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El. knyga: Basics of Bioethics

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  • Formatas: 324 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 18-Oct-2019
  • Leidėjas: Routledge
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780429017551
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Basics of BioethicsDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 324 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 18-Oct-2019
  • Leidėjas: Routledge
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780429017551
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The Basics of Bioethics, Fourth Edition offers an easy-to-follow introduction to this dynamic field, intended for healthcare professionals, teachers, students, and anyone interested in bioethics. Accessible and enjoyable for readers of all backgrounds, the book contains numerous casesincluding ones that recently have dominated international headlinesto help anchor the broader discussion. The text is suitable for use in short courses in schools of medicine, nursing, and other health professions; continuing professional education; various undergraduate departments; and adult education. Chapters are organized around common moral themes in order to help readers understand the values and other connections that tie together different positions in bioethics. This fourth edition adds a new chapter on alternative frameworks in bioethics, including narrative ethics and casuistry, feminist approaches, care ethics, and virtue ethics. Due to significant advances in genetics and reproductive possibilities, this new edition devotes a full chapter to each. The combined teaching, research, and clinical experience of the two authors helps make this edition current with the evolving field of bioethics, while still embedding the major issues in a systematic framework that allows readers easily to navigate the larger field.

Key Changes to the Fourth Edition: An added chapter on new and emerging approaches in bioethics, including those based on virtue ethics, casuistry and narrative ethics, feminist ethics, and care ethics Updates throughout the book based on developments in ethical theory and new medical research Revisions and updates to the Learning Objectives, Key Terms, Bibliographies, and URLs The addition of multiple recent case studies, including:















Jahi McMath





an undocumented patient who needs a rule bent





a pediatrician who turns away unvaccinated patients





a minor eligible for pediatric bariatric surgery





a daughter suing a hospital for non-disclosure of her fathers Huntingtons diagnosis





CRISPR-edited newborn babies

Recenzijos

Veatch and Guidry-Grimes have set a new standard for balancing breadth, clarity, and accessibility for introductory texts in healthcare ethics. They impressively cover a wide range of important topics, and they are judicious and fair in their discussion of the many sides to pressing bioethical debates. This text will serve well undergraduate students in general healthcare ethics courses, as well as anyone looking for an up-to-date guide to contemporary debates in bioethics. Michael J. Deem, Duquesne University

A good bioethics primer will give a concise skim of basic concepts and still manage to show where there is consensus and disagreement and why. It will introduce new frameworks and provide a range of cases from classic to piping hot fresh. It may well have a point of view, but it will not pretend to be the only possible point of view. This is that primer.

Embedded in the American medical context, The Basics of Bioethics, Fourth Edition incorporates new approaches to bioethics into the classic bioethics toolkit, includes discussions of end-of-life issues and consent but also of reproduction and genetics, and addresses social aspects of health care including the ever-shifting U.S. policy context. Classic cases like Canterbury and Henrietta Lacks partner with modern ones on weight-loss surgery, CRISPR genetic technology, and the contested end of teenager Jahi McMaths life. Each chapter can stand alone and could enrich another primary textif whatever else youre reading leaves out virtue ethics, narrative ethics, care ethics, and feminist ethics, theres a chapter here for that. However, this book is also an effective single text. If youre looking for an American bioethics primer that doesnt just retread old ground, but includes fertile new frameworks and topics, this ones worth your time. Alison Reiheld, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville

List of Cases
xviii
List of Figures
xx
Preface xxii
1 A Map of the Terrain of Ethics
1(17)
The Levels of Moral Discourse
3(9)
The Level of the Case
3(1)
Rules and Rights (Codes of Ethics)
4(2)
Normative Ethics
6(1)
Three Questions of Normative Ethics
7(1)
Action Theory: What Are the Principles for Right Action?
7(1)
Value Theory: What Things Are Good or Valuable?
8(1)
Virtue Theory: What Character Traits Are Good to Have?
9(1)
Alternative and Newer Normative Approaches
9(1)
Metaethks
10(1)
The Meaning or Source of Ethical Norms
11(1)
How Do We Know What Is Ethical?
11(1)
A Full Theory of Bioethics
12(2)
Key Concepts
14(2)
Bibliography
16(2)
Works on Basic Ethics
16(1)
Works on Bioethics
16(2)
2 The Hippocratic Oath and Its Challengers: A Brief History
18(19)
The Hippocratic Tradition
19(6)
The Hippocratic Oath
19(1)
The Oath of Initiation Section
20(1)
The Code Section of the Oath
21(1)
Modern Codes in the Hippocratic Tradition
22(1)
Percival's Code of 1803
22(1)
The American Medical Association Code of 1847
23(1)
The World Medical Association Declaration of Geneva, 1948
23(1)
Other Contemporary Oaths or Codes in the Hippocratic Tradition
24(1)
The Collapse of the Hippocratic Tradition
25(8)
Codes and Oaths Within the Medical Profession Breaking with the Hippocratic Tradition
25(1)
The Nuremberg Code, 1946
25(1)
The American Hospital Association Patient Bill of Rights, 1973
26(1)
American Medical Association Principles of 1980
27(1)
The World Medical Association Declaration of Geneva Revisions Up to 2017
27(1)
Other Professional Association Codes
28(1)
Alternative Oaths
28(1)
Sources from Outside Professional Medicine
28(1)
Judaism, Catholicism, and Protestantism
28(1)
Hinduism
29(1)
Buddhism
29(1)
Ancient Chinese Thought
29(1)
Islam
29(1)
Japan
30(1)
The Oath of the Soviet Physician
31(1)
Liberal Political Philosophy
31(1)
The UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights
31(2)
Key Concepts
33(1)
Bibliography
33(4)
3 The Basis of Moral Standing in Debates on Defining Death, Abortion, Stem Cells, and Animal Welfare
37(26)
Persons, Humans, and Individuals: The Language of Moral Standing
39(5)
The Concept of Moral Standing
39(1)
Moral and Descriptive Uses of the Term Person
40(1)
Persons Defined as "Those Who Possess Certain Properties"
41(1)
Persons Defined as "Those with Full Moral Standing"
41(1)
Confusion Resulting from Shifting from a Nonmoral to a Moral Use of the Term Person
42(1)
Moral and Nonmoral Uses of the Word Human
43(1)
Defining Death
44(7)
A Somatic or Circulatory Definition of Death
45(1)
The Problem of Irreversibility
46(2)
Problems with a Somatic Definition of Death
48(1)
A Whole-Brain-Oriented Definition of Death
48(2)
The Higher-Brain Definition of Death
50(1)
Definitions and Moral Standing
50(1)
Abortion
51(3)
Symmetry between Definition of Death and Abortion
51(1)
Possible Basis for a Breakdown in the Symmetry
52(2)
Human Stem Cells
54(2)
Stem Cells and Moral Standing
54(1)
Stem Cells and Cooperation with Evil
55(1)
The Moral Status of Nonhuman Animals
56(1)
Key Concepts
57(1)
Bibliography
58(5)
The Definition of Death
58(1)
Abortion
59(1)
Stem Cells
60(1)
Moral Standing of Nonhuman Animals
61(2)
4 Principle-based Approaches to Moral Problems in Bioethics
63(17)
Principle-based Approaches: Principlism
63(1)
The List of Principles
64(3)
Conflict Among Principles
67(7)
Different Concepts of Duty
68(1)
Absolute, Exceptionless Duties
68(1)
Prima Facie Duties
69(1)
Duty Proper
70(1)
Theories of Conflict Resolution
70(1)
Single-Principle Theories
70(1)
Ranking (Lexically Ordering) Principles
71(1)
Balancing
72(1)
Combining Ranking and Balancing
72(2)
Translating Principles to Rules
74(2)
Key Concepts
76(3)
Bibliography
79(1)
5 Alternative Approaches: Virtues, Casuistry and Narrative Ethics, Feminist Approaches, and Care Ethics
80(28)
Virtue-based Approaches
80(8)
Virtue Lists
82(2)
Professional Virtues
84(1)
Secular Virtues
84(1)
Religious Virtues
85(1)
Care as a Virtue
86(1)
Problems with the Virtues
86(1)
The Wrong Virtue Problem
87(1)
The Naked Virtue Problem
87(1)
Casuistry and Narrative Ethics
88(4)
Casuistry
88(2)
Narrative Ethics
90(1)
Problems with Casuistry and Narrative Ethics
91(1)
Feminist Approaches
92(5)
The Evolution of Feminist Thought
93(1)
Feminist Approaches and Ethical Theory
94(2)
