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Art of Thinking: A Guide to Critical and Creative Thought 5th Revised edition [Minkštas viršelis]

  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 304 pages, aukštis: 230 mm, weight: 1000 g, Illustrations
  • Išleidimo metai: 31-May-1998
  • Leidėjas: Longman
  • ISBN-10: 0321012631
  • ISBN-13: 9780321012630
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Art of Thinking: A Guide to Critical and Creative Thought 5th Revised editionDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 304 pages, aukštis: 230 mm, weight: 1000 g, Illustrations
  • Išleidimo metai: 31-May-1998
  • Leidėjas: Longman
  • ISBN-10: 0321012631
  • ISBN-13: 9780321012630
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9780321012630.html
Raktažodžiai:
TO THE INSTRUCTOR xix
1 Developing Your Thinking: An Overview
1(18)
What Is Thinking?
2(1)
The Importance of Thinking
3(1)
Contemporary Brain Research
4(2)
The Production Phase
5(1)
The Judgment Phase
5(1)
Good Thinking Is a Habit
6(1)
Structure of This Book
6(1)
Getting the Most from Your Efforts
7(2)
Consider Time
8(1)
Consider Place
8(1)
Consider Conditions
8(1)
Using Feelings to Advantage
9(1)
Learning to Concentrate
10(1)
Copying with Frustration
10(2)
Writing to Discover Ideas
12(1)
Writing for Others
13(1)
Warm-up Exercises
13(1)
Applications
14(2)
Group Discussion Exercise
16(1)
Composition or Speech Exercise
17(2)
PART 1 BE AWARE 19(60)
2 Establish a Foundation
21(20)
Free Will Versus Determinism
21(1)
What Is Truth?
22(2)
What Is Knowing?
24(1)
Ways of Knowing
25(3)
Experience
25(2)
Observation
27(1)
Report
27(1)
The Problem of Remembering
28(1)
What Are Opinions?
29(2)
Expressions of Taste
30(1)
Expressions of Judgment
30(1)
Debating Moral Questions
31(1)
The Basis of Moral Judgment
32(3)
Dealing with Dilemmas
35(1)
Warm-up Exercises
36(1)
Applications
36(3)
Group Discussion Exercise
39(1)
Composition or Speech Exercise
40(1)
3 Broaden Your Perspective
41(16)
Becoming an Individual
43(2)
Habits That Hinder Thinking
45(7)
The Mine-Is-Better Habit
45(1)
Face Saving
46(1)
Resistance to Change
47(2)
Conformity
49(1)
Stereotyping
50(1)
Self-Deception
51(1)
Overcoming Bad Habits
52(1)
Warm-up Exercises
53(1)
Applications
54(2)
Group Discussion Exercise
56(1)
Composition or Speech Exercise
56(1)
4 Sharpen Your Analytical Skills
57(22)
Improving Your Reading
57(1)
Making Important Distinctions
58(4)
Distinctions Between the Person and the Idea
58(1)
Distinctions Between Matters of Taste and Matters of Judgment
59(1)
Distinctions Between Fact and Interpretation
59(1)
Distinctions Between Literal and Ironic Statements
60(1)
Distinctions Between an Idea's Validity and the Quality of Its Expression
61(1)
Distinctions Between Language and Reality
61(1)
Testing Ideas
62(2)
Evaluating Arguments
64(4)
Step 1: Summarizing
65(1)
Step 2: Evaluating
66(1)
Step 3: Judging
67(1)
A Sample Argument
68(1)
Warm-up Exercises
69(1)
Applications
70(8)
Group Discussion Exercise
78(1)
Composition or Speech Exercise
78(1)
PART 2 BE CREATIVE 79(76)
5 The Creative Process
81(13)
Key Facts About Creativity
81(2)
Characteristics of Creative People
83(3)
Creative People Are Dynamic
84(1)
Creative People Are Daring
84(1)
Creative People Are Resourceful
84(1)
Creative People Are Hardworking
85(1)
Creative People Are Independent
85(1)
Applying Creativity to Problems and Issues
