Atnaujinkite slapukų nuostatas

Basics of Biomedical Ultrasound for Engineers [Kietas viršelis]

  • Formatas: Hardback, 392 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 241x161x24 mm, weight: 689 g
  • Serija: IEEE Press
  • Išleidimo metai: 19-Mar-2010
  • Leidėjas: Wiley-IEEE Press
  • ISBN-10: 0470465476
  • ISBN-13: 9780470465479
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Basics of Biomedical Ultrasound for EngineersDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 392 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 241x161x24 mm, weight: 689 g
  • Serija: IEEE Press
  • Išleidimo metai: 19-Mar-2010
  • Leidėjas: Wiley-IEEE Press
  • ISBN-10: 0470465476
  • ISBN-13: 9780470465479
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9780470465479.html
Raktažodžiai:
A practical learning tool for building a solid understanding of biomedical ultrasound Basics of Biomedical Ultrasound for Engineers is a structured textbook that leads the novice through the field in a clear, step-by-step manner. Based on twenty years of teaching experience, it begins with the most basic definitions of waves, proceeds to ultrasound in fluids and solids, explains the principles of wave attenuation and reflection, then introduces to the reader the principles of focusing devices, ultrasonic transducers, and acoustic fields, and then delves into integrative applications of ultrasound in conventional and advanced medical imaging techniques (including Doppler imaging) and therapeutic ultrasound. Demonstrative medical applications are interleaved within the text and exemplary questions with solutions are provided on every chapter. Readers will come away with the basic toolkit of knowledge they need to successfully use ultrasound in biomedicine and conduct research.





Encompasses a wide range of topics within biomedical ultrasound, from attenuation and eflection of waves to the intricacies of focusing devices, transducers, acoustic fields, modern medical imaging techniques, and therapeutics



Explains the most common applications of biomedical ultrasound from an engineering point of view



Provides need-to-know information in the form of physical and mathematical principles directed at concrete applications



Fills in holes in knowledge caused by ever-increasing new applications of ultrasonic imaging and therapy





