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El. knyga: Arthropoda: Insecta: Nannomecoptera and Neomecoptera [De Gruyter E-books]

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Arthropoda: Insecta: Nannomecoptera and NeomecopteraDidesnis paveikslėlis
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Nannochoristidae (=Nannomecoptera) and Boreidae (=Neomecoptera) are traditionally assigned to the holometabolan order Mecoptera. Both are presently in the focus of insect systematists. They differ strikingly from the "typical" mecopteran pattern, not only in their larval and adult morphology, but also in their life style and reproductive biology. Phylogenetic affinities between Boreidae ("snow fleas") and fleas have been postulated mainly based on molecular data, while morphological characters related to food uptake and larval features suggest a close relationship between Nannochoristidae and true flies. Both groups display fascinating features such as preferred temperatures around 0°C, extremely slender larvae adapted to running water, and a highly unusual mating behaviour. Despite the extremely low number of known species, there is no doubt that both groups are key taxa and in their own way highlights in the evolution of the extremely successful Holometabola. Their interesting c

haracteristics and the impressive number of recent studies on various aspects of Nannochoristidae and Boreidae justifies a new volume in the Handbook of Zoology series dedicated to these highly unusual taxa.

Dr. rer. nat. Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa, geboren 1966, ist Privatdozent in der Arbeitsgruppe Zoomorphologie und Systematik an der Universität Bielefeld; zahlreiche Veröffentlichungen über Saitenwürmer (Nematomorpha) - u.a. über die Morphologie mariner und limnischer Arten, über neue und bekannte Arten sowie über die Systematik der Gruppe aufgrund von morphologischen und molekularen Merkmalen. Zur Zeit mehrere Projekte zu Morphologie, Entwicklung, Taxonomie und Lebenszyklus der Nematomorpha.
Preface vii
Nannomecoptera and Neomecoptera -- an overview xiii
List of contributing authors
xv
1 Nannomecoptera, Nannochoristidae, Nannochorista
1(70)
1.1 Taxonomy and distribution
1(1)
Roif G. Beutel
Phillip Sutter
Frank Friedrich
1.2 Biology
1(4)
Phillip Suter
Rolf G. Beutel
1.3 Morphology of adults
5(38)
1.3.1 Head
5(1)
Rolf G. Beutel
Frank Friedrich
1.3.1.1 Head capsule
5(1)
1.3.1.2 Tentorium
6(1)
1.3.1.3 Labrum
7(1)
1.3.1.4 Antenna
7(1)
1.3.1.5 Mandible
8(1)
1.3.1.6 Maxilla
9(1)
1.3.1.7 Labium
10(3)
1.3.1.8 Epipharynx
13(1)
1.3.1.9 Hypopharynx
13(1)
1.3.1.10 Pharynx and esophagus
13(3)
1.3.1.11 Salivarium
16(1)
1.3.1.12 Cerebrum, suboesophageal complex, and stomatogastric nervous system
16(2)
1.3.1.13 Glands
18(1)
1.3.1.14 Circulatory system
18(1)
1.3.1.15 Tracheal system
18(1)
1.3.1.16 Fat body
18(1)
1.3.2 Thorax
19(1)
Frank Friedrich
Rolf G. Beutel
1.3.2.1 General appearance
19(1)
1.3.2.2 Cervical region and prothorax
19(3)
1.3.2.3 Mesothorax
22(3)
1.3.2.4 Metathorax
25(4)
1.3.2.5 Legs
29(1)
1.3.2.6 Wings
30(1)
1.3.3 Pregenital abdomen
31(1)
Rolf G. Beutel
1.3.4 Female postabdomen
31(1)
Frank Hunefeld
Rolf G. Beutel
1.3.4.1 External morphology
31(3)
1.3.4.2 Internal parts of the genital system
34(1)
1.3.5 Male postabdomen
34(1)
Gerhard Mickoleit
Rolf G. Beutel
1.3.5.1 Segment VIII and genital capsule of segment IX
34(1)
1.3.5.2 Copulatory apparatus
34(5)
1.3.5.3 Function
39(2)
1.3.6 Ovaries
41(2)
Bozena Simiczyjew
Rolf G. Beutel
1.4 Morphology of larvae
43(23)
1.4.1 Head
43(1)
Rolf G. Beutel
Frank Friedrich
Hans Pohl
Niels P. Kristensen
1.4.1.1 Head capsule, external features
43(2)
1.4.1.2 Internal skeletal structures
45(3)
1.4.1.3 Eyes
48(1)
1.4.1.4 Labrum
49(1)
1.4.1.5 Antenna
50(1)
1.4.1.6 Mandible
50(1)
1.4.1.7 Maxilla
51(2)
1.4.1.8 Labium
53(1)
1.4.1.9 Epipharynx
54(1)
1.4.1.10 Hypopharynx
54(1)
1.4.1.11 Cephalic digestive tract
55(2)
1.4.1.12 Labial glands and salivarium
57(1)
1.4.1.13 Nervous system
58(1)
1.4.1.14 Aorta and retrocerebral organs
59(1)
1.4.1.15 Fat body
59(1)
1.4.2 Thorax
59(2)
Rolf G. Beutel
Frank Friedrich
1.4.3 Abdomen
61(1)
Maximilian Fraulob
Frank Hunefeld
Rolf G. Beutel
1.4.3.1 Abdominal segments I---IX
61(1)
1.4.3.2 Abdominal segment X
61(4)
1.4.3.3 Anal papillae
65(1)
1.4.3.4 Digestive tract
66(1)
1.5 Morphology of pupae
66(2)
Rolf G. Beutel
Margarita Yavorskaya
1.6 References
68(3)
2 Neomecoptera, Boreidae, Caurininae, Caurinus
71(42)
2.1 Taxonomy and distribution
71(1)
Loren K. Russell
Rolf G. Beutel
2.2 Biology
71(4)
Loren K. Russel
2.2.1 Climatic factors
71(1)
2.2.2 Feeding
72(1)
2.2.2.1 Adult feeding behavior
72(1)
2.2.2.2 Larval feeding behavior
72(1)
2.2.3 Host relations and ecology
73(1)
2.2.4 Host phytochemicals
73(2)
2.2.5 Parasites and predation
75(1)
2.2.6 Locomotion
75(1)
2.3 Morphology of adults
75(26)
2.3.1 Head
76(1)
Frank Friedrich
Rolf G. Beutel
2.3.1.1 Head capsule
76(1)
2.3.1.2 Tentorium
77(1)
2.3.1.3 Labrum
77(1)
2.3.1.4 Antenna
78(1)
2.3.1.5 Mandible
79(1)
2.3.1.6 Maxillolabial complex
79(2)
2.3.1.7 Epipharynx
81(1)
2.3.1.8 Hypopharynx
82(2)
2.3.1.9 Pharynx and oesophagus
84(1)
2.3.1.10 Salivarium
84(1)
2.3.1.11 Cerebrum, suboesophageal complex, and stomatogastric nervous system
84(1)
2.3.1.12 Glands
85(1)
2.3.1.13 Circulatory system
85(1)
2.3.1.14 Tracheal system
85(1)
2.3.1.15 Fat body
85(1)
2.3.2 Thorax
85(1)
Frank Friedrich
Loren K. Russell
Rolf G. Beutel
2.3.2.1 Cervical region and prothorax
85(2)
2.3.2.2 Pterothorax
87(2)
2.3.2.3 Legs
89(1)
2.3.2.4 Wings
89(1)
2.3.3 Pregenital abdomen
90(1)
Frank Hunefeld
Rolf G. Beutel
2.3.4 Female postabdomen
91(1)
Frank Hunefeld
Rolf G. Beutel
2.3.5 Male postabdomen
92(1)
Frank Hunefeld
Rolf G. Beutel
2.3.6 Ovaries
93(2)
Bozena Simiczyjew
Rolf G. Beutel
2.3.7 Eggs
95(2)
Loren K. Russell
Rolf G. Beutel
2.3.8 Spermatophore and spermatozoa
97(2)
Romano Dallai
Loren K. Russell
Rolf G. Beutel
2.3.9 Organ systems
99(1)
Loren K. Russell
Rolf G. Beutel
2.3.9.1 The digestive system and associated organs
99(2)
2.3.9.2 The nervous system
101(1)
2.4 Morphology of larvae
101(12)
Rolf G. Beutel
Benjamin Fabian
Hans Pohl
Frank Friedrich
2.4.1 Head
101(1)
2.4.1.1 Head capsule
101(2)
2.4.1.2 Tentorium
103(1)