86(3)
Taking a Novel Approach
86(1)
Devising or Modifying a Process or System
87(1)
Inventing a New Product or Service
87(1)
Finding New Uses for Existing Things
88(1)
Improving Things
88(1)
Inventing or Redefining a Concept
89(1)
Stages in the Creative Process
89(2)
The First Stage: Searching for Challenges
89(1)
The Second Stage: Expressing the Problem or Issue
90(1)
The Third Stage: Investigating the Problem or Issue
90(1)
The Fourth Stage: Producing Ideas
90(1)
Warm-up Exercises
91(1)
Applications
91(2)
Group Discussion Exercise
93(1)
Composition or Speech Exercise
93(1)
6 Search for Challenges
94(14)
The Importance of Curiosity
95(1)
How Curiosity Is Lost
96(1)
Regaining Your Curiosity
97(1)
Six Helpful Techniques
98(5)
Be Observant
98(1)
Look for Imperfections
99(1)
Note Your Own and Others' Dissatisfactions
100(1)
Search for Causes
101(1)
Be Sensitive to Implications
101(1)
Recognize the Opportunity in Controversy
102(1)
Warm-up Exercises
103(1)
Applications
103(4)
Group Discussion Exercise
107(1)
Composition or Speech Exercise
107(1)
7 Express the Problem or Issue
108(12)
Distinguishing Problems from Issues
108(1)
Expressing Problems
109(1)
Expressing Issues
110(1)
When Problems Become Issues
111(1)
Guidelines for Expressing Problems and Issues
112(1)
Benefits of Careful Expression
112(2)
It Helps You Move Beyond the Familiar and Habitual
112(1)
It Keeps Your Thinking Flexible
112(1)
It Opens Many Lines of Thought
113(1)
A Sample Problem
114(1)
A Sample Issue
115(1)
Warm-up Exercises
116(1)
Applications
117(1)
Group Discussion Exercise
118(1)
Composition or Speech Exercise
119(1)
8 Investigate the Problem or Issue
120(17)
Three Sources of Information
121(3)
Yourself
121(2)
People Around You
123(1)
Authorities
123(1)
Maintain a Questioning Perspective
124(1)
Managing an Interview
125(1)
Using the Library
126(2)
Conducting Your Own Research
128(2)
The Survey
128(1)
The Observational Study
129(1)
The Experiment
129(1)
Keeping Creativity Alive
130(1)
Warm-up Exercises
131(1)
Applications
131(4)
Group Discussion Exercise
135(1)
Composition or Speech Exercise
135(2)
9 Produce Ideas
137(18)
Stimulating Your Imagination
138(4)
Force Uncommon Responses
138(1)
Use Free Association
139(1)
Use Analogy
139(1)
Look for Unusual Combinations
140(1)
Visualize the Solution
140(1)
Construct Pro and Con Arguments
140(1)
Construct Relevant Scenarios
141(1)
Aiming for Originality
142(1)
Withholding Judgment
143(1)
Overcoming Obstacles
143(2)
Thinker's Block
143(1)
Vagueness and Confusion
144(1)
Inflexibility
145(1)
How Insight Occurs
145(1)
A Sample Problem
146(2)
A Sample Issue
148(2)
Warm-up Exercises
150(1)
Applications
150(2)
Group Discussion Exercise
152(1)
Composition or Speech Exercise
153(2)
PART 3 BE CRITICAL 155(50)
10 The Role of Criticism
157(12)
Why Criticism Is Necessary
157(1)
Focus on Your Ideas
158(1)
Overcoming Obstacles to Critical Thinking
159(1)
Applying Curiosity
159(1)
Avoiding Assumptions
159(2)
Refining Your Solutions to Problems
161(1)
A Sample Problem
161(1)
Refining Your Positions on Issues
162(1)
A Sample Issue
163(1)
Taking Action on the Issue
163(1)
Warm-up Exercises
164(1)
Applications
165(2)
Group Discussion Exercise
167(1)
Composition or Speech Exercise
168(1)
11 Refine Your Solution to the Problem
169(11)
Three Steps in Refining
170(4)
Step 1: Working Out the Details
170(1)
