Acknowledgements |
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ix | |
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List of charts, maps and tables |
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xi | |
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xiii | |
Conventions used in this book |
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xv | |
Introduction |
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1 | (9) |
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1 Diglossia and dialect groups in the Arab world |
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10 | (20) |
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11 | (8) |
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1.1.1 An overview of the study of diglossia |
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11 | (4) |
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1.1.2 Theories that explain diglossia in terms of levels |
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15 | (2) |
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1.1.3 The idea of Educated Spoken Arabic |
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17 | (2) |
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1.2 Dialects/varieties in the Arab world |
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19 | (8) |
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1.2.1 The concept ofprestige as different from that ofstandard |
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19 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Groups of dialects in the Arab world |
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20 | (7) |
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27 | (3) |
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30 | (67) |
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31 | (1) |
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2.2 Problem of terminology: code-switching and code-mixing |
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32 | (1) |
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2.3 Code-switching and diglossia |
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33 | (1) |
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2.4 The study of constraints on code-switching in relation to the Arab world |
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33 | (28) |
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2.4.1 Structural constraints on classic code-switching |
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33 | (11) |
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2.4.2 Structural constraints on diglossic switching |
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44 | (17) |
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2.5 Motivations for code-switching |
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61 | (26) |
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2.5.1 Motivations and discourse functions of classic code-switching |
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61 | (12) |
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2.5.2 Motivations and discourse functions of diglossic switching |
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73 | (14) |
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2.6 A holistic approach to code-switching |
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87 | (6) |
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2.6.1 Translanguaging and the challenge of two grammatical systems |
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88 | (2) |
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2.6.2 Motivations for switching in light of a social construct approach to language |
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90 | (3) |
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93 | (4) |
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3 Language variation and change |
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97 | (61) |
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98 | (2) |
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3.2 Language variation and change |
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100 | (4) |
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3.2.1 Social class approach |
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100 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Social networks approach |
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101 | (2) |
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3.2.3 Third wave approach to variation studies: community of practice |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (2) |
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3.4 Sociolinguistic variables |
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106 | (19) |
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106 | (5) |
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111 | (6) |
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117 | (5) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (3) |
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3.6 Conclusion to sections 3.1-3.5 |
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128 | (3) |
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3.7 Variation and the social approaches to sociolinguistics |
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131 | (27) |
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3.7.1 Meaning, indexes and stance |
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134 | (2) |
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3.7.2 Stance as the mediator between form and meaning |
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136 | (2) |
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3.7.3 Studies that adopt a novel approach, method or data in Arabic sociolinguistics |
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138 | (15) |
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3.7.4 Discussion and conclusion |
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153 | (5) |
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158 | (70) |
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158 | (1) |
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4.2 Approaches to language and gender |
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159 | (4) |
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4.2.1 The deficit theory and Lakoffs contribution to the study of language and gender |
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160 | (1) |
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4.2.2 The dominance theory |
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161 | (1) |
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4.2.3 The difference theory |
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162 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Community of practice theory: third wave approach to variation studies |
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163 | (1) |
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4.3 Women in the Arab world: framing and background information |
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163 | (5) |
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4.3.1 Diversity in education |
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164 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Diversity in urbanisation |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Diversity in traditions and religious practices |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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4.4 Politeness in relation to gender |
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168 | (5) |
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4.5 `Mister master': names, status and identity |
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173 | (7) |
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4.5.1 Names and why they are hidden |
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178 | (2) |
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4.6 When a chicken crows like a cock: women narrators |
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180 | (5) |
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4.7 Language variation and change in relation to gender |
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185 | (7) |
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4.7.1 An overview of studies on language variation in relation to gender |
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185 | (3) |
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4.7.2 An overview of linguistic variation in relation to gender in the Arab world |
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188 | (4) |
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4.8 Projection of identity in the speech of educated men and women in Egypt: evidence from talk shows |
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192 | (24) |
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4.8.1 Description of data |
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193 | (1) |
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4.8.2 Categorising the data |
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193 | (5) |
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4.8.3 Detailed description of the data |
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198 | (17) |
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215 | (1) |
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4.9 The symbolic use of language |
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216 | (4) |
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4.10 Gender universals re-examined |
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220 | (4) |
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224 | (4) |
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5 Language policy and politics |
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228 | (80) |
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5.1 The power of language |
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229 | (1) |
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5.2 What is language policy? |
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230 | (6) |
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5.2.1 Language ideologies |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (4) |
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5.3.1 The relation between nation and language |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (3) |
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5.4 Countries with SA as the official language |
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240 | (1) |
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5.5 French versus British patterns of colonisation and their relation to language policies |
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240 | (49) |
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5.5.1 French patterns of colonisation |
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245 | (24) |
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5.5.2 British patterns of colonisation |
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269 | (20) |
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5.6 Language policies in other parts of the Arab world |
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289 | (1) |
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5.7 The role of language academies in the Arab world |
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290 | (3) |
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5.8 SA, politics and the aching nation: a case study |
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293 | (5) |
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5.9 Linguistic rights and political rights |
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298 | (4) |
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5.10 English and globalisation |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (5) |
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6 A critical approach to Arabic sociolinguistics |
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308 | (37) |
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6.1 Critical sociolinguistics |
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309 | (1) |
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6.1.1 Problems with sociolinguistic research |
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310 | (1) |
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6.2 The binary approach to sociolinguistics: a methodological challenge |
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310 | (13) |
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6.2.1 The inaccuracy of the binary approach to linguistic variation |
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314 | (4) |
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6.2.2 The confusion surrounding standard in Arabic |
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318 | (3) |
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6.2.3 The correlation of independent variables to linguistic ones |
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321 | (2) |
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323 | (8) |
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6.4 Power, legitimacy and the social approach to language |
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331 | (6) |
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337 | (1) |
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6.6 Principles of methodological approaches in critical sociolinguistics |
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338 | (2) |
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6.7 Western hegemony of the field of sociolinguistics |
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340 | (2) |
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342 | (3) |
General conclusion |
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345 | (3) |
Bibliography |
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348 | (26) |
Index |
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374 | |