Preface |
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xii | |
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xv | |
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1 Intelligent Reflective Surfaces -- State of the Art |
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1 | (18) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Introduction to Reflective Surfaces |
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1 | (1) |
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1.3 Intelligent Reflective Surface |
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2 | (3) |
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1.3.1 Theory of Operation |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (1) |
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1.4.1 Application of RIS in Communication |
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5 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Application of RIS in Health Care |
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6 | (1) |
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1.5 RIS as an Alternative to Relay |
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6 | (1) |
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1.6 Coded and Programmable RIS |
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7 | (1) |
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1.7 Functionalities of RIS |
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8 | (2) |
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8 | (1) |
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1.7.2 Beam Scattering/Diffusion |
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8 | (1) |
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1.7.3 Multi-Beam Generation |
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9 | (1) |
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1.7.4 Anomalous Reflection |
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9 | (1) |
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1.7.5 RIS as a Single RF Chain Transmitter |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (4) |
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1.8.1 Electromagnetic Layer |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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1.8.3 Controller Board Interfacing |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (5) |
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14 | (5) |
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2 Signal Modulation Schemes in Backscatter Communications |
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19 | (22) |
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19 | (1) |
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2.2 Principles of Backscatter Modulations and Some Common Schemes |
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20 | (6) |
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2.2.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) |
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20 | (2) |
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2.2.2 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) |
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22 | (2) |
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2.2.3 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) |
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24 | (1) |
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2.2.4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) |
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25 | (1) |
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2.3 Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) Modulation |
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26 | (8) |
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2.4 Multicarrier Backscatter Transmission |
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34 | (3) |
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37 | (4) |
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38 | (3) |
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3 Electromagnetic Waves Scattering Characteristics of Metasurfaces |
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41 | (30) |
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Muhammad Ali Babar Abbasi |
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41 | (5) |
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3.1.1 General Classifications of Metasurfaces |
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42 | (2) |
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3.1.2 Characterization Approaches of Metasurfaces |
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44 | (2) |
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3.2 Metasurface Applications and Practical Examples |
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46 | (19) |
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3.2.1 Absorptive, Reflective, and Diffusion-Type Metasurfaces |
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47 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Refractive and Transmission-Type Metasurfaces |
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48 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Digitally Encoded Metasurfaces |
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49 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Polarization-Sensitive Metasurface Spectral Filtering |
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50 | (3) |
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3.2.5 Beamforming with Polarization-Controlling Metasurfaces |
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53 | (2) |
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3.2.6 Beamforming with Reflective-Type Metasurfaces |
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55 | (1) |
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3.2.7 Circular Polarization-Selective Metasurfaces |
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56 | (3) |
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3.2.8 Passive Lossless Huygens' Metasurfaces |
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59 | (2) |
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3.2.9 Cavity-Excited Huygens' Metasurface Antenna |
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61 | (2) |
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3.2.10 Passive Lossless Omega-Type Bianisotropic Metasurface |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (6) |
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65 | (6) |
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4 Metasurfaces Based on Huygen's Wavefront Manipulation |
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71 | (14) |
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71 | (1) |
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4.2 Huygens' Metasurfaces (HMSs) |
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72 | (4) |
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76 | (2) |
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76 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Antennas Beamforming |
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77 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Perfect Reflections and Focusing |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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4.4 Conclusion and Key Scientific Issues to Be Addressed |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (6) |
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81 | (4) |
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5 Metasurface: An Insight into Its Applications |
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85 | (34) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (20) |
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86 | (9) |
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5.2.2 Geometrical Configuration |
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95 | (2) |
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5.2.2.1 Cross-Polarizer -- HWP |
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97 | (4) |
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5.2.2.2 Circular Polarizer -- QWP |
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101 | (3) |
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5.2.2.3 HWP and QWP in Transmission Mode |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (5) |
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107 | (2) |
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5.3.2 Mathematical Background |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (5) |
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5.4.1 Mathematical Background |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (4) |
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116 | (3) |
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117 | (2) |
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6 The Role of Smart Metasurfaces in Smart Grid Energy Management |
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119 | (14) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (2) |
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6.3 Communication Support in Smart Power Grids |
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122 | (5) |
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6.3.1 Demand Response and Energy Management |
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122 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Plug-In Electric Vehicle Load Management |
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124 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Grid Monitoring and State Estimation |
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124 | (2) |
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6.3.4 Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading |
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126 | (1) |
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6.3.5 Potential Applications of Intelligent Surfaces in Smart Energy Grids |
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127 | (1) |
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6.4 Case Study: Communication System Performance Improvement in Vehicle-to-Grid Networks |
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127 | (3) |
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130 | (3) |
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130 | (3) |
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7 Passive UHF RFID Tag Antennas-Based Sensing for Internet of Things Paradigm |
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133 | (624) |
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7.1 Introduction: Healthcare Provision and Radar Technology |
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133 | (3) |
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1.2 UHF RFID Fundamentals and Performance Metrics |
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136 | (7) |
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7.2.1 UHF RFID Microchips Insight |
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137 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Performance Parameters for Passive UHF RFID Tag Antennas |
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137 | (1) |
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7.2.2.1 Input Impedance and Bandwidth |
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137 | (3) |
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7.2.2.2 Radar Cross Section (RCS) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (3) |
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7.3 Sensing Methodology and Techniques |
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143 | (7) |
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7.3.1 Single Tag Antenna-Based Sensing |
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143 | (1) |
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7.3.1.1 UHF RFID Backscattering-Based Sensing Methodology |
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144 | (2) |
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7.3.2 Single Tag Antenna with On-chip Circuitry-Based Sensing |
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146 | (2) |
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7.3.3 Multiport Tag Antenna-Based Sensing |
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148 | (1) |
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7.3.4 Reference Multiple Tag-Based Sensing |
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149 | (1) |
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7.4 Conclusion and Outstanding Challenges |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (5) |
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8 RF Sensing for Healthcare Applications |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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8.2 Basics of RF Sensing in Remote Healthcare |
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158 | (1) |
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8.3 Challenges in RF Sensing Technologies |
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159 | (1) |
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8.3.1 Robust RF System for Healthcare |
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159 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Reliability of RF Sensing for Remote Patient Monitoring |
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160 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Affordability in RF Systems for Healthcare |
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160 | (1) |
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8.3.4 Ethical Approval and Consent of Patients for Data Acquisition |
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160 | (1) |
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8.4 Wireless Sensing Technologies for Healthcare Applications |
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160 | (2) |
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8.4.1 Radar Sensing Technologies for Healthcare Applications |
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161 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Active Radar Sensing in Remote Healthcare |
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161 | (1) |
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8.4.3 Passive Radar in Remote Healthcare |
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161 | (1) |
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8.5 RF Sensing Signal Processing for Patient Monitoring |
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162 | (4) |
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8.5.1 Feature Extraction from Single RF Sensor |
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162 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Radar Features for Machine Learning Algorithms |
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163 | (1) |
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8.5.3 Automatic Feature Selection in Machine Learning |
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163 | (1) |
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8.5.4 Multiple Sensor Combination |
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164 | (1) |
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8.5.5 Working Function of Multiple Sensors |
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164 | (1) |
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8.5.6 Multiple Sensor Architectures |
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164 | (1) |
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8.5.7 Classification of Active Radar Sensor Node |
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164 | (2) |
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8.6 Active Radar Sensing in Digital Healthcare |
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166 | (1) |
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8.7 Posture Recognition on Bed |
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166 | (6) |
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8.7.1 RF Sensing for Patients with Sleep Disorders |
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166 | (1) |
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8.7.2 Radio Frequency Identification for Patients |
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167 | (1) |
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8.7.3 Radar Sensing for Occupancy Monitoring in Healthcare Sector |
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167 | (1) |
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8.7.4 Activities of Daily Livings and Critical Events |
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168 | (1) |
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8.7.5 Noncontact Wi-Fi Sensing for Patient Monitoring |
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169 | (1) |
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8.7.6 Wi-Fi-Based Activities of Daily Livings |
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170 | (1) |
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8.7.7 Vital Signs Monitoring using Wi-Fi Signals |
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170 | (2) |
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8.7.8 Sleep Attack Detection using CSI Wi-Fi Technologies |
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172 | (1) |
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8.8 Radio Frequency Identification Sensing for Patient Monitoring |
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172 | (7) |
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8.8.1 Radio Frequency Identification Sensing for Patient for Patient Tracking |
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172 | (1) |
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8.8.2 Radio Frequency Identification Sensing for Patient for Disease Detection |
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172 | (1) |
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8.8.3 Radio Frequency Identification Sensing for Patient to Identify Falls |
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173 | (1) |
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8.9.4 Radio Frequency Identification Sensing for Patient for Intricate Body Movement Observations |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (5) |
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9 Electromagnetic Wave Manipulation with Metamaterials and Metasurfaces for Future Communication Technologies |
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179 | (26) |
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179 | (6) |
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9.2 Meta-Atoms for Optical Frequencies |
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185 | (7) |
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9.2.1 Nano Half-Wave Plates |
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186 | (3) |
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9.2.2 Step-Indexed Nano-Waveguides |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (2) |
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192 | (8) |
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200 | (5) |
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200 | (5) |
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205 | (2) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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10.1.2 Channel Estimation |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
Index |
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