2.4.1.3 Eyes
104(1)
2.4.1.4 Labrum
104(1)
2.4.1.5 Antennae
104(1)
2.4.1.6 Mandibles
104(1)
2.4.1.7 Maxillolabial complex
104(2)
2.4.1.8 Preoral cavity and mouth opening
106(1)
2.4.1.9 Pharynx
106(1)
2.4.1.10 Salivary system
107(2)
2.4.1.11 Brain and suboesophageal ganglion
109(1)
2.4.2 Thorax
109(1)
2.4.3 Abdomen
109(1)
2.5 References
110(3)
3 Neomecoptera, Boreidae, Boreinae, Boreus, and Hesperoboreus
113(46)
3.1 Taxonomy and distribution
113(1)
Rolf G. Beutel
Loren K. Russell
3.2 Biology
114(6)
Loren K. Russell
3.2.1 Habitats
114(1)
3.2.2 Life cycle
114(1)
3.2.3 Mating and oviposition
115(1)
3.2.4 Oviposition and fecundity
116(1)
3.2.5 Egg development and eclosion
117(1)
3.2.6 Larval biology
117(1)
3.2.7 Pupation
118(1)
3.2.8 Adult behavior
118(1)
3.2.8.1 Activity
118(1)
3.2.8.2 Adult feeding behavior
119(1)
3.2.8.3 Predators and parasites
119(1)
3.3 Adult morphology
120(29)
3.3.1 Head
120(1)
Frank Friedrich
Rolf G. Beutel
3.3.1.1 Head capsule
120(2)
3.3.1.2 Tentorium
122(1)
3.3.1.3 Labrum
122(1)
3.3.1.4 Antenna
122(1)
3.3.1.5 Mandible
122(2)
3.3.1.6 Maxillolabial complex
124(2)
3.3.1.7 Epipharynx
126(1)
3.3.1.8 Hypopharynx
126(1)
3.3.1.9 Pharynx and oesophagus
126(3)
3.3.1.10 Salivarium
129(1)
3.3.1.11 Cerebrum, suboesophageal complex, and stomatogastric nervous system
129(1)
3.3.1.12 Glands and neurosecretory organs
129(1)
3.3.1.13 Circulatory system
130(1)
3.3.1.14 Tracheal system
130(1)
3.3.1.15 Fat body
130(1)
3.3.2 Thorax
130(1)
Frank Friedrich
Rolf G. Beutel
3.3.2.1 General appearance
130(1)
3.3.2.2 Prothorax and cervical region
130(2)
3.3.2.3 Mesothorax
132(3)
3.3.2.4 Metathorax
135(2)
3.3.2.5 Legs
137(1)
3.3.2.6 Wings
138(1)
3.3.3 Pregenital segments I---VII
139(1)
Rolf G. Beutel
3.3.4 Female postabdomen
139(3)
Frank Hunefeld
Rolf G. Beutel
3.3.5 Male genital segments
142(1)
Rolf G. Beutel
3.3.6 Ovaries
143(3)
Bozena Simiczyjew
Rolf G. Beutel
3.3.7 Eggs
146(1)
Nobuo Suzuki
Loren K. Russell
Rolf G. Beutel
3.3.8 Spermatophores and Spermatozoa
146(2)
Romano Dallai
Rolf G. Beutel
3.3.9 Digestive system
148(1)
Rolf G. Beutel
Kenny Jandausch
3.4 Morphology of larvae
149(5)
Rolf G. Beutel
Hans Pohl
Frank Friedrich
3.4.1 Head
150(1)
3.4.1.1 Head capsule
150(1)
3.4.1.2 Tentorium
151(1)
3.4.1.3 Light sense organs
151(1)
3.4.1.4 Chaetotaxy
151(1)
3.4.1.5 Labrum
151(1)
3.4.1.6 Antennae
151(1)
3.4.1.7 Mandibles
151(1)
3.4.1.8 Maxillolabial complex
152(1)
3.4.1.9 Preoral cavity and pharynx
152(1)
3.4.1.10 Salivary ducts and glands
152(1)
3.4.1.11 Brain, suboesophageal ganglion, and stomatogastric nervous system
152(1)
3.4.2 Thorax
153(1)
3.4.3 Abdomen
153(1)
3.4.4 Postcephalic internal organs
153(1)
3.4.4.1 Fat body
153(1)
3.4.4.2 Postcephalic digestive tract and Malpighian tubules
153(1)
3.4.4.3 Postcephalic nervous system
153(1)
3.4.4.4 Tracheal system
154(1)
3.4.4.5 Circulatory system
154(1)
3.5 Morphology of pupae
154(1)
Rolf G. Beutel
Frank Friedrich
3.6 Development
155(1)
Nobuo Suzuki
Rolf G. Beutel
3.7 References
156(3)
4 Phylogeny
159(4)
Rolf G. Beutel
Frank Friedrich
4.1 References
160(3)
Index 163
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