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Assessing Iron Age Marsh-Forts: With Reference to the Stratigraphy and Palaeoenvironment Surrounding The Berth, North Shropshire [Minkštas viršelis]

  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 224 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 290x205x12 mm, weight: 800 g, 113 figures, 20 tables (colour throughout)
  • Išleidimo metai: 07-Oct-2021
  • Leidėjas: Archaeopress
  • ISBN-10: 1789698634
  • ISBN-13: 9781789698633
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Assessing Iron Age Marsh-Forts: With Reference to the Stratigraphy and Palaeoenvironment Surrounding The Berth, North ShropshireDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 224 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 290x205x12 mm, weight: 800 g, 113 figures, 20 tables (colour throughout)
  • Išleidimo metai: 07-Oct-2021
  • Leidėjas: Archaeopress
  • ISBN-10: 1789698634
  • ISBN-13: 9781789698633
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781789698633.html
Raktažodžiai:
Iron Age marsh-forts are large, monumental structures located in low-lying waterscapes. Although they share chronological and architectural similarities with their hillfort counterparts, their locations suggest that they may have played a specific and alternative role in Iron Age society. Despite the availability of a rich palaeoenvironmental archive at many sites, little is known about these enigmatic structures, and until recently, the only acknowledged candidate was the unusual, dual-enclosure monument at Sutton Common, near Doncaster.





Assessing Iron Age Marsh-Forts considers marsh-forts as a separate phenomenon within Iron Age society through an understanding of their landscape context and palaeoenvironmental development. At the national level, a range of Iron Age wetland monuments has been compared to Sutton Common to generate a gazetteer of potential marsh-forts. At the local level, a multi-disciplinary case-study is presented of the Berth marsh-fort in North Shropshire, incorporating GIS-based landscape modelling and multi-proxy palaeoenvironmental analysis (plant macrofossils, beetles and pollen).





The results of both the gazetteer and the Berth case-study challenge the view that marsh-forts are simply a topographical phenomenon. These substantial Iron Age monuments appear to have been deliberately constructed to control areas of marginal wetland and may have played an important role in the ritual landscape.

Recenzijos

Well written, -illustrated, and -referenced, this is a helpful addition to the literature on this part of the later prehistoric settlement record.  Ian Ralston (2022): Current Archaeology, Issue 390 Overall, this work provides a welcome investigation of a poorly understood site type within prehistoric archaeology. The application of landscape archaeology and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction techniques provides a wholistic approach to the understanding of the landscape setting of the Berth and is a welcome example of best practice into the investigation of wetland landscapes.  Tudur Davies (2022): Archaeologia Cambrensis Vol. 171 Norton has delivered a solid study on an elusive subject and succeeds in putting forward a convincing framework for studying marsh-forts in the future as a more common site type and, in some cases, important centres in hillfort-dominated landscapes. Their position in their waterscapes is both deliberate and meaningful. Adopting these proposals for marsh-forts will certainly have an impact on the perception of, and stimulate fresh input into, future research in the British Iron Age. Marion Uckelmann (2023): Antiquity Vol. 97 (395)

