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El. knyga: Beyond Bias and Barriers: Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering

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  • Formatas: 346 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 04-May-2007
  • Leidėjas: National Academies Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780309133654
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: 346 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 04-May-2007
  • Leidėjas: National Academies Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780309133654
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The United States economy relies on the productivity, entrepreneurship, and creativity of its people. To maintain its scientific and engineering leadership amid increasing economic and educational globalization, the United States must aggressively pursue the innovative capacity of all its peoplewomen and men. However, women face barriers to success in every field of science and engineering; obstacles that deprive the country of an important source of talent. Without a transformation of academic institutions to tackle such barriers, the future vitality of the U.S. research base and economy are in jeopardy.

Beyond Bias and Barriers explains that eliminating gender bias in academia requires immediate overarching reform, including decisive action by university administrators, professional societies, federal funding agencies and foundations, government agencies, and Congress. If implemented and coordinated across public, private, and government sectors, the recommended actions will help to improve workplace environments for all employees while strengthening the foundations of America's competitiveness.



Table of Contents



Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Learning and Performance 3 Examining Persistence and Attrition 4 Success and Its Evaluation inScience and Engineering 5 Institutional Constraints 6 Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering Appendix A Biographical Information Appendix B Statement of Task Appendix C Chapter 4, Measuring Racial Discrimination, Theories of Discrimination Appendix D References Index
SUMMARY
1(300)
Findings
2(2)
Conclusions
4(3)
Recommendations
7(5)
Call to Action
12(1)
Introduction
13(11)
Recognizing Obstacles
15(7)
Defining the Issues
22(2)
Learning And Performance
24(26)
Chapter Highlights
24(1)
Findings
25(1)
Recommendation
26(1)
Research Approaches
26(2)
Cognition
28(9)
Mathematical and Spatial Performance
29(3)
Verbal and Written Performance
32(4)
Longitudinal Manifestation of Cognitive Differences
36(1)
Biology
37(5)
Brain Structure and Function
37(1)
Hormonal Influences on Cognitive Performance
38(1)
Psychological Development in Infancy
39(2)
Evolutionary Psychology
41(1)
Society and Culture
42(7)
Socialization of Infants and Children
43(1)
Education
44(1)
Social Effects on Women's Cognitive Performance
45(4)
Conclusion
49(1)
Examining Persistence And Attrition
50(63)
Chapter Highlights
50(1)
Findings
51(1)
Recommendations
52(7)
Course Selection in High School
59(2)
College-Going and Majors
61(5)
Undergraduate Persistence to Degree
61(2)
Social Factors Influencing Undergraduate Attrition
63(3)
College to Graduate School
66(10)
Graduate School
68(7)
Graduate School Attrition
75(1)
Postgraduate Career Plans
76(1)
Postdoctoral Appointments
77(2)
Professional Development and Productivity
77(1)
Funding Source
78(1)
Faculty Positions
79(21)
Hiring New Doctorates into Faculty Positions
80(5)
The ``Pool''
85(4)
Faculty Mobility
89(2)
Exiting the Tenure Track
91(1)
Tenure
92(1)
Promotion
93(2)
Faculty Retention
95(4)
Departments vs. Centers
99(1)
Economic Impact of Faculty Attrition
100(4)
Case Study: Chemistry
104(5)
Conclusion
109(4)
Success And Its Evaluation In Science And Engineering
113(47)
Chapter Highlights
113(1)
Findings
114(1)
Recommendations
115(2)
Building a Career
117(8)
Productivity
117(4)
Sex Differences in Publication Productivity
121(2)
Recognition
123(2)
Leadership Positions
125(10)
Grants and Contracts
129(1)
Evaluation of Leaders
129(6)
Evaluation of Success
135(24)
Gender Bias in Evaluation
143(7)
Understanding Discrimination
150(1)
Subtle Implicit or Unexamined Bias
151(2)
The Case for Diversity: ``There Goes the Neighborhood?''
153(2)
Accountability and Evaluation
155(4)
Beyond Bias
159(1)
Conclusion
159(1)
Institutional Constraints
160(54)
Chapter Highlights
160(1)
Findings
161(1)
Recommendations
162(4)
The ``Ideal'' Scientist or Engineer
166(1)
Recruitment
167(2)
Institutional Interactions
169(11)
Family Responsibilities and the Bias Against Caregivers
174(2)
The Maternal Wall
176(3)
Glass Ceilings
179(1)
Pioneers and Tipping Points
180(9)
The Legal Landscape
189(7)
Bringing Institutional Change
196(9)
Small-Win Experiments
197(3)
Identifying Barriers to Success in Science and Engineering
200(5)
Establishing an Inclusive Work Environment
205(5)
Integrating Work into One's Whole Life
207(3)
Service Obligations
210(1)
Breaking the Conspiracy of Silence: Minority-Group Women Faculty
210(1)
Funding-Agency-Driven Institutional Transformation
211(1)
Conclusion
212(2)
Fulfilling The Potential Of Women In Academic Science And Engineering
214(87)
Root Causes of Disparities
214(3)
Why Change is Necessary
217(2)
What Must Be Done: A Blueprint for Action
219(1)
Change Institutional Processes to Combat Bias
219(21)
Create New Institutional Structures
225(4)
Create Methods for Evaluation and Accountability
229(3)
Coordinating Body
232(5)
Continuous Evaluation: Scorecard
237(1)
Federal Standards and Compliance Issues
237(2)
Sanctions
239(1)
Possible Unintended Consequences
239(1)
Call to Action
240(5)
APPENDIXES
Biographical Information
245(11)
Statement of Task
256(2)
Chapter 4, Measuring Racial Discrimination Theories of Discrimination
258(17)
References
275(26)
Index 301


Committee on Maximizing the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine