Preface |
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xvii | |
Contributors |
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xix | |
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1 Antioxidant Flavonoids for Arthritis Treatment: Human and Animal Models |
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1 | (16) |
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1 Introduction to Phytoflavonoids |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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6 Animal Models of Acute and Chronic Inflammation |
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4 | (1) |
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7 Flavonoids and Its Effect on Animal Model Arthritis |
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5 | (3) |
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8 Radiographic Analysis of Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis |
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8 | (2) |
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9 Flavonoids Devoid of Toxic Effects |
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10 | (1) |
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10 Clinical Trial of Flavonoids on Arthritis |
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11 | (3) |
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11 The Mechanism of Actions of Flavonoids |
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14 | (3) |
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15 | (2) |
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2 Inflammation in Arthritis |
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17 | (12) |
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17 | (1) |
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2 Mechanism of Inflammation in Arthritis |
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18 | (1) |
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3 Dairy Products and Inflammation |
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18 | (1) |
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4 Effects of Food and Spices in Inflammation |
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19 | (1) |
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5 The Role of PUFA in Arthritis |
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20 | (3) |
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6 Antioxidants and Inflammation in Arthritis |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (6) |
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3 Effects of Beef on Inflammation Affecting Arthritis |
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29 | (14) |
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29 | (4) |
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33 | (5) |
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3 Contraindications of Beef |
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38 | (1) |
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4 Dietary Recommendations of Beef |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (4) |
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39 | (4) |
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4 Contribution of Bioactive Foods and Their Emerging Role in Immunomodulation, Inflammation, and Arthritis |
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43 | (24) |
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1 Bioactive Food Components |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (5) |
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51 | (4) |
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55 | (12) |
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5 Curcumin and Joint Health: From Traditional Knowledge to Clinical Validation |
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67 | (16) |
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67 | (1) |
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2 Clinical Relevance of Osteoarthritis |
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68 | (1) |
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3 Prevalence and Causes of OA |
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69 | (3) |
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72 | (2) |
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5 Preclinical and Clinical Evidence of Activity for Curcumin in the Treatment of OA |
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74 | (1) |
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6 The Bioavailability Issue |
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74 | (2) |
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7 The Development of a Novel Curcumin--Phospholipid Complex (Meriva®) |
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76 | (2) |
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8 Clinical Efficacy of Curcumin and of Meriva® in the Management of Osteoarthrosis |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (4) |
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6 Dried Plum and Bone Health |
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83 | (14) |
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83 | (1) |
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2 Plant-Based Foods and Bone Health |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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4 Role of Inflammation in Bone Loss |
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85 | (2) |
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5 Oxidative Stress and Bone |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (2) |
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7 Dried Plums Prevent Bone Loss |
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90 | (1) |
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8 Dried Plum Restores Bone |
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91 | (1) |
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9 Clinical Studies, Dried Plum and Bone |
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92 | (1) |
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10 Dried Plum, Bone and Inflammation |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (4) |
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94 | (3) |
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7 The Alkaline Way: Integrative Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Autoimmune Conditions |
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97 | (16) |
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1 An Integrative Approach |
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97 | (5) |
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2 Restoring Alkaline Balance |
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102 | (6) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (4) |
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8 Marine Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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113 | (20) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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3 Arachidonic Acid, Eicosanoids and the Links with Inflammation and RA |
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115 | (1) |
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4 Fatty Acid Modification of Immune Cell Fatty Acid Composition and of Eicosanoid Profiles |
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116 | (2) |
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5 Resolvins: Novel Anti-Inflammatory and Inflammation-Resolving Mediators Produced from EPA and DHA |
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118 | (1) |
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6 Influence of Marine n-3 Fatty Acids on Inflammatory Cytokines |
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119 | (1) |
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7 Influence of Marine n-3 Fatty Acids on T Cells |
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120 | (1) |
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8 Influence of Marine n-3 Fatty Acids on Antigen Presentation |
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121 | (1) |
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9 Marine n-3 PUFAs and Animal Models of RA |
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121 | (1) |
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10 Trials of Marine n-3 PUFAs in RA |
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122 | (3) |
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125 | (8) |
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9 Diet Modulated Inflammation in Chronic Disease: An Overview |
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133 | (12) |
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133 | (1) |
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2 Measuring Metaflammation |
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134 | (1) |
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3 Nutrition and Metaflammation |
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135 | (5) |
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140 | (5) |
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10 Food Supplements and Immune Function in Humans |
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145 | (12) |