Problems with Feminist Approaches
96(1)
Care Ethics
97(5)
The Origins of the Ethic of Care
98(1)
The Meaning of the Care Perspective
99(1)
Specific Situations Take Priority Over Moral Rules
99(1)
Among Virtues, Care Should Prevail
100(1)
In the Debate between Principles of Right Actions and Virtues, Virtues Should Prevail
100(1)
Problems with Care Ethics
101(1)
Key Concepts
102(2)
Bibliography
104(4)
Virtues
104(1)
Casuistry and Narrative Ethics
105(1)
Feminist Approaches
106(1)
Care Ethics
106(2)
6 Problems in Benefiting and Avoiding Harm to the Patient
108(17)
Complications in Determining What Benefits Patients
108(11)
Subjective versus Objective Estimates of Benefit and Harm
109(4)
Medical versus Other Personal Benefits
113(2)
Conflicting Goals within the Medical Sphere
115(1)
Ways to Balance Benefits and Harms
115(1)
Bentham and Arithmetic Summing
116(1)
Comparing the Ratio of Benefits to Harms
116(2)
First of All, Do No Harm
118(1)
The Problem of Medical Paternalism
119(3)
Key Concepts
122(2)
Bibliography
124(1)
7 The Ethics of Respect for Persons: Lying, Cheating, and Breaking Promises, and Why Physicians Have Considered Them Ethical
125(27)
The Principle of Fidelity and the Duty of Confidentiality
127(6)
Fidelity and the Notion of Loyalty
128(1)
The Ethics of Confidentiality
129(1)
The Hippocratic Approach to Confidentiality
129(1)
Non-Hippocratic Approaches to Confidentiality
130(3)
The Principle of Autonomy and the Doctrine of Informed Consent
133(9)
The Concept of Autonomy
133(1)
Positive and Negative Rights
134(3)
Informed Consent, Autonomy, and Therapeutic Privilege
137(3)
Standards of Disclosure for Consent to Be Adequately Informed
140(1)
The Professional Standard
140(1)
The Reasonable Person Standard
140(1)
The Subjective Standard
141(1)
The Principle of Veracity: Lying and the Duty to Tell the Truth
142(4)
The Change in Physician Attitudes
142(1)
Accounting for the Change in Attitudes
143(1)
Changes in Judgments about Benefit and Harm
143(1)
A Possible Shift to an Ethic of Respect for Persons
144(2)
The UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights
146(2)
Key Concepts
148(1)
Bibliography
149(3)
8 The Principle of Avoiding Killing
152(19)
Active Killing Versus Allowing to Die
154(8)
Distinguishing Active Killing from Allowing to Die
155(1)
Invalid Arguments for Keeping the Distinction between Active Killing and Letting Die
155(1)
Consequentialist Arguments for and against Distinguishing Active Killing and Letting Die
156(1)
The Argument from Implications for Mentally Incapable Patients
157(1)
The Argument from a Principle of Avoiding Killing
158(1)
The Argument from Autonomy
159(1)
New Legal Initiatives for Physician-Assisted Suicide
160(1)
Distinguishing Homicide on Request from Assistance in Suicide
160(1)
Initiative Petitions
161(1)
Stopping versus Not Starting
162(1)
The Distinction between Direct and Indirect Killing
163(1)
The Distinction between Ordinary and Extraordinary Means
164(4)
The Meaning of the Terms
164(1)
The Criteria for Classifying Treatments Morally Expendable
165(1)
Uselessness
165(1)
Grave Burden
165(1)
Proportionality
166(1)
The Subjectivity of All Benefit and Harm Assessments
166(1)
Withholding Food, Fluids, CPR, and Medications
167(1)
Key Concepts
168(1)
Bibliography
169(2)
9 Death and Dying for Patients Who Are Not Their Own Decision-makers
171(22)
Formerly Mentally Capable Patients
173(10)
The Principle of Autonomy Extended
175(1)
Substituted Judgment
175(1)
Going Beyond Advance Directives
176(2)
Mechanisms for Expressing Wishes
178(1)
Advance Directives
178(2)
Legislation
180(1)
Issues to Be Addressed in an Advance Directive
181(1)
What Treatments Are Being Refused?
181(1)
What Treatments Are Desired
181(1)
When Should the Directive Take Effect?
182(1)
Is a Healthcare Power of Attorney to Be Appointed?
182(1)
Patients Who Have Never Been Mentally Capable and Who Have No Available Family or Other Pre-existing Surrogates
183(2)
The Principles
183(1)
The Legal and Ethical Standard
183(1)
Who Should Be the Surrogate?
184(1)
Patients Who Have Never Been Mentally Capable and Have a Surrogate
185(5)
Disputes about What Is Best for the Patient
185(2)
What Is the Standard Underlying This Family Discretion?
187(3)
Key Concepts
190(1)
Bibliography
191(2)
10 Human Control of Life: Genetics and Modifying Human Nature
