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Atmospheric General Circulation [Kietas viršelis]

(University of Washington), (Colorado State University), (University of Washington), (University of Washington)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 456 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 286x220x24 mm, weight: 1380 g, Worked examples or Exercises
  • Išleidimo metai: 20-Apr-2023
  • Leidėjas: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN-10: 1108474241
  • ISBN-13: 9781108474245
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Hardback, 456 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 286x220x24 mm, weight: 1380 g, Worked examples or Exercises
  • Išleidimo metai: 20-Apr-2023
  • Leidėjas: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN-10: 1108474241
  • ISBN-13: 9781108474245
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
An engaging, comprehensive, richly illustrated textbook about the atmospheric general circulation, written by leading researchers in the field. The book elucidates the pervasive role of atmospheric dynamics in the Earth System, interprets the structure and evolution of atmospheric motions across a range of space and time scales in terms of fundamental theoretical principles, and includes relevant historical background and tutorials on research methodology. The book includes over 300 exercises and is accompanied by extensive online resources, including solutions manuals, an animations library, and an introduction to online visualization and analysis tools. This textbook is suitable as a textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate level courses in atmospheric sciences and geosciences curricula and as a reference textbook for researchers.

An engaging, comprehensive, richly illustrated advanced undergraduate and graduate level textbook about the atmospheric general circulation, written by leading researchers. This textbook relates fundamental theoretical principles to observations, and contains extensive exercises and online resources.

Recenzijos

'Sure to become the standard textbook and reference for those interested in the atmospheric circulation. Written by a team that can only be described as world-leading, and especially strong on graphical and visual aspects, the book will be immensely valuable for students and experienced scientists alike.' Geoffrey Vallis, University of Exeter 'Surpasses any textbook currently available on the large-scale fluid dynamics of our atmosphere. The balance between figures, equations, and qualitative discussion is superb. Insightful nuggets interspersed throughout will provide food for thought for advanced students and researchers at all levels.' Isaac Held, formerly Princeton University and GFDL/NOAA 'This book is an enormously broad and detailed overview of the atmospheric circulation that combines perspectives gained over the sixty-year career of the first author with resources and ideas that are truly up-to-date, ranging from the exploitation of global reanalysis datasets to provide illustrations of important atmospheric characteristics and phenomena, to discussion of very recent events such as the Tonga eruption earlier this year. Those who study the atmospheric circulation or, more broadly, the climate system, will find much here to inform and stimulate them. A book of this scope would surely not have been completed without the evident unselfish cooperation between the four main authors and the team of individual co-authors on particular chapters to the great benefit of future readers. The illustrations alone, both those based on observations and those based on specially designed model studies, will be an immensely valuable resource to those teaching courses on the atmosphere and the climate.' Peter Haynes, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), University of Cambridge 'This majestic, once-in-a-generation treatise is a graduate multi-course treasure-trove. The authors lead off starkly with the latest observations and ideas (heuristics), then lucidly review the rigorous skeleton of quantitative physical constraints and budgets. From that solid base, Parts III-V parade appreciatively through distinctly updated treatments of now-'classical' mid-20th century topics of the zonal mean and its deviations, and of the stratosphere, using the power of 21st-century theory, models, data, and (not least) display. The Tropics including moist variability and internal waves, long under-emphasized or scattered in the literature, are featured at generous length and depth in the especially novel contributions of Part VI.' Brian Mapes, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami 'This book started with Mike Wallace wanting to write a summary of what has been learnt about the atmospheric general circulation since the mid-20th century. With the help of the other authors, this has been achieved in a superb book, containing a wonderful collection of figures together with a clear, concise theoretical development. It should be on the desk of anyone interested in the subject, from a student taking a course to a researcher aiming to enhance understanding of how the atmosphere works or how climate may change in future.' Sir Brian Hoskins, Imperial College London 'Written by a team of highly regarded experts, this up-to-date book covers a very wide range of topics in the atmospheric general circulation in a well-organized fashion. The thorough treatment of both concepts and the more advanced mathematics will make this an important resource for advanced students and experienced researchers alike.' David Straus, George Mason University 'This textbook provides a modern and comprehensive overview of the physical processes involved in the general circulation of the atmosphere. Rigorous discussions are accompanied by very clear schematics that make it easy to grasp even the most complex phenomena. It's engaging and fun a real joy to read!' Giuseppe Torri, University of Hawaii 'For students with some background in atmospheric dynamics, this is a landmark new textbook that provides a fascinating exploration of numerous aspects of the general circulation of the atmosphere. Wallace and co-authors expand what can be expected in a book on the general circulation, including circulations on many timescales in the tropical and extratropical troposphere and middle atmosphere, in all cases building understanding of the observed flows and physical mechanisms.' Paul O'Gorman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 'This is a truly outstanding textbook that offers a comprehensive overview of the atmospheric circulation system and its variability on a wide range of spatial/temporal scales as well as various (thermo-) dynamical processes involved, including air-sea interaction in the Tropics, wave-mean interaction in midlatitudes and troposphere-stratosphere linkages in low and high latitudes. By praiseworthy efforts of the author team led by Mike Wallace, excellent balance is achieved between illustrating phenomena and theoretically interpretating the involved processes. Although most of the topics concern natural variability in the climate system, this book is undoubtedly beneficial for understanding the ongoing anthropogenic climate change.' Hisashi Nakamura, University of Tokyo 'This comprehensive study of the atmospheric general circulation, from the tropics to the pole, the troposphere to the stratosphere, strikes the right balance between observation, physical intuition, and theory. The authors have succeeded in producing an excellent textbook that is up-to-date, flexibly organized, and useful for multiple different classes undoubtedly the go-to resource for experts and students alike.' Tiffany Shaw, University of Chicago

Daugiau informacijos

An engaging, comprehensive, richly illustrated textbook about the atmospheric general circulation, relating theory to observations.
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xvi
Part I Background
1(54)
1 Atmospheric Observations and Models
3(30)
1.1 The Global Observing System
3(2)