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1 Introduction: Nutrition and Immunity |
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145 | (3) |
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2 Food Supplementation and Disease |
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148 | (4) |
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152 | (5) |
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153 | (4) |
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11 Natural Antioxidants and Resistance to Infection |
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157 | (18) |
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157 | (1) |
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2 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Protection |
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158 | (2) |
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3 Vitamins and Host Resistance to Infection |
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160 | (4) |
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4 Trace Elements and Host Resistance to Infection |
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164 | (6) |
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170 | (5) |
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12 The Effects of Flavonoids on the Immune System |
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175 | (14) |
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175 | (1) |
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2 Acquired Immunity: The Tailored Response Against Antigen |
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176 | (1) |
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3 Flavonoids in the Immune System |
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177 | (8) |
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185 | (4) |
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186 | (3) |
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189 | (14) |
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1 Allergy to Wheat and Related Diseases |
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189 | (2) |
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2 Changes in Allergenic Properties of Wheat Induced by Heat and Industrial Processing |
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191 | (1) |
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3 Allergen Cross-Reactivity Among Cereals, Pollen, and Other Vegetal Foods |
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192 | (2) |
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4 Why Patients with Baker's Asthma Due to Wheat Tolerate Wheat Flour Ingestion? |
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194 | (2) |
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5 Relationship Between Diet and Allergic Asthma |
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196 | (1) |
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6 The Role of Wheat in Diabetic's Diet |
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197 | (1) |
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7 Cereal Tolerance Mechanism and Treatment Possibilities |
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197 | (6) |
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203 | (12) |
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1 Food Allergy: Mechanisms, Symptoms, and Prevalence |
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203 | (1) |
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2 Tomato Allergy: Prevalence and Symptoms |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (4) |
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4 Cross-Reactions Among Tomato and Other Allergens |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (5) |
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211 | (4) |
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15 Indian Medicinal Plants as Immunomodulators: Scientific Validation of the Ethnomedicinal Beliefs |
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215 | (10) |
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215 | (1) |
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2 Plants as Immunomodulators |
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216 | (7) |
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223 | (2) |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (16) |
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225 | (3) |
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2 Clinical Studies Using Probiotics for the Treatment of Eczema |
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228 | (1) |
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3 Clinical Studies Using Probiotics in the Prevention of Eczema |
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229 | (8) |
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237 | (4) |
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237 | (4) |
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17 Immunomodulating Effect of Polysaccharide |
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241 | (10) |
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241 | (1) |
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2 Lentinan from L. edodes |
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242 | (1) |
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3 Antitumor Polysaccharides from G. frondosa |
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243 | (1) |
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4 Immunomodulating Polysaccharide from P. cornucopiae var. Citrinopileatus, Oyster Mushrooms, and its Activity |
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243 | (3) |
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5 P. Nameko and Others also Possessed Immunomodulating Polysaccharides |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (4) |
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18 Bioactive Foods, Nutrients and Herbs in Infectious Diseases |
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251 | (6) |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (6) |
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19 Probiotics and Prebiotics: Health Promotion by Immune Modulation in the Elderly |
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257 | (14) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
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4 Gut Microbiota and Aging |
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261 | (2) |
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5 Probiotics and Prebiotics |
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263 | (1) |
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6 Modulation of the Gut Microbiota in Elderly Healthcare |
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264 | (3) |
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267 | (4) |
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268 | (3) |
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20 Vitamin D-Binding Protein; Role in Osteoporosis |
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271 | (8) |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (3) |
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275 | (4) |
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21 Anti-Inflammatory Natural Foods |
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279 | (26) |
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279 | (4) |
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283 | (3) |
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286 | (14) |
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300 | (5) |
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302 | (3) |
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22 Lycopene Modulation of Inflammation: Role in Disease Pathology |
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305 | (14) |
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305 | (1) |
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2 Biological Functions of Lycopene |
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306 | (1) |
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3 Lycopene: Role in Human Disease |
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307 | (6) |
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313 | (6) |
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315 | (4) |
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23 Fruits and Vegetables as Functional Foods for Exercise and Inflammation |
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319 | (18) |
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319 | (2) |
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2 Fruit and Vegetable Phytochemicals |
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321 | (2) |
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3 Fruit and Vegetable Phytochemicals for Exercise and Inflammation |
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323 | (10) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (3) |
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335 | (2) |
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24 Inflammation and Nutraceutical Modulation |
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337 | (10) |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (3) |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (3) |