193(23)
Genetics as the Path to Playing God?
194(1)
The Human Genome Project
195(1)
The Collection of Genetic Information and Lessons from Henrietta Lacks
196(3)
Precision Medicine
198(1)
Genetic Discrimination
199(1)
Genetic Testing and Counseling
199(6)
Dilemmas for Counselors
202(1)
Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing
203(2)
Genetic Screening
205(1)
Genetic Engineering
206(5)
Therapy versus Enhancement
207(1)
Somatic versus Reproductive Cell Changes
208(1)
CRISPR
209(2)
Key Concepts
211(1)
Bibliography
212(4)
11 Reproductive Choice and Advancing Technologies: Ethical Challenges in the Creation of Humans
216(18)
Procreative Autonomy: Possibilities and Limits
217(2)
Abortion and Prenatal Testing
219(2)
In Vitro Fertilization
221(7)
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
222(1)
Surrogacy
223(3)
Posthumous Reproduction
226(2)
Creating a Donor Child
228(1)
Cloning
229(1)
Key Concepts
230(1)
Bibliography
231(3)
12 Social Ethics of Medicine: Allocating Resources, Health Insurance, Transplantation, and Human Subjects Research
234(35)
The Need for a Social Ethic for Medicine
235(4)
The Limits of the Ethics of Individual Relations
235(1)
The Social Ethical Principles for Medical Ethics
236(1)
Social Utility
236(1)
The Nature of the Principle of Social Utility
236(1)
Quantification Problems
237(1)
Problems of Inequity
237(1)
Justice as an Alternative Social Ethical Principle
238(1)
Allocation of Healthcare Resources
239(11)
The Demand for Healthcare Services
240(1)
The Inevitability of Rationing
240(2)
Ethical Responses to the Pressures for Cost Containment
242(1)
Ethical Principles at the Level of the Individual
242(1)
The Subjective Form of Hippocratic (Patient-Benefiting) Utility
242(1)
The Objective Form of Hippocratic (Patient-Benefiting) Utility
243(1)
The Principle of Autonomy
243(1)
Ethical Principles at the Social Level
244(2)
Social Utility
246(1)
Justice
247(1)
The Role of the Clinician in Allocation Decisions
247(1)
Make the Clinician the One Who Decides Where to Cut Costs
247(1)
Practical Problems in Calculating
248(1)
Problems in Principle with Abandoning the Patient-Centered Ethic
249(1)
An Exemption from Social Ethics for Clinicians
249(1)
Health Insurance
250(4)
The Affordable Care Act of 2010
250(1)
Ethical Issues
251(1)
The Right to Healthcare
251(1)
1 Healthcare and Society's Interest
251(1)
2 Healthcare as a Social Good
251(1)
3 Healthcare as a Matter of justice
252(1)
Mandatory Coverage
252(1)
The Multiple Lists Problem
253(1)
Organ Transplantation
254(5)
Is Performing Transplants "Playing God"?
255(1)
Procurement of Organs
255(2)
Organ Allocation
257(1)
Social Utility
258(1)
Justice
259(1)
Balancing Social Utility and Justice
259(1)
Research Involving Human Subjects
259(4)
Distinguishing Research and Innovative Therapy
260(1)
Social Ethics for Research Involving Human Subjects
260(1)
Social Utility
260(1)
Respect for Persons
261(1)
Justice
261(2)
Conclusion
263(1)
Key Concepts
264(1)
Bibliography
265(4)
Social Ethical Theory
265(1)
Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources
266(1)
Health Insurance
267(1)
Organ Transplantation
267(1)
Research Involving Human Subjects
268(1)
Appendix 269(9)
Hippocratic Oath
269(1)
Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (2005)
270(8)
Notes 278(8)
Index 286
Robert M. Veatch is Senior Research Scholar and Professor of Medical Ethics, Emeritus, and former Director at the Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University. He is the author, co-author, or editor of 60 books including Hippocratic, Religious, and Secular Medical Ethics (2012), Case Studies in Biomedical Ethics (with Amy Haddad and Dan English, 2015), Transplantation Ethics (with Lainie F. Ross, 2015), and Defining Death: The Case for Choice (with Lainie F. Ross, 2016).

Laura K. Guidry-Grimes is Assistant Professor in the Department of Medical Humanities and Bioethics with a secondary appointment in Psychiatry at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. She also works as a clinical ethics consultant at the UAMS Hospital and Arkansas Childrens. She co-edited Moral Expertise: New Essays from Theoretical and Clinical Bioethics (with Jamie Carlin Watson, 2018).
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