Basics of Biomedical Ultrasound for Engineers is designed for undergraduate and graduate engineering students; academic/research engineers unfamiliar with ultrasound; and physicians and researchers in biomedical disciplines who need an introduction to the field. This book is meant to be my first book on biomedical ultrasound for anyone who is interested in the field.
PREFACE xv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii
INTRODUCTION 1
Prelude and Basic Definitions
1
The Advantages of Using Ultrasound in Medicine
2
A General Statement on Safety
4
Some Common Applications of Ultrasound
5
What Is It that We Need to Know?
6
References
7
1 WAVES—A GENERAL DESCRIPTION 9
1.1 General Definitions of Waves—A Qualitative Description
9
1.2 General Properties of Waves—A Qualitative Description
12
1.2.1 Interference and the Superposition Principle
12
1.2.2 Reflection and Transmission of Waves
13
1.2.3 Diffraction
15
1.2.4 Standing Waves
15
1.3 Mechanical One-Dimensional Waves
17
1.4 The Wave Function
19
1.5 The Wave Equation
20
1.6 Harmonic Waves
20
1.6.1 Equivalent Presentations
22
1.7 Group Waves
22
1.8 Wave Velocity
23
1.9 Standing Waves (a Mathematical Description)
24
1.10 Spherical Waves
25
1.11 Cylindrical Waves
27
1.12 The Wave Equation in a Nonhomogeneous Medium
29
1.12.1 The Born Approximation
32
1.12.2 The Rytov Approximation
32
References
33
2 WAVES IN A ONE-DIMENSIONAL MEDIUM 35
2.1 The Propagation Speed of Transverse Waves in a String
35
2.2 Vibration Frequencies for a Bounded String
37
2.3 Wave Reflection (Echo) in a One-Dimensional Medium
41
2.4 Special Cases
43
2.5 Wave Energy in Strings
45
2.6 Propagation of Longitudinal Waves in an Isotropic Rod or String
47
2.7 A Clinical Application of Longitudinal Waves in a String
51
References
53
3 ULTRASONIC WAVES IN FLUIDS 55
3.1 Waves in Fluids
55
3.2 Compressibility
56
3.3. Longitudinal Waves in Fluids
57
3.4 The Wave Energy
61
3.5 Intensity
62
3.6 Radiation Pressure
64
3.7 A Perfect Reflector
68
References
72
4 PROPAGATION OF ACOUSTIC WAVES IN SOLID MATERIALS 75
4.1 Introduction to the Mechanics of Solids
75
4.1.1 Stress
75
4.1.2 Strain
76
4.1.3 Special Issues to Be Noted when Investigating Wave Propagation in Solids
76
4.2 The Elastic Strain
77
4.2.1 Strain Properties
80
4.3 Stress
81
4.4 Hooke's Law and Elastic Coefficients
83
4.5 The Wave Equation for an Elastic Solid Material
84
4.6 Propagation of a Harmonic Planar Wave in a Solid Material
86
4.6.1 Special Case #1
89
4.6.2 Special Case #2
89
4.6.3 Special Case #3
90
References
92
5 ATTENUATION AND DISPERSION 93
5.1 The Attenuation Phenomenon
93
5.2 Explaining Attenuation with a Simple Model
95
5.3 Attenuation Dependency on Frequency
97
5.4 The Complex Wave Number
101
5.5 Speed of Sound Dispersion
102
5.6 The Nonlinear Parameter B/A
103
References
104
6 REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION 107
6.1 The Acoustic Impedance
107
6.1.1 The Relation Between Particle Velocity and Pressure
107
6.1.2 An Exemplary Function φ
109
6.1.3 Definition of the Acoustic Impedance
109
6.1.4 The Relation Between the Impedance and the Wave Intensity
111
6.2 Snell's Law
112
6.3 Reflection and Transmission from Boundaries Separating Two fluids (or Solids with No Shear Waves)
115
6.3.1 Critical Angles
115
6.3.2 Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
115
6.3.3 The Matching Layer
118
6.4 Reflection from a Free Surface in Solids (Mode Conversion)
120
6.5 Reflection and Transmission from a Liquid–Solid Boundary
125
6.5.1 Case #1: From a Fluid to a Solid
125
6.5.2 Case #2: From a Solid to a Fluid
128
6.5.3 An Exemplary Application
129
References
130
7 ACOUSTIC LENSES AND MIRRORS 133
7.1 Optics
133
7.2 Optics and Acoustics
138
7.3 An Ellipsoidal Lens
141
7.4 Spherical Lenses
143
7.4.1 Bi-Concave Lens
146
7.4.2 Focal Point Properties
146
7.5 Zone Lenses
148
7.6 Acoustic Mirrors (Focusing Reflectors)
150
References
152
8 TRANSDUCERS AND ACOUSTIC FIELDS 153
8.1 Piezoelectric Transducers
153
8.2 The Acoustic Field
158
8.3 The Field of a Point Source
159
8.4 The Field of a Disc Source
160
8.4.1 Near Field and Far Field
161
8.4.2 The Acoustic Far (Off Axis) Field
163