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25 Modulatory Role of Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Immune Defense against Microorganisms |
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347 | (10) |
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347 | (2) |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (3) |
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4 Eukaryotic Infectious Agents: Parasites and Fungi |
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353 | (4) |
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26 Probiotics and Prebiotics in Immune Modulation |
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357 | (14) |
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357 | (2) |
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2 Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics In Vitro and in Animal Models (Potential for Use) |
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359 | (3) |
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3 Clinical Trials with Pre- and Probiotics |
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362 | (6) |
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368 | (3) |
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27 The Role of Dark Chocolate on Inflammation: A Bitter Taste for a Better Life |
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371 | (8) |
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371 | (1) |
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2 Cocoa Processing and Flavanol Content |
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372 | (4) |
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376 | (3) |
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28 Polyphenols and Inflammation |
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379 | (14) |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (6) |
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387 | (6) |
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389 | (4) |
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29 Fish Oil and C-Reactive Protein |
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393 | (12) |
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393 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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4 Sources, Recommendations, and Preparation |
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395 | (1) |
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5 n-3 Supplements Versus Fish |
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395 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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7 Prescription Versus Over-The-Counter Supplements |
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396 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (7) |
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30 Pycnogenol® and Antioxidant Activity in Health Promotion |
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405 | (8) |
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405 | (1) |
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405 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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5 Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Pycnogenol® |
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407 | (1) |
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407 | (1) |
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7 Pycnogenol® and Neurodegenerative Diseases |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (1) |
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9 Additional Health Effects Related to Antioxidant Activity |
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410 | (3) |
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31 Anti-Inflammatory Benefits of Pentacyclic Triterpenes |
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413 | (8) |
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413 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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6 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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417 | (1) |
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418 | (3) |
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32 Polyphenols, Promising Therapeutics for Inflammatory Diseases? |
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421 | (10) |
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421 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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424 | (3) |
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427 | (1) |
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6 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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427 | (1) |
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428 | (3) |
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33 Immune Alterations in Metabolic Syndrome: The Old Story of Chicken and Egg |
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431 | (20) |
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431 | (3) |
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434 | (1) |
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435 | (2) |
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4 Cytokines, Adipokines, and Inflammatory Mediators |
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437 | (7) |
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5 Inflammation and MeS: Which PRECEDES the Other? |
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444 | (2) |
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446 | (1) |
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446 | (2) |
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448 | (3) |
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34 Immunomodulation by Food for Mitigating Allergic Disease |
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451 | (10) |
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451 | (1) |
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2 Research into Immunomodulation by Food, with a Focus on Allergy |
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452 | (4) |
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3 Conclusions and Future Research |
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456 | (5) |
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35 Resveratrol and Inflammatory--Autoimmune Diseases |
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461 | (12) |
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461 | (1) |
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2 Resveratrol and the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor |
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462 | (2) |
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464 | (1) |
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465 | (1) |
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5 Resveratrol and Inflammatory/Autoimmune Disease |
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466 | (2) |
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468 | (5) |
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468 | (5) |
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36 Tart Cherry Fruits: Implications for Human Health |
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473 | (12) |
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1 Botanical Properties of Tart Cherry |
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473 | (1) |
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2 Phytochemistry of Tart Cherry |
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473 | (3) |
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3 Biosynthesis of Anthocyanins and Other Flavonoids |
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476 | (1) |
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4 Consumption of Tart Cherries and Why They Are Important in Nutrition and Medicine |
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477 | (2) |
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5 Implications for Human Health |
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479 | (3) |
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6 Conclusions and Perspectives |
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482 | (3) |
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37 Olive Oil and Infection |
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485 | (14) |
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485 | (1) |
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486 | (1) |
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3 Antimicrobial Effects of Components Present in Olive Oil |
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487 | (3) |
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4 Antimicrobial Effects of Olive Oil |
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490 | (1) |
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5 Host Resistance to Infection |
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491 | (5) |
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496 | (3) |