1.2 Imagery
5(1)
1.3 Measurements of Chemical Tracers
6(1)
1.4 The Observed General Circulation
7(23)
1.4.1 The Time-Averaged General Circulation
8(9)
1.4.2 The Zonally Averaged General Circulation
17(9)
1.4.3 Eddies and Transients
26(4)
1.5 Numerical Simulation of the Atmospheric Circulation
30(3)
1.5.1 Filtering of the Navier-Stokes Equations
30(1)
1.5.2 The Types of Models
31(1)
1.5.3 General Circulation Models
32(1)
2 Heuristic Models of the General Circulation
33(22)
2.1 Radiative-Convective Equilibrium
33(1)
2.2 The Cycling of Mechanical Energy
34(1)
2.3 Steady Motions Driven by Heating Gradients
35(2)
2.4 Tropic World: Convection on a Planetary Scale
37(2)
2.5 The General Circulation as a Heat Engine
39(2)
2.6 The Influence of Planetary Rotation
41(5)
2.6.1 A "Spin Up" Experiment
41(2)
2.6.2 Varying the Rotation Rate Ω
43(3)
2.7 Influence of Orbital Geometry
46(1)
2.8 The Long Arm of Frictional Drag
47(1)
2.9 Gravity Waves, the Hidden Messengers
48(2)
2.10 Concluding Remarks
50(5)
2.10.1 Thermodynamic Insights
50(1)
2.10.2 Dynamical Insights
51(4)
Part II Balance Requirements for the General Circulation
55(64)
3 The Angular Momentum Balance
57(15)
3.1 Angular Momentum Conservation for the "Earth System" as a Whole
57(5)
3.1.1 Temporal Variations in Atmospheric Angular Momentum
60(2)
3.2 Poleward Transport of Atmospheric Angular Momentum
62(4)
3.3 The Vertical Transport of Angular Momentum
66(2)
3.4 The Local, Zonally Averaged Zonal Momentum Balance
68(3)
3.5 Concluding Remarks
71(1)
4 Mass Balance of Atmospheric Trace Constituents
72(13)
4.1 Carbon Species
73(1)
4.2 Water Vapor
74(9)
4.2.1 Mean Distribution of Water Vapor, Sources, and Sinks
75(1)
4.2.2 Water Vapor Transport
76(3)
4.2.3 The Land Branch of the Hydrologic Cycle
79(2)
4.2.4 Water Vapor Transport and Ocean Surface Salinity
81(2)
4.3 Potential Vorticity
83(1)
4.4 Concluding Remarks
84(1)
5 The Balance of Total Energy
85(21)
5.1 The Globally Averaged Energy Balance
86(1)
5.2 Moist Static Energy
87(2)
5.3 Maintenance of the Observed Stable Stratification
89(1)
5.4 Balance Requirements and Energy Transport in the Earth System
89(8)
5.4.1 Partitioning of the Poleward Transports between Atmosphere and Ocean
91(1)
5.4.2 The Poleward Transport of Atmospheric Moist Static Energy
92(5)
5.5 The Zonally Averaged Heat Balance
97(3)
5.6 Dynamical Interpretation of the Eddy Heat Transport
100(3)
5.7 Eulerian versus Lagrangian Mean Meridional Circulations
103(1)
5.8 Concluding Remarks
104(2)
6 The Mechanical Energy Cycle
106(13)
6.1 Quantification of Available Potential Energy
106(2)
6.1.1 A Simplified Expression for Available Potential Energy
107(1)
6.2 Sources and Sinks of Available Potential Energy
108(1)
6.3 Conversion from Available Potential to Kinetic Energy
108(2)
6.4 The Observed Mechanical Energy Cycle
110(1)
6.5 The Local Mechanical Energy Cycle
111(2)
6.6 Eddy Transports of Geopotential
113(1)
6.7 Partitioning of the Mechanical Energy
114(2)
6.8 The Mechanical Energy Spectrum
116(1)
6.9 Concluding Remarks
117(2)
Part III Dynamics of the Zonal Mean Flow
119(36)
7 Dynamics of the Zonal Mean Flow
121(12)
7.1 An Example; The Annual Cycle of the Mesospheric Circulation
121(1)
7.2 The Governing Equations
122(1)
7.3 A Vectorial Representation of the Governing Equations
123(3)
7.4 Solution of the Governing Equations
126(2)
7.4.1 The Mean Meridional Circulation
126(1)
7.4.2 Evolution of Pseudo-Potential Vorticity
127(1)
7.4.3 Response to the Boundary Forcing
127(1)
7.4.4 Summary
128(1)
7.5 The Mid-Latitude Quasi-Geostrophic System
128(2)
7.5.1 The Diagnostic Equation for Vertical Velocity
129(1)
7.5.2 The Geopotential Tendency Equation
129(1)
7.6 The Zonally Symmetric Flow in the Absence of Eddy Forcing
130(1)
7.6.1 The Solstitial Circulation
131(1)
7.7 Concluding Remarks
131(2)
8 Wave-Mean Flow Interaction
133(22)
8.1 Introduction to Wave--Mean Flow Interaction
133(8)
8.1.1 The Partitioned Mechanical Energy Cycle
134(3)
8.1.2 Baroclinic Wave Life Cycles
137(3)
8.1.3 The Mechanical Energy Cycle in the Winter Stratosphere
140(1)