List of Figures and Tables
iv
Acknowledgements vii
List of abbreviations
viii
Chapter 1 Assessing Iron Age marsh-forts -- an introduction
1(5)
1.1 Marsh-forts in a hillfort context
1(1)
1.2 The `problem' with hillforts
2(1)
1.3 The archaeological and ecological opportunities presented by wetlands
3(1)
1.4 Structure
3(2)
1.5 Definitions
5(1)
1.5.1 Defining terms
5(1)
1.5.2 Chronology
5(1)
1.5.3 Radiocarbon dates
5(1)
Chapter 2 The British Iron Age, hillforts and marsh-forts -- Literature Review
6(11)
2.1 Summarising Iron Age studies
6(3)
2.1.1 Antiquarian and early twentieth-century paradigms
6(1)
2.1.2 A `New Archaeology' for the Iron Age
7(1)
2.1.3 A post-processual perspective
8(1)
2.1.4 Thematic Studies and Agendas
9(1)
2.2 Iron Age landscapes -- hillforts and enclosures
9(5)
2.2.1 Inventories, classifications and groups
12(1)
2.2.2 Hillfort, enclosure and the implications for settlement
12(1)
2.2.3 Iron Age climatic change and changes in landuse
13(1)
2.3 Marsh-forts
14(2)
2.3.1 Sutton Common
14(2)
2.4 Summary
16(1)
Chapter 3 Methodology and Resources
17(12)
3.1 Site selection -- national and regional marsh-forts
17(1)
3.1.1 National Level -- Marsh-Fort Gazetteer
17(1)
3.1.2 Regional Level -- North Shropshire's marsh-forts
17(1)
3.1.3 Local level -- The Berth and Wall Camp
18(1)
3.2 The Berth
18(10)
3.2.1 Ground conditions and equipment
18(1)
3.2.2 Stratigraphic coring and palaeoenvironmental sampling
18(1)
3.2.2.1 Borehole transects
18(1)
3.2.2.2 Recovery of organic samples
19(2)
3.2.3 Radiocarbon determinations
21(1)
3.2.4 Post-fieldwork -- processing and analysis of palaeoenvironmental data
21(1)
3.2.4.1 Plant Macrofossils
21(1)
3.2.4.2 Coleoptera
22(1)
3.2.5 Adopting a multi-proxy palaeoenvironmental approach to landscape reconstruction
22(1)
3.2.5.1 Plant macrofossils
22(1)
3.2.5.2 Insect remains
23(1)
3.2.5.3 Pollen
24(2)
3.2.5.4 Combining bioproxies as a multi-proxy/multi-disciplinary method of landscape reconstruction
26(1)
3.2.6 Presentation of palaeoenvironmental data
26(1)
3.2.6.1 Pollen
26(1)
3.2.6.2 Plant Macrofossils
26(1)
3.2.6.3 Coleoptera
27(1)
3.2.6.4 Habitat groups
27(1)
3.2.8 Archival Search
28(1)
3.3 Summary
28(1)
Chapter 4 Marsh-forts in a landscape context
29(32)
4.1 Conceptualising wetland landscapes
29(5)
4.1.1 Defining landscape
29(1)
4.1.2 Landscape archaeology, methodology and interpretation
30(1)
4.1.3 Landscape reconstruction and Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
31(1)
4.1.4 Landscapes as waterscapes
32(2)
4.2 Marsh-fort Gazetteer -- a survey of potential marsh-forts
34(19)
4.2.1 Marsh-fort Criteria
34(1)
4.2.2 Marsh-fort Gazetteer -- regional analysis
35(18)
4.3 Summary
53(8)
Chapter 5 North Shropshire's marsh-forts
61(27)
5.1 North Shropshire -- physical environment
61(5)
5.1.1 Geography, geology and glaciation
61(2)
5.1.2 Hydrology and soils
63(1)
5.1.3 Wetland development and peat formation
63(2)
5.1.4 North Shropshire's wetlands and palaeoenvironmental record
65(1)
5.2 North Shropshire -- archaeological evidence
66(6)
5.2.1 Settlement and occupation -- hillforts
68(1)
5.2.2 Cropmarks and enclosure
69(1)
5.2.3 The Cornovii -- social structure and identity
70(1)
5.2.4 Romanisation
71(1)
5.3 North Shropshire's marsh-forts
72(12)
5.3.1 The Berth
72(2)
5.3.2 Wall Camp, Kynnersley
74(1)
5.3.3 Whittington
75(1)
5.3.4 Stocketts Enclosure; Pan Castle
75(5)
5.3.5 Pave Lane, Newport
80(1)
5.3.6 Castle Farm, Shifnal
80(4)
5.3.7 Bomere Wood
84(1)
5.4 Summary
84(4)
Chapter 6 The Berth -- a marsh-fort in its landscape context
88(22)
6.1 Location, superficial geology and archaeological history
88(1)
6.2 The Berth and the Upper Perry -- macro-scale landscape analysis
89(12)
6.2.1 The Berth/Upper Perry -- Prehistoric/Mesolithic/Neolithic
93(1)
6.2.2 The Berth/Upper Perry -- Bronze Age
94(3)
6.2.3 The Berth/Upper Perry -- Iron Age/Undated
97(1)
6.2.4 The Berth/Upper Perry -- Roman
