Atnaujinkite slapukų nuostatas

Biliary System 2nd Revised edition [Minkštas viršelis]

, , Series edited by , , Series edited by
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Biliary System 2nd Revised editionDidesnis paveikslėlis
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781615047376.html
Raktažodžiai:
The liver is a vital organ involved in numerous metabolic processes such as cholesterol and bile acid metabolism, biliary lipid secretion, and bile formation. Cholesterol balance across the liver has a crucial effect on influencing plasma total and LDL cholesterol levels and biliary cholesterol concentrations. Cholesterol and bile acid biosyntheses are primarily modulated by negative feedback regulatory mechanisms through the sterol regulatory element-binding protein isoform 2 (SREBP-2) and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) pathways, respectively. The conversion of cholesterol to bile acids in the liver can balance the fecal excretion of bile acids, which is an important route for the removal of cholesterol from the body. Bile formation begins in the bile canaliculi, and maintenance of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids results in a continuous secretion of bile. Hepatic secretion of biliary lipids is determined mainly by a group of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters that are located on the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes, which are regulated by various nuclear receptors. Bile acids promote bile flow by their osmotic effects. Also, they are essential for the intestinal absorption of cholesterol, fatty acids, and fat-soluble vitamins and play an important role in aiding the digestion of dietary fat. Bile acids function as signaling molecules and anti-inflammatory agents to regulate lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism by rapidly activating nuclear receptors and cell signaling pathways. This eBook summarizes the progress in the molecular and cellular mechanisms of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism and the physical-chemistry of biliary lipids, with emphasis on biliary lipid metabolism that is regulated by nuclear receptors in the hepatobiliary system.
1 Introduction
1(2)
2 Anatomy of the Liver, Biliary Tract, and Gallbladder
3(18)
2.1 The Liver
3(7)
2.1.1 Gross and Surface Anatomy
3(2)
2.1.2 Structural Concepts of Liver Lobes and Segmentation
5(1)
2.1.3 Large Vessels of the Liver
6(1)
2.1.3.1 Portal Veins
6(3)
2.1.3.2 Hepatic Arteries
9(1)
2.1.3.3 Hepatic Veins
9(1)
2.1.4 Lymphatic Drainage
9(1)
2.2 The Biliary Tract and Gallbladder
10(3)
2.2.1 Intrahepatic Bile Ducts
11(1)
2.2.2 Extrahepatic Bile Ducts
11(1)
2.2.3 Gallbladder
12(1)
2.3 Liver, Gallbladder, and Bile Duct Cell Types
13(8)
2.3.1 Parenchymal Cells
13(1)
2.3.1.1 Hepatocytes
13(1)
2.3.2 Sinusoidal Nonparenchymal Cells
14(2)
2.3.2.1 Hepatic Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells
16(1)
2.3.2.2 Kupffer Cells
16(1)
2.3.3 Perisinusoidal Nonparenchymal Cells
16(1)
2.3.3.1 Hepatic Stellate Cells
16(1)
2.3.3.2 Pit Cells
17(1)
2.3.4 Gallbladder Cells
18(1)
2.3.5 Bile Duct Epithelial Cells
18(3)
3 Physical Chemistry of Bile
21(12)
3.1 Chemical Composition of Bile
21(4)
3.2 Biliary Cholesterol