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38 Bioactive Foods and Nutrients |
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499 | (8) |
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499 | (1) |
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2 Defining Osteoarthritis |
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499 | (1) |
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3 Pathophysiology of Osteoarthritis |
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500 | (1) |
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4 NSAIDs: Uses and Dangers |
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501 | (1) |
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502 | (1) |
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503 | (1) |
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504 | (1) |
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505 | (2) |
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505 | (2) |
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39 Potassium and Arthritis |
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507 | (8) |
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1 Potassium and Arthritis |
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507 | (1) |
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2 Potassium Status in Arthritis |
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508 | (1) |
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3 Arthritis, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Potassium |
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508 | (1) |
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4 Arthritis, NKA Activity, and Potassium |
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509 | (1) |
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5 Arthritis and Potassium Intake Clinical Trials |
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509 | (1) |
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6 Hypothetical Hormonal Mechanism in Potassium Deficiency |
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510 | (1) |
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511 | (4) |
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40 Dietary Antioxidants and Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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515 | (14) |
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515 | (1) |
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515 | (1) |
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3 Pathological Features of RA |
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516 | (2) |
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4 Oxidative Stress and Inflammation |
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518 | (1) |
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5 Antioxidant Status of RA Patients |
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519 | (3) |
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6 Antioxidant Intervention Studies |
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522 | (3) |
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525 | (4) |
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525 | (4) |
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41 Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in the Treatment and Prevention of Arthritis |
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529 | (16) |
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529 | (1) |
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2 Cartilage in Normal Conditions |
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530 | (1) |
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3 Articular Cartilage in OA |
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530 | (1) |
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4 Articular Cartilage in RA |
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531 | (1) |
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5 Conventional Treatment of OA and RA |
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531 | (1) |
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6 Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicines in the Treatment of Arthritis |
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532 | (1) |
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7 Phytochemistry of Ginger |
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533 | (2) |
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8 Traditional Uses of Ginger |
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535 | (1) |
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9 Preclinical Studies in Experimental Animals |
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536 | (1) |
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537 | (1) |
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538 | (1) |
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12 Anti-Inflammatory Activity |
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539 | (2) |
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13 Ginger Decreases the Metalloproteinase Levels |
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541 | (1) |
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541 | (4) |
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542 | (3) |
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42 Mechanisms of Fish Oil-Modulated Inflammation and Health |
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545 | (10) |
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1 Intake of Fish and Fish Oil and Chronic Disease Development |
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545 | (2) |
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2 Anti-Inflammatory Effects on the Endothelial Wall |
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547 | (1) |
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3 Role of Eicosanoid Metabolism in the Anti-Inflammatory Response to LC n-3 PUFAs |
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547 | (1) |
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4 Novel Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms of LC n-3 PUFAs |
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548 | (2) |
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5 Anti-Inflammatory Actions of LC n-3 PUFAs in vivo |
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550 | (1) |
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551 | (4) |
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552 | (3) |
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43 Flavonoids and Immunomodulation |
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555 | (26) |
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555 | (2) |
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2 Flavonoids and Immunomodulation |
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557 | (19) |
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3 Market of Flavonoids as Therapeutic Agents |
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576 | (1) |
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4 Conclusions and New Perspectives |
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577 | (4) |
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44 Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Genetically Modified Lactic Acid Bacteria |
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581 | (20) |
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581 | (1) |
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2 Genetic Engineering Strategies for LAB |
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582 | (3) |
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3 Inflammatory Bowel Disease |
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585 | (12) |
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597 | (4) |
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597 | (4) |
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45 Medicinal Efficacy of Indian Herbal Remedies for the Treatment of Arthritis |
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601 | (18) |
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601 | (13) |
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614 | (5) |
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615 | (4) |
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46 Anti-Inflammatory Herbs for Arthritis |
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619 | (14) |
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619 | (1) |
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620 | (1) |
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621 | (1) |
|
4 Current Pharmacological Therapy for Arthritis |
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
5 Anti-Inflammatory Herbs |
|
|
622 | (6) |
|
6 Conclusions and Future Direction |
|
|
628 | (5) |
|
47 Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Passion Fruit Peel Extract in Modifying Osteoarthritis, Hypertension, and Asthma |
|
|
633 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
2 Passion Fruit Peel Extract: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
3 Passion Fruit Peel Extraction Methods |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
4 Passion Fruit Peel Extract: Research |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
|
638 | (3) |
Index |
|
641 | |