8.2 The Transformed Eulerian Mean Formalism
141(6)
8.2.1 Further Interpretation
142(1)
8.2.2 The TEM Version of the Baroclinic Wave Life Cycle
143(1)
8.2.3 TEM Circulation and the Climatological Mean Eddy Forcing
144(3)
8.3 The Balance Requirements Revisited
147(3)
8.3.1 The Eddy Heat Transport
147(1)
8.3.2 The Momentum Balance
147(1)
8.3.3 The Potential Vorticity Transport
148(1)
8.3.4 The Climatological Mean Meridional Circulation
148(1)
8.3.5 Toward a More Holistic Treatment
148(2)
8.4 The Barotropic Annular Modes
150(3)
8.5 The Baroclinic Annular Modes
153(2)
Part IV The Stratospheric General Circulation
155(36)
9 The Global Stratospheric Circulation
157(15)
9.1 Ozone and Other Stratospheric Tracers
157(2)
9.2 Stratosphere--Troposphere Exchange Processes
159(3)
9.2.1 Entry of Tropospheric Air into the Stratosphere
159(1)
9.2.2 Transport of Tracers within the Stratosphere
160(2)
9.2.3 Intrusions of Stratospheric Air into the Troposphere
162(1)
9.3 The Stratospheric Circulation
162(5)
9.3.1 The Seasonally Varying TEM Circulation
162(2)
9.3.2 The Breaking of Planetary-Scale Rossby Waves
164(1)
9.3.3 The Cross-Equatorial Mass Flux in the BDC
165(1)
9.3.4 Northern versus Southern Hemisphere Asymmetries
166(1)
9.3.5 The Annual Cycle in the Strength of the Shallow Branch of the BDC
166(1)
9.3.6 Compensating Tropical and Extratropical Temperature Perturbations
167(1)
9.4 Sudden Warmings
167(5)
9.4.1 The Role of Wave Driving
169(1)
9.4.2 Climatology and Timing
170(2)
10 Wave--Mean Flow Interaction in the Tropical Stratosphere
172(19)
10.1 The Zonal Wind Climatology
172(3)
10.2 Equatorially Trapped Planetary Waves
175(9)
10.2.1 The Shallow Water Wave Equations
177(1)
10.2.2 The Shallow Water Wave Solutions
177(1)
10.2.3 Vertical Structure
178(1)
10.2.4 Wavenumber-Frequency Spectra
178(1)
10.2.5 Kelvin and Mixed Rossby-Gravity Waves
179(1)
10.2.6 Rossby Waves
180(1)
10.2.7 Gravity Waves and Inertio-Gravity Waves
181(3)
10.3 The Generalized of the Eliassen--Palm Flux
184(1)
10.4 Wave--Mean Flow Interaction in the QBO
185(3)
10.5 Influence of the QBO on the Wintertime Polar Vortex
188(3)
Part V The Zonally Varying Extratropical Tropospheric Circulation
191(66)
11 The Northern Hemisphere Winter Zonally Varying Climatology
193(21)
11.1 Observed and Simulated Structure in DJF
194(5)
11.1.1 Energetics
198(1)
11.2 Orographic Forcing
199(4)
11.2.1 Impact on the Zonally Symmetric Flow
199(2)
11.2.2 Impact on the Stationary Waves
201(1)
11.2.3 Insights Derived from Experiments with a 2D Model
202(1)
11.3 Diabatic Forcing
203(2)
11.3.1 The Observed Heating and its Relation to the Storm Tracks
203(2)
11.3.2 Impact on the Stationary Waves
205(1)
11.4 Forcing by the Transients
205(6)
11.5 Response to the Combined Forcing
211(2)
11.6 A Historical Note
213(1)
12 The High Frequency Extratropical Transients
214(15)
12.1 Frequency Dependence and Anisotropy: Observational Evidence
214(2)
12.2 Phase Velocity Versus Group Velocity: Theory
216(3)
12.3 The Horizontal Velocity Covariance Tensor
219(1)
12.4 The Extended Eliassen--Palm Flux
220(3)
12.4.1 The Barotropic Component
221(2)
12.4.2 The Baroclinic Component
223(1)
12.5 Phase Velocity Versus Group Velocity: Observations
223(4)
12.5.1 Phase Velocity Versus Group Velocity
224(2)
12.5.2 Orographic Influences on Wave Propagation
226(1)
12.6 Characteristics of Baroclinic Waves
227(2)
13 The Low Frequency Extratropical Transients
229(28)
13.1 Rossby Wave Dispersion
229(18)
13.1.1 Dispersion Along Westerly Waveguides
230(4)
13.1.2 Dispersion away from Westerly Waveguides
234(10)
13.1.3 Retrograding Planetary-Scale Rossby Waves
244(3)
13.2 Blocking
247(3)
13.3 Favored Flow Configurations
250(3)
13.4 Externally Forced Low Frequency Variability
253(4)
Part VI The Tropical General Circulation
257(126)
14 The Annual Mean Circulation of the Tropics
259(13)
14.1 Rain Rate, Vertical Velocity, and Low Clouds
259(2)
14.2 The Upper Tropospheric Circulation
261(2)
14.3 The Lower Tropospheric Circulation
263(2)
14.4 The ITCZ/Cold Tongue Complexes
265(2)
14.5 The Equatorial Stationary Waves
267(2)