25(2)
3.3 Biliary Bile Acids
27(1)
3.4 Biliary Phospholipids
27(4)
3.5 Bile Pigments
31(2)
4 Hepatic Cholesterol Metabolism
33(18)
4.1 Physical Chemistry of Cholesterol
33(1)
4.2 Features of Cholesterol Balance in the Body
33(5)
4.3 Cholesterol Synthesis Rates
38(2)
4.4 Cholesterol Biosynthesis Pathways
40(6)
4.4.1 The Conversion of Three Acetyl CoA Molecules to Mevalonate
41(1)
4.4.2 Synthesis of Two Activated Isoprenes from Mevalonate
42(1)
4.4.3 Synthesis of the 30-Carbon Squalene from Six Activated 5-Carbon Isoprenes
43(2)
4.4.4 Cholesterol Is Synthesized from Squalene via Lanosterol
45(1)
4.5 Regulation of Hepatic Cholesterol Biosynthesis
46(5)
5 Physical Chemistry and Hepatic Metabolism of Bile Acids
51(22)
5.1 Chemical Structure and Physical--Chemical Properties of Bile Acids
51(7)
5.2 Hydrophilic--Hydrophobic Balance of Bile Acids
58(1)
5.3 Bile Acid Biosynthesis Pathways
59(6)
5.4 Regulation of Bile Acid Biosynthesis
65(3)
5.5 Inhibitory Mechanisms of FXR Signaling on CYP7A1
68(1)
5.5.1 The FXR/SHP Pathway
68(1)
5.5.2 The FXR/FGF19/FGFR4 Pathway
69(1)
5.6 FXR-Independent Bile Acid Inhibition of CYP7A1
69(4)
6 The Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids
73(16)
6.1 Physiology of the Enterohepatic Circulation
73(2)
6.2 Bile Acid Pool and Kinetics
75(1)
6.3 Driving Forces of the Enterohepatic Circulation
76(2)
6.4 Kinetics and Regulation of the Enterohepatic Circulation
78(11)
6.4.1 The Hepatic Uptake of Bile Acids
78(3)
6.4.1.1 Hepatic Sinusoidal Sodium-Dependent Bile Acid Uptake
81(1)
6.4.1.2 Hepatic Sinusoidal Sodium-Independent Bile Acid Uptake
82(1)
6.4.2 The Canalicular Transport of Bile Acids
82(1)
6.4.3 The Role of Gallbladder in the Enterohepatic Circulation
83(2)
6.4.4 The Role of the Intestine in the Maintenance of the Enterohepatic Circulation
85(1)
6.4.4.1 Ileal Sodium-Dependent Bile Acid Uptake
85(1)
6.4.5 The Role of Kidneys in the Enterohepatic Circulation
86(1)
6.4.5.1 Renal Sodium-Dependent Bile Acid Uptake
86(3)
7 Hepatic Secretion of Biliary Lipids and Bile Formation
89(20)
7.1 Structure of the Bile Secretory Apparatus
89(1)
7.2 Source of Lipids Secreted in Bile
89(3)
7.3 Biliary Lipid Secretion
92(9)
7.4 Canalicular Bile Flow
101(2)
7.4.1 Bile Acid-Dependent Bile Flow
102(1)
7.4.2 Bile Acid-Independent Bile Flow
103(1)
7.5 Physical States of Biliary Lipids
103(1)
7.6 Biliary Micelles
104(2)
7.7 Biliary Vesicles, Nonmicellar Carriers of Cholesterol in Bile
106(1)
7.8 Co-existence and Interconversion of Micelles and Vesicles in Bile
107(2)
8 Cholesterol Crystallization and Gallstone Formation
109(18)
8.1 Introduction
109(1)
8.2 Five Primary Defects in the Pathogenesis of Cholesterol Gallstone Disease
110(2)
8.3 Pathophysiology of Cholesterol Gallstone Formation
112(9)
8.3.1 Phase Diagrams And Cholesterol Solubility In Bile
112(4)
8.3.2 Cholesterol Nucleation And Crystallization In Supersaturated Bile
116(4)
8.3.3 Cholesterol Crystal Detection Time
120(1)
8.3.4 Agents Influencing Cholesterol Nucleation And Crystallization
121(1)
8.3.5 Pro-nucleating Agents
122(1)
8.3.6 Anti-nucleating Agents
122(1)
8.3.7 Solid Cholesterol Crystal Growth
123
8.4 Future Directions
121(6)
9 Summary
127(2)
Acknowledgments 129(2)
References 131(42)
Author Biographies 173