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El. knyga: Applied Soils and Micromorphology in Archaeology

(Boston University), (University College London)
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Applied Soils and Micromorphology in Archaeology provides the most up-to-date information on soil science and its applications in archaeology. Based on more than three decades of investigations and experiments, the volume demonstrates how description protocols and complimentary methods (SEM/EDS, microprobe, micro-FTIR, bulk soil chemistry, micro- and macrofossils) are used in interpretations. It also focuses on key topics, such as palaeosols, cultivation, and occupation surfaces, and introduces a range of current issues, such as site inundation, climate change, settlement morphology, herding, trackways, industrial processes, funerary features, and site transformation. Structured around important case studies, Applied Soils and Micromorphology in Archaeology is thoroughly-illustrated, with color plates and figures, tables and other ancillary materials on its website (www.cambridge.org/9781107011380); chapter appendices can be accessed separately using the web (www.geoarchaeology.info/asma). This new book will serve as an essential volume for all archaeological inquiry about soil.

This book provides the most up-to-date information on soil science and its applications in archaeology. It covers the use of complimentary methods for interpretation and key topics in the field like palaeosis and occupation surfaces. Chock-full of images, and accompanied by online resources, this is essential for all archaeological inquiries.

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This book uniquely focuses on all aspects of archaeological soil micromorphology, based upon the authors' joint sixty years of worldwide studies.
List of Figures
xi
List of Tables
xvi
List of Boxes
xviii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxiv
PART I BACKGROUND APPROACH AND METHODS
1(96)
1 Applied Principles from Geology and Soil Science
3(36)
1.1 Introduction
3(11)
1.2 Sediment Types and Geological Processes
14(7)
1.3 Facies and Microfacies
21(3)
1.4 Examples of Sedimentary Geology
24(3)
1.5 Coastal and Terrestrial Soil-Sediments Examples
27(1)
1.6 Soils
27(1)
1.7 Soils and Experiments, Including Archaeological Reconstructions and History of Research
28(2)
1.8 Reference Materials and Their Study
30(1)
1.9 Fieldwork, Sampling, and Laboratory Processing
31(7)
1.10 Conclusions
38(1)
2 Complementary Analyses
39(27)
2.1 Introduction
39(4)
2.2 Macro- and Microfossil Studies (Including In Situ Identifications)
43(3)
2.3 Soil Micromorphology and Associated Chemical, Macro-, and Microfossil Studies
46(8)
2.4 Use of Instrumental Methods
54(11)
2.5 Conclusions
65(1)
3 Systematic Soil Micromorphology Description
66(31)
3.1 Introduction
66(1)
3.2 Development of Soil Micromorphology Description
66(3)
3.3 Sample Listing and Organization
69(5)
3.4 Observational Steps
74(19)
3.5 Estimations and Numerical Data
93(2)
3.6 Recording Soil Micromorphology
95(1)
3.7 Conclusions
96(1)
PART II SOILS AND SEDIMENTS
97(112)
4 Soils and Burial (Horizon Types and Effects of Burial in the Temperate and Boreal Regions)
99(36)
4.1 Introduction
99(1)
4.2 Mull Humus Horizons and Their Variants, and Effects of Burial
100(18)
4.3 Moder and Mor Humus Topsoils, and Effects of Burial
118(7)
4.4 Upper Subsoils
125(3)
4.5 Subsoils
128(6)
4.6 Conclusions
134(1)
5 Soil-Sediments
135(51)
5.1 Introduction
135(1)
5.2 Alluvium and Alluvial Soils
136(30)
5.3 Colluvium
166(8)
5.4 Colluvial Palaeosols -- Examples from Last Late Glacial Windermere (~Allerød) Interstadial, UK
174(5)
5.5 Examples of Colluvia Resulting from Clearance and Agriculture (e.g., Hillwash)
179(4)
5.6 Ponds, Lakes, and Associated Wetland
183(2)
5.7 Conclusions
185(1)
6 Inundated Freshwater and Coastal Marine Sites
186(23)
6.1 Introduction
186(1)
6.2 Inundation by Freshwater (Upper Palaeolithic and Early Mesolithic Three Ways Wharf, Uxbridge, Middlesex as Example of an "Inland" Site; after Macphail et al., 2010)
187(1)
6.3 Inundation by Freshwater at Sites Later Affected by Marine Alluviation (Lower Thames Valley and the Fens, UK)
188(2)
6.4 Experimental Marine Inundation at Wallasea Island, Essex
190(8)
6.5 General Effects of Marine Inundation (Archaeological Sites on the River Blackwater and River Severn)