14.6 What Determines the Annual Mean Rain Rate Climatology?
269(3)
15 Tropical Convection
272(9)
15.1 The Local, Vertically Averaged Energy Balance
272(2)
15.2 Maintenance of WTG Balance
274(2)
15.3 Convectively Coupled Waves
276(4)
15.4 Self-Aggregation of Tropical Convection
280(1)
16 The Seasons in the Tropics
281(13)
16.1 DJF Versus JJA Circulations
281(6)
16.1.1 The Zonally Varying Flow
281(3)
16.1.2 The Zonally Symmetric Flow
284(3)
16.2 SON Versus MAM Circulations
287(2)
16.3 Why is the ITCZ in the Northern Hemisphere?
289(1)
16.4 The Equatorial Semiannual Cycle
290(1)
16.5 Abrupt Seasonal Transitions
291(3)
17 El Nino--Southern Oscillation
294(17)
17.1 The Physics of ENSO
295(4)
17.1.1 Atmosphere--Ocean Coupling: The Bjerknes Feedback
296(1)
17.1.2 Delayed Ocean Feedbacks
296(1)
17.1.3 Irregularity and Nonlinearity of ENSO
297(2)
17.2 Spatial Structure
299(6)
17.3 The Zonally Symmetric Component
305(2)
17.4 Atmospheric Teleconnections
307(4)
18 Intraseasonal Variability of the Tropical General Circulation
311(19)
18.1 Evidence for the Existence of the MJO
311(3)
18.2 MJO-Related Wind, Temperature, and Geopotential Height Fields
314(3)
18.3 The MJO-Related Moisture Budget
317(4)
18.4 MJO-Related Perturbations near the Tropopause
321(2)
18.5 Zonally Symmetric MJO-Related Perturbations
323(1)
18.6 MJO Teleconnections to Higher Latitudes
323(3)
18.7 Seasonality of the MJO
326(1)
18.8 Other Patterns of Intraseasonal Variability in JJA
327(1)
18.9 Equatorially Trapped Rossby Waves
328(2)
19 Day-to-Day Variability of the Tropical Circulation
330(14)
19.1 Equatorially Trapped Waves
330(8)
19.1.1 Kelvin Waves
331(2)
19.1.2 Mixed Rossby--Gravity Waves
333(2)
19.1.3 Inertio-Gravity Waves
335(1)
19.1.4 Evolution of the Convection in Equatorially Trapped Waves
336(2)
19.2 Off-Equatorial Waves
338(3)
19.2.1 Easterly Waves
338(2)
19.2.2 Submonthly (12--20 day) Monsoon Gyres
340(1)
19.3 Extratropical Influences
341(3)
20 Warm Core Tropical Vortices
344(9)
20.1 Formation and Development Mechanisms
344(1)
20.2 Observed Structure
345(3)
20.3 Further Interpretation
348(2)
20.3.1 Dynamical Considerations
348(1)
20.3.2 Thermodynamic Considerations
349(1)
20.4 Tropical Cyclone Genesis Regions and Tracks
350(1)
20.5 Modulation of Tropical Cyclone Activity
350(3)
20.5.1 Seasonality
350(1)
20.5.2 Influence of the MJO
351(1)
20.5.3 Influence of El Nino and La Nina
352(1)
21 Diurnal and Higher Frequency Variability of the Global Circulation
353(30)
21.1 Diurnal Variations
353(2)
21.2 Atmospheric Tides
355(2)
21.3 External Modes
357(2)
21.4 Gravity Waves: An Overview
359(2)
21.5 Gravity Waves in the Global Mechanical Energy Spectrum
361(1)
Appendix A Space and Time Averaging Operations
362(1)
A.1 Time and Zonal Averaging
362(2)
A.1.1 Basic Definitions
362(1)
A.1.2 Decomposition of Product Terms
362(1)
A.1.3 Statistical Interpretation
363(1)
A.1.4 Physical Interpretation
363(1)
A.2 Global Averaging
364(1)
A.3 Vertical Averaging
364(1)
Appendix B The Zonal Momentum Balance