98(2)
6.2.5 Tetchill Brook
100(1)
6.3 The Berth -- a `line-of-sight' analysis
101(4)
6.4 Summary
105(5)
Chapter 7 The Berth -- stratigraphic sequencing and radiocarbon dating
110(18)
7.1 The Berth -- stratigraphic sequence
110(8)
7.1.1 Topography, hydrology and geology
110(1)
7.1.2 Stratigraphic results
110(1)
7.1.2.1 Berth North Pasture and Lea Field
110(5)
7.1.2.2 Berth South Pasture -- East/West
115(2)
7.1.2.3 Berth North Field
117(1)
7.1.2.4 Berth Main Causeway, south of Berth stream
118(1)
7.1.2.5 Subsurface modelling -- summary
118(1)
7.2 The Berth -- chronological sequence
118(4)
7.2.1 Chronological coverage and reliability
119(3)
7.3 Stratigraphic summary and cross-correlation of peat deposits
122(2)
7.4 Hydrological change and the extent of Berth Pool
124(2)
7.5 Summary
126(2)
Chapter 8 The Berth -- Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction
128(19)
8.1 BNP15 -- Berth North Pasture-- stratigraphy and taphonomy
128(11)
8.1.1 BNP 01, 02, 03A -- 500-300cm -- circa 13000-8750BP
130(3)
8.1.2 BNP-03B -- 300-250cm -- circa 8750-8300BP
133(1)
8.1.2.1 The arboreal landscape
133(1)
8.1.2.2 Open water/waterside; damp and dry grassland; meadow
134(1)
8.1.3 BNP-04 -- 250-150cm -- circa 8300BP --7100BP
134(1)
8.1.3.1 The arboreal landscape
134(1)
8.1.3.2 Open water / waterside; damp/dry grassland; meadow
135(1)
8.1.4 BNP-05 -- 150-120cm -- Atlantic climatic period -- circa 7100-6300BP
136(1)
8.1.4.1 The arboreal landscape
136(1)
8.1.4.2 Open water/waterside; damp/dry grassland; meadow
136(1)
8.1.5 BNP 06/07 -- 120-Ocm -- Atlantic/Sub Boreal -- circa 6300-5000BP
136(1)
8.1.5.1 The arboreal landscape
137(1)
8.1.5.2 Grassland and open water
137(1)
8.1.6 BNP15 -- Summary. Human impact during the early Holocene
137(2)
8.2 Berth Main Causeway -- 3BBMC16 (Kang, 2017) -- Early/Mid Bronze Age
139(1)
8.3 Berth Excavation 2016 -- Trench 1-- Iron Age
140(2)
8.3.1 The arboreal landscape/damp fen
140(1)
8.3.2 Open water/marginal plants
141(1)
8.3.3 Damp and dry grassland
141(1)
8.3.4 Human habitation
141(1)
8.3.5 Berth Trench 1 -- Summary
142(1)
8.4 Berth Pool (Twigger, 1988)
142(1)
8.5 The Berth -- Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction -- Summary
143(4)
Chapter 9 Assessing Iron Age marsh-forts -- Discussion and Conclusions
147(11)
9.1 The Berth and Sutton Common -- a comparison
147(5)
9.1.1 The palaeolandscape
147(1)
9.1.2 Topography and location
148(1)
9.1.3 Size, morphology, access and orientation
149(1)
9.1.4 Site usage -- features and finds
149(2)
9.1.5 Chronology
151(1)
9.1.6 Positioning the Berth and Sutton Common in time and space
151(1)
9.2 Marsh-forts in North Shropshire
152(1)
9.3 Marsh-forts in England and Wales -- supra-regional perspectives and themes
152(4)
9.3.1 Economic control
153(1)
9.3.2 Landscape patterning and boundary control
154(1)
9.3.3 Control of ceremonial and ritual practice - waterscapes as place of votive deposition
154(2)
9.4 Conclusions
156(1)
9.5 Marsh-forts -- a theory
156(2)
Bibliography 158(23)
Appendix 1 Radiocarbon dates 181(11)
Appendix 2 Samples weights and volumes 192(2)
Appendix 3 Full species lists 194
Shelagh Norton (BA, MPhil, PhD) specialises in the reconstruction of macro-and micro-palaeolandscapes, and in particular, the interpretation of plant macrofossil and coleopteran remains from wetland contexts. Her research is based on the practical application of archaeological principles in a real-world context both in the UK and New Zealand, where she worked as a Regional Archaeologist for Heritage New Zealand. Her publications include The Archaeological and Palaeoenvironmental Potential of the Weald Moors, Shropshire (Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Historical Society, 2016). She is an active member of the Hillfort Studies Group (University of Oxford), Worcestershire Archaeological Society and Worcestershire Archive Services.