8.5 The Field of Various Transducers
168
8.5.1 The Field of a Ring Source
168
8.5.2 The Field of a Line Source
168
8.5.3 The Field of a Rectangular Source
171
8.6 Phased-Array Transducers
173
8.6.1 The General Field from an Array Source
173
8.6.2 The Field of a Linear Phased Array
173
8.6.3 Far-Field Approximation for a Linear Phased Array
175
8.6.4 Grating Lobes for a Linear Phased Array
175
8.6.5 Beam Steering with a Linear Phased Array
176
8.6.6 Maximal Steering Angle for a Linear Phased Array
179
8.6.7 Beam Forming with a Linear Phased Array
181
8.7 Annular Phased Arrays
182
8.7.1 Steering the Focal Point of an Annular Array
185
8.7.2 The Bessel Beam
187
References
189
9 ULTRASONIC IMAGING USING THE PULSE-ECHO TECHNIQUE 191
9.1 Basic Definitions in Imaging
191
9.1.1 Image and Data Acquisition
191
9.1.2 Image Contrast
193
9.1.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
193
9.1.4 Resolution
195
9.2 The "A-Line"
197
9.2.1 The Simple Model
197
9.2.2 Extending the Model
199
9.3 Scatter Model for Soft Tissues
201
9.3.1 The Speckle Texture
204
9.4 Time Gain Compensation
205
9.5 Basic Pulse-Echo Imaging (B-Scan)
206
9.5.1 Conversion to Gray Levels
207
9.5.2 M-Mode Imaging
212
9.5.3 Spatial Mapping—The Simple Model
213
9.5.4 Deconvolution Methods
217
9.6 Advanced Methods for Pulse-Echo Imaging
218
9.6.1 Second Harmonic Imaging
218
9.6.2 Multifrequency Imaging
220
9.6.3 Image Compounding
221
9.6.4 Three-Dimensional Imaging
223
9.6.5 Semi-invasive Imaging
225
9.6.5.1 Trans-esophageal Echo
225
9.6.5.2 Intra-vaginal Imaging
226
9.6.5.3 Trans-rectal Imaging
226
9.6.6 Invasive Imaging
227
9.6.6.1 Intravascular Ultrasound
227
9.6.6.2 Intraventricular Echo
229
9.6.6.6 Laparoscopic Ultrasonic Imaging
229
References
230
10 SPECIAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES 233
10.1 Acoustic Impedance Imaging—Impediography
233
10.2 Elastography
236
10.3 Tissue Speckle Tracking
243
10.4 Through-Transmission Imaging
245
10.4.1 Acoustic Projection Imaging
247
10.5 Vibro-acoustic Imaging
250
10.6 Time Reversal
252
10.7 Ultrasonic Computed Tomography
254
10.7.1 Basic Computed Tomography Principles
254
10.7.2 Spiral Computed Tomography
259
10.7.3 Diffractive Tomography
260
10.8 Contrast Materials
262
10.9 Coded Excitations
265
References
267
11 DOPPLER IMAGING TECHNIQUES 271
11.1 The Doppler Effect
271
11.2 Velocity Estimation
274
11.3 Frequency Shift Estimation
276
11.4 Duplex Imaging (Combined B-Scan and Color Flow Mapping)
279
References
284
12 SAFETY AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS 287
12.1 Effects Induced by Ultrasound and Safety
287
12.1.1 Thermal Effects
287
12.1.2 Cavitation Bubbles
292
12.1.3 Additional Effects
293
12.2 Ultrasonic Physiotherapy
295
12.3 Lithotripsy
296
12.3.1 Principles of Operation
297
12.4 Hyperthermia HIFU and Ablation
301
12.5 Drug Delivery
305
12.6 Gene Therapy
307
12.7 Cosmetic Applications
309
References
310
APPENDIX A: TYPICAL ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF TISSUES 313
Table A.1: Typical Density, Speed of Sound, and Acoustic Impedance Values
313
Table A.2: Typical Attenuation and B/A Values
314
APPENDIX B: EXEMPLARY PROBLEMS 315
APPENDIX C: ANSWERS TO EXEMPLARY PROBLEMS 341
INDEX 367
HAIM AZHARI, DSc, conducts research in medical imaging, including the application of ultrasound and MRI in medical imaging, image tomographic reconstruction, image processing, and information extraction from medical images. Professor Azhari received his doctorate in biomedical engineering from the TechnionIsrael Institute of Technology in 1987. From 1987 to 1990, he was on the staff of the Technion Department of Biomedical Engineering in a postdoctoral position. Azhari then received a double appointment as an International Research Fellow in both the Department of Radiology and the Division of Cardiology at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland. Upon his return to Israel in 1992, he joined the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Technion-IIT as a staff member, where he is currently an associate professor. From 1999-2000, Azhari was at Harvard Medical School in the Beth-Israel Radiology Department.