198(3)
6.6 Sediment Ripening and Freshwater Inundation at Boxgrove (Units 4b, 4c, and 5a)
201(6)
6.7 The Middle Pleistocene Kirkhill Quarry Palaeosol, Buchan, Scotland
207(1)
6.8 Conclusions
208(1)
PART III ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS
209(60)
7 Archaeological Materials and Deposits
211(58)
7.1 Introduction
211(1)
7.2 Constructional Materials
212(17)
7.3 Prepared Constructional Materials
229(5)
7.4 Some Effects of Fire on Building Materials and Archaeological Deposits in General
234(3)
7.5 Industrial, Material Processing, and Artisan Activity Traces
237(10)
7.6 Fecal Waste (Coprolites, Dung, Excrement, and Cess)
247(21)
7.7 Conclusions
268(1)
PART IV FEATURES AND ACTIVITIES IN THE LANDSCAPE
269(250)
8 First Records of Human Activity
271(19)
8.1 Introduction
271(6)
8.2 Sampling Strategies in Sites Where Natural Processes Predominate (the Pleistocene Examples of Chongokni, Korea and Boxgrove, UK)
277(2)
8.3 The Freshwater Occupation Pond Sediments at Boxgrove, UK
279(1)
8.4 Southfleet Elephant Site, Ebbsfleet, Kent
280(2)
8.5 Open Air Sites (Camps and Middens)
282(7)
8.6 Conclusions
289(1)
9 Clearance and Cultivation
290(52)
9.1 Introduction
290(1)
9.2 Clearance
290(13)
9.3 Cultivation
303(5)
9.4 Experiments in Ancient Cultivation
308(4)
9.5 Cultivation without (Evident) Manuring
312(4)
9.6 Cultivation with Manuring, Including Horticulture
316(14)
9.7 Worldwide Cultivation
330(10)
9.8 Conclusions
340(2)
10 Occupation Surfaces and Use of Space
342(44)
10.1 Introduction
342(4)
10.2 Ethnoarchaeological Studies and Experiments
346(8)
10.3 Stabling and Semi-Intact Stabling/Byre Waste Deposits
354(14)
10.4 Domestic Space Including Hearths
368(11)
10.5 Industrial and Craft Activities
379(4)
10.6 Conclusions and Recognizing Different Uses of Space
383(3)
11 Settlement Morphology
386(104)
11.1 Introduction
386(8)
11.2 Constructions
394(18)
11.3 Trackways and Roads
412(24)
11.4 Animal Management
436(20)
11.5 Waste Disposal I (Middening)
456(2)
11.6 Waste Disposal II (Cess Pits and Latrines)
458(3)
11.7 Water Management and Control (Wells, Reservoirs, Ditches, and Moats)
461(5)
11.8 Specialist Domestic, Artisan, and Industrial Activity
466(12)
11.9 Funerary Features (Graves, Cremations, and Excarnation Features)
478(11)
11.10 Conclusions
489(1)
12 Site Transformation
490(27)
12.1 Introduction
490(1)
12.2 Decay, Destruction, and Razing Effects
490(4)
12.3 European Dark Earth
494(11)
12.4 Maya Dark Earth at Marco Gonzalez, Ambergris Caye, Belize
505(10)
12.5 Conclusions
515(2)
13 Final Remarks
517(2)
Color plates and additional figures are available at www. Cambridge, org/9781107648685
Site Gazetteer 519(10)
References 529(56)
Index 585
Richard I. Macphail is Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London. He is coauthor of Soils and Micromorphology in Archaeology (with Marie-Agnhs Courty and Paul Goldberg, Cambridge, 1990) and Practical and Theoretical Geoarchaeology (with Paul Goldberg, 2005), and the editor of 'Site Formation Processes in Archaeology: Soil and Sediment Micromorphology' (in Quaternary International, 2012). Macphail has initiated workshops (19902016) and training (200616) in archaeological soil micromorphology (within the International Union of Soil Science), was associate editor for Geoarchaeology (19902014), Professor Invité at Tours in 2004, and gained the Rip Rapp Award from the Geological Society of America in 2009. Paul Goldberg is Professor Emeritus at the Department of Archaeology, Boston University and Professorial Research Professor at the University of Wollongong, Australia. He is coauthor of Soils and Micromorphology in Archaeology (Marie-Agnhs Courty and Richard I. Macphail, 1990) and Practical and Theoretical Geoarchaeology (with Richard I. Macphail, 2005). He received the Rip Rapp Award from the Geological Society of America in 2002, the Fryxell Award in 2008, and the Pomerantz Award from the Archaeological Institute of America for Scientific Contributions to Archaeology in 2010. In 2004 and 2013 he was the recipient of the Alexander von Humboldt Senior Award at Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Germany. His principal research focus is aimed at using soil micromorphology to understand how archaeological sites form.
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