Preface |
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v | |
About the Author |
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vii | |
Acknowledgements |
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ix | |
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xv | |
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xxi | |
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1 The Physical and Chemical Properties of the Earth's Atmosphere |
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1 | (42) |
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1.1 Structure of the Atmosphere |
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3 | (6) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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1.1.3 The Upper Layers of the Atmosphere |
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6 | (3) |
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1.2 Atmospheric Pressure: The Hydrostatic Equation, Mixing Ratios, and Moisture |
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9 | (6) |
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1.2.1 The Hydrostatic Equation |
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9 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Mixing Ratios and Column Abundances |
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11 | (1) |
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1.2.3 Water in the Atmosphere |
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12 | (3) |
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1.3 Atmospheric Temperature Profiles |
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15 | (6) |
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1.3.1 The Tropospheric Temperature Profile: The Adiabatic Lapse Rate |
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15 | (3) |
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1.3.2 The Potential Temperature |
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18 | (1) |
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1.3.3 The Stratospheric Temperature Profile |
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19 | (2) |
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1.4 The Vertical Stability of the Atmosphere: Buoyancy and Turbulence |
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21 | (6) |
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21 | (3) |
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24 | (3) |
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1.5 Horizontal Transport: Winds and Circulation |
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27 | (3) |
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1.6 Chemical Kinetics in the Atmosphere |
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30 | (7) |
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1.6.1 Atmospheric Lifetimes |
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30 | (3) |
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1.6.2 Physical Loss Processes |
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33 | (1) |
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1.6.3 Bimolecular and Termolecular Chemical Reactions |
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34 | (3) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (6) |
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1.8.1 Essay-style Questions |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (5) |
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2 Radiation in the Atmosphere |
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43 | (40) |
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2.1 The Solar Spectrum and Its Attenuation by the Atmosphere |
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44 | (4) |
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2.1.1 The Black Body Model |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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2.1.3 O3 and O2 Absorption Spectra |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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2.2 Theory of Absorption and Scattering by Atmospheric Gases and Particles |
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48 | (10) |
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2.2.1 Absorption and Scattering by Gases |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (2) |
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2.2.2 Absorption and Scattering by Particles |
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53 | (2) |
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2.2.3 Calculation of Photolysis Rates |
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55 | (3) |
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2.3 The Greenhouse Effect |
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58 | (13) |
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2.3.1 The Balanced Flux Model |
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60 | (3) |
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2.3.2 Single Layer Atmosphere Radiative Model |
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63 | (2) |
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2.3.3 The Relative Effectiveness of Different GHGs |
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65 | (2) |
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2.3.4 Absorption Lineshapes and Saturation |
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67 | (4) |
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2.4 Global Energy Balance and Radiative Forcing |
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71 | (7) |
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2.4.1 The Global Radiation and Energy Balance |
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71 | (2) |
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2.4.2 Radiative Forcing and Feedbacks |
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73 | (5) |
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78 | (5) |
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2.5.1 Essay-style Questions |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (4) |
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3 Stratospheric Chemistry |
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83 | (36) |
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3.1 The Chapman Cycle: Ox on Its Own |
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84 | (7) |
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84 | (4) |
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3.1.2 The Photolysis of O2 and the Chapman Layer |
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88 | (1) |
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3.1.3 Measuring the O3 Distribution: Remote Sounding |
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89 | (2) |
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3.2 Stratospheric Ozone Loss: HOx, NOx, and C1Ox Gas-phase Chemistry |
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91 | (13) |
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3.2.1 Oxides of Nitrogen, NOx |
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92 | (3) |
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3.2.2 Oxides of Hydrogen, HOx |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (4) |
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101 | (1) |
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3.2.5 Summary of the Catalytic Cycles |
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102 | (2) |
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3.3 The Ozone Hole: The Importance of Heterogeneous Chemistry |
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104 | (8) |
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3.3.1 O3 Column Amounts over the Antarctic |
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104 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Explaining Polar Ozone Losses |
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106 | (6) |
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3.4 Future of Stratospheric Ozone Due to Cooling by Climate Change |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (6) |
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3.5.1 Essay-style Questions |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (5) |
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119 | (30) |
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4.1 Tropospheric Photochemistry of Ozone and the O(1D) Radical |
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120 | (3) |
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4.2 The OH Radical: The Atmosphere's Detergent |
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123 | (4) |
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4.2.1 Reaction of OH with CO |
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124 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Reaction of OH with CH4 |
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125 | (2) |
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4.3 Field Measurements of OH and HO2 |
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127 | (2) |
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4.4 Nitrogen Oxides and the Production of Tropospheric Ozone |
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129 | (3) |
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4.5 Oxidation Chemistry at Night |
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132 | (5) |
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4.6 NOx Reservoirs and Transporters: PAN |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (5) |
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143 | (6) |
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4.8.1 Essay-like Questions |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (5) |
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5 Aerosols and Heterogeneous Reactions |
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149 | (38) |
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5.1 The Aerosol Size Distribution |
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149 | (4) |
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153 | (4) |
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5.3 Aerosols and the Formation of Clouds |
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157 | (12) |
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5.3.1 The Vapour Pressure of Water Droplets: Kelvin's Equation |
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157 | (2) |
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5.3.2 Water Vapour and Aerosols: Hygroscopic Growth |
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159 | (2) |
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5.3.3 The Role of Solute in Cloud Formation: Raoult's Law |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (2) |
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5.3.5 Rates of Droplet Growth |
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164 | (5) |
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5.4 The Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds, and their Effects on Climate |
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169 | (3) |
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5.5 Reactions of Gases with Particles |
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172 | (7) |
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5.5.1 Partitioning of Soluble Gases into Droplets |
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172 | (3) |
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5.5.2 Heterogeneous Reactions on Droplets |
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175 | (4) |
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5.6 Impact of Aerosols on Health and Air Quality |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (6) |
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5.8.1 Essay-style Questions |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (6) |
Appendix A The Hydrostatic Equation |
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187 | (2) |
Appendix B The Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate |
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189 | (4) |
Answers to Numerical Problems |
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193 | (2) |
Index |
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195 | |