Step 2: Finding Imperfections and Complications
171(1)
Step 3: Making Improvements
172(2)
Two Sample Problems
174(3)
The First Problem
174(1)
The Second Problem
175(2)
Warm-up Exercises
177(1)
Applications
177(2)
Group Discussion Exercise
179(1)
Composition or Speech Exercise
179(1)
12 Evaluate Your Argument on the Issue
180(16)
Errors Affecting Truth
180(4)
Either/or Thinking
180(1)
Avoiding the Issue
181(1)
Overgeneralizing
181(1)
Oversimplifying
182(1)
Double Standard
183(1)
Shifting the Burden of Proof
183(1)
Irrational Appeal
184(1)
Errors Affecting Validity
184(2)
A Special Problem: The Hidden Premise
186(2)
Recognizing Complex Arguments
188(1)
Steps in Evaluating an Argument
189(1)
The Case of Parents Versus Broadcasters
190(1)
The Case of the Retarded Girls
191(1)
Warm-up Exercises
191(1)
Applications
192(3)
Group Discussion Exercise
195(1)
Composition or Speech Exercise
195(1)
13 Refine Your Resolution of the Issue
196(9)
Step 1: Deciding What Action Should Be Taken
197(1)
Step 2: Recognizing and Overcoming Difficulties
197(1)
The Case of the Retarded Girls
198(1)
Should Children Pledge Allegiance?
199(1)
Warm-up Exercises
200(1)
Applications
200(2)
Group Discussion Exercise
202(1)
Composition or Speech Exercise
203(2)
PART 4 COMMUNICATE YOUR IDEAS 205(28)
14 Anticipate Negative Reactions
207(11)
How Common Are Negative Reactions?
208(1)
Why People React Negatively
209(1)
Common Negative Reactions
210(1)
Anticipating Specific Reactions
210(3)
The Brainstorming Technique
211(1)
The Imaginary-Dialogue Technique
211(2)
Warm-up Exercises
213(1)
Applications
213(3)
Group Discussion Exercise
216(1)
Composition or Speech Exercise
217(1)
15 Build a Persuasive Case
218(15)
How Persuasion Is Achieved
218(2)
Using Evidence Effectively
220(1)
Presenting Ideas Skillfully
221(1)
Respect Your Audience
221(1)
Begin with the Familiar
221(1)
Select the Most Appropriate Tone
222(1)
Answer All Significant Objections
222(1)
The Importance of Timing
222(1)
A Sample Situation
223(4)
Warm-up Exercises
227(1)
Applications
228(3)
Group Discussion Exercise
231(1)
Composition or Speech Exercise
232(1)
Appendix A A Guide to Composition 233(11)
Four Important Characteristics 233(2)
A Strategy for Composing 235(5)
Prewriting 235(2)
Planning 237(2)
Drafting 239(1)
Revising 239(1)
Editing 240(1)
Developing a Readable Style 240(2)
A Sample Analytical Paper 242(2)
Appendix B A Guide to Formal Speaking, Conversation, and Group Discussion 244(11)
Formal Speaking 244(5)
Types of Speeches 244(1)
Organizing Your Material 245(1)
Sample Outline and Speech 246(2)
Practicing the Delivery 248(1)
Conversation 249(1)
Speaking Well 250(1)
Listening Well 251(1)
Improving Your Listening Skills 251(1)
Group Discussion 252(3)
Appendix C The Fundamentals of Logic 255(5)
Three Basic Principles 255(1)
Formal Argument 256(1)
Common Errors in Syllogisms 257(1)
The Undistributed Middle 257(1)
Illicit Process 257(1)
Affirming the Consequent 258(1)
Denying the Antecedent 259(1)
Converting a Conditional 259(1)
Negating Antecedent and Consequent 259(1)
Appendix D Doing the Warm-up Exercises 260(4)
Seven Helpful Strategies 260(2)
Sample Exercises and Responses 262(1)
Exercise 1 262(1)
Exercise 2 262(2)
Appendix E Solutions to Sample Problems 264(2)
The Three Glasses Problem 264(1)
The Young Girl/Old Woman Problem 264(1)
The Vase and Faces Problem 265(1)
NOTES 266(7)
INDEX 273