International movements of capital |
|
|
138 | (5) |
|
Reasons for the international movement of capital |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
Welfare effects of international capital movements |
|
|
140 | (2) |
|
Capital movements and public policy |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
International movements of labor |
|
|
143 | (7) |
|
Reasons for the international movement of labor |
|
|
144 | (2) |
|
Welfare effects of the international movement of labor |
|
|
146 | (3) |
|
Immigration and public policy |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
Problems and questions for review |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
|
152 | (1) |
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|
153 | (24) |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
Tariffs: some preliminary details |
|
|
153 | (3) |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
Methods of valuing imports |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
Welfare effects of trade in an individual product |
|
|
156 | (5) |
|
Consumer and producer surplus: a review |
|
|
156 | (2) |
|
The effects of free trade |
|
|
158 | (3) |
|
The economic effects of tariffs |
|
|
161 | (5) |
|
The effects of a tariff for a small country |
|
|
161 | (2) |
|
The effects of a tariff for a large country |
|
|
163 | (3) |
|
The effective rate of protection |
|
|
166 | (2) |
|
|
168 | (6) |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
|
169 | (2) |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
Senile industry protection |
|
|
171 | (2) |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
Problems and questions for review |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
Chapter 9 Nontariff distortions to trade |
|
|
177 | (27) |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
Nontariff barriers to trade |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
|
179 | (3) |
|
The economic effects of a quota |
|
|
182 | (3) |
|
Other nontariff distortions |
|
|
185 | (5) |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
Technical barriers to trade |
|
|
187 | (2) |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
Corruption and international trade |
|
|
190 | (2) |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
Labor and environmental standards |
|
|
193 | (3) |
|
Transportation costs and trade |
|
|
196 | (3) |
|
The gravity equation and international trade |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
Problems and questions for review |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
|
202 | (2) |
|
Chapter 10 International trade policy |
|
|
204 | (27) |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
The political economy of protectionism |
|
|
205 | (7) |
|
Protectionism and public choice |
|
|
205 | (5) |
|
The structure of protection |
|
|
210 | (2) |
|
The evolution of U.S. trade policy |
|
|
212 | (2) |
|
The formulation of U.S. trade policy |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
Antidumping, countervailing duties, and safeguards |
|
|
215 | (5) |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
History of antidumping law in the United States |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
GATT and multilateral trade negotiations |
|
|
220 | (3) |
|
The World Trade Organization (WTO) |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
The future of international trade negotiations |
|
|
223 | (3) |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
Problems and questions for review |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
227 | (2) |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
Appendix 10.1 Price discrimination |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
Chapter 11 Regional economic arrangements |
|
|
231 | (24) |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
Degrees of economic integration |
|
|
232 | (3) |
|
Rules of origin in international trade |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
Trade effects of economic integration |
|
|
236 | (2) |
|
The static effects of a customs union |
|
|
238 | (3) |
|
|
241 | (3) |
|
NAFTA and other U.S. trade agreements |
|
|
244 | (4) |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
Other U.S. trade agreements |
|
|
246 | (2) |
|
Multilateralism versus regional trade agreements |
|
|
248 | (3) |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
Problems and questions for review |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
|
253 | (2) |
|
Chapter 12 International trade and economic growth |
|
|
255 | (29) |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
|
256 | (2) |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
GDP of developing countries |
|
|
256 | (2) |
|
|
258 | (5) |
|
|
258 | (2) |
|
Economic growth and the factors of production |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
Changes in capital stock and technology |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
International trade and economic growth |
|
|
263 | (3) |
|
|
263 | (2) |
|
Capital flows, technology transfers, and economic growth |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Economic development strategies |
|
|
266 | (11) |
|
|
267 | (4) |
|
|
271 | (2) |
|
|
273 | (4) |
|
Official development assistance |
|
|
277 | (2) |
|
The role of official development assistance |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
Flows of official development assistance |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
Multilateral development organizations |
|
|
279 | (2) |
|
The World Bank and regional development banks |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
The United Nations agencies |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
Problems and questions for review |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Chapter 13 National income accounting and the balance of payments |
|
|
284 | (23) |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
National income accounting |
|
|
285 | (3) |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
GDP and changes in prices |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
|
286 | (2) |
|
G D P and the trade balance |
|
|
288 | (7) |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
Imports, exports, and GDP |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
Saving, investment, the government budget, and the trade balance |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
Adjustments to trade imbalances |
|
|
292 | (3) |
|
The balance of payments accounts |
|
|
295 | (9) |
|
The balance on current account |
|
|
295 | (6) |
|
The balance on capital and financial accounts |
|
|
301 | (3) |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
Problems and questions for review |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Chapter 14 Exchange rates and their determination: a basic model |