365(1)
Appendix C Methods of Identifying Teleconnection Patterns
366(1)
C.1 The Correlation (or Covariance) Matrix
366(1)
C.2 Interpretation of One-Point Correlation and Regression Maps
366(1)
C.3 Empirical Orthogonal Teleconnection Patterns
366(1)
C.4 Empirical Orthogonal Function Analysis
367(1)
C.5 Extended Empirical Orthogonal Function Analysis
367(1)
C.6 Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function Analysis
367(1)
C.7 Maximal Covariance Analysis (MCA)
368(1)
Appendix D Scaling and Application of the Weak Temperature Gradient Approximation
369(1)
D.1 The Weak Temperature Gradient Approximation
369(1)
D.2 Scale Analysis of the Basic Equations near the Equator
369(1)
D.3 Scale Analysis of the Basic Equations away from the Equator
370(1)
D.4 Derivation of the WTG Moisture Equation
371(1)
Appendix E Math Symbols and Abbreviations
372(1)
E.1 Math Symbols and Notation
372(3)
E.2 Abbreviations
375(3)
Appendix F Extended Figure Captions
378(5)
Bibliography 383(12)
Index 395
John M. Wallace is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Atmospheric Sciences of the University of Washington. He served as Department Chair from 19831988. He is a recipient of the James B. Macelwane and Roger Revelle Medals of the American Geophysical Union (AGU), and the Clarence Leroy Meisinger Award and Carl-Gustav Rossby Medal of the American Meteorological Society (AMS). He is a Fellow of the AGU and the AMS, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is the co-author (with Peter Hobbs) of Atmospheric Sciences: An Introductory Survey (2006), one of the most influential textbooks in the field. David S. Battisti is Professor and Tamaki Chair of Atmospheric Sciences in the Department of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Washington. He is a recipient of the Carl-Gustav Rossby Research Medal of the AMS and was a Carnegie Centennial Professor of Scotland from 2014-16. He is a Fellow of the AGU and the AMS, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is a co-editor of the journal Weather and Climate Dynamics. David W. J. Thompson is a Professor in the Department of Atmospheric Sciences at Colorado State University and the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia. He is a recipient of the Clarence B. Meisinger Award of the AMS, the James B. Macelwane Medal and the Jule G. Charney Lectureship of the AGU, the Royal Society (UK) Wolfson Fellowship, and the Monfort Professorship at Colorado State University. He is a Fellow of the AGU. Dennis Hartmann is a Professor in the Department of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Washington. He served as Department Chair from 200207. He is a recipient of the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal, the Carl Gustav Rossby Research Medal of the AMS, and the Revelle Medal of the AGU. He is a Fellow of the AGU and the AMS, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He is the author of the textbook Global Physical Climatology (2006).