|
|
307 | (38) |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
307 | (3) |
|
The demand for foreign exchange |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
Shifts in the demand for foreign exchange |
|
|
311 | (3) |
|
Changes in domestic income |
|
|
311 | (2) |
|
Changes in relative prices |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
The supply of foreign exchange |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
Shifts in the supply of foreign exchange |
|
|
315 | (2) |
|
Changes in foreign income |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Changes in relative prices |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Equilibrium in the foreign exchange market |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Changes in the equilibrium exchange rate |
|
|
318 | (3) |
|
Exchange rate volatility and international trade |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Exchange rate pass through |
|
|
321 | (3) |
|
Price levels and the exchange rate in the long run |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
324 | (4) |
|
|
328 | (6) |
|
Absolute purchasing power parity |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Relative purchasing power parity |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Purchasing power parity in the short run and the long run |
|
|
330 | (4) |
|
|
334 | (7) |
|
Changes in the real exchange rate |
|
|
338 | (3) |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
Problems and questions for review |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
Chapter 15 Money, interest rates, and the exchange rate |
|
|
345 | (26) |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
347 | (3) |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
The equilibrium interest rate: the interaction of money supply and demand |
|
|
351 | (5) |
|
The interest rate and the exchange rate in the short run |
|
|
356 | (6) |
|
Interest rates, the exchange rate, and the balance of payments |
|
|
362 | (4) |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Problems and questions for review |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Appendix 15.1 The relationship between the monetary base and the money supply |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Appendix 15.2 Interest parity and covered interest arbitrage |
|
|
369 | (2) |
|
Chapter 16 Open economy macroeconomics |
|
|
371 | (29) |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Aggregate demand and aggregate supply: a review |
|
|
372 | (5) |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Changes in aggregate demand |
|
|
373 | (4) |
|
|
377 | (6) |
|
Changes in aggregate supply |
|
|
378 | (4) |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Determinants of the current account |
|
|
383 | (3) |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
384 | (2) |
|
Exchange rate changes and equilibrium output in an open economy |
|
|
386 | (6) |
|
Exchange rate appreciation |
|
|
387 | (3) |
|
Exchange rate depreciation |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
|
392 | (4) |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Problems and questions for review |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Chapter 17 Macroeconomic policy and floating exchange rates |
|
|
400 | (30) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Fiscal and monetary policy |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (8) |
|
Expansionary fiscal policy |
|
|
401 | (5) |
|
Contractionary fiscal policy |
|
|
406 | (3) |
|
Changes in monetary policy |
|
|
409 | (9) |
|
Expansionary monetary policy |
|
|
410 | (4) |
|
Contractionary monetary policy |
|
|
414 | (4) |
|
Monetary and fiscal policy in an open economy |
|
|
418 | (2) |
|
|
420 | (4) |
|
Inconsistent policy mixes |
|
|
421 | (3) |
|
Trade flow adjustment and current account dynamics |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Problems and questions for review |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
428 | (2) |
|
Chapter 18 Fixed exchange rates and currency unions |
|
|
430 | (31) |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
431 | (6) |
|
Difficulties associated with exchange controls |
|
|
433 | (4) |
|
Intervention in the foreign exchange market |
|
|
437 | (16) |
|
Macroeconomic adjustment under fixed exchange rates: Part I |
|
|
440 | (2) |
|
Macroeconomic adjustment under fixed exchange rates: Part II |
|
|
442 | (2) |
|
Fiscal policy and internal balance |
|
|
444 | (2) |
|
The effects of expansionary and contractionary fiscal policy |
|
|
446 | (4) |
|
|
450 | (2) |
|
Pegging the exchange rate with monetary policy |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
The European Monetary Union |
|
|
455 | (3) |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Problems and questions for review |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Chapter 19 International monetary arrangements |
|
|
461 | (18) |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
462 | (3) |
|
The gold standard and monetary policy |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
The macroeconomics of the gold standard |
|
|
463 | (2) |
|
Costs and benefits of the gold standard |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
The Bretton Woods system and the International Monetary Fund |
|
|
466 | (4) |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
The International Monetary Fund |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
The demise of the Bretton Woods System |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
The post-Bretton Woods era |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
470 | (3) |
|
|
471 | (2) |
|
Options for international monetary reform |
|
|
473 | (3) |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Problems and questions for review |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Chapter 20 Capital flows and the developing countries |
|
|
479 | (22) |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Capital flows to developing countries |
|
|
480 | (3) |
|
|
480 | (2) |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
483 | (3) |
|
Macroeconomic consequences of exchange rate shocks |
|
|
484 | (2) |
|
Sources of exchange rate shocks |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
486 | (2) |
|
|
488 | (2) |
|
Intervention, capital flights, and defaults |
|
|
490 | (4) |
|
The IMF and developing countries |
|
|
494 | (4) |
|
|
494 | (2) |
|
|
496 | (2) |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
Problems and questions for review |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
500 | (1) |
Appendix: GDP, population, and exports for U.S. regions and states, 2018 |
|
501 | (8) |
Glossary |
|
509 | (9) |
Index |
|
518 | |