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El. knyga: Biofilms in Plant and Soil Health

Edited by , Edited by (Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India)
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  • Išleidimo metai: 24-Jul-2017
  • Leidėjas: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119246374
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Biofilms in Plant and Soil HealthDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 24-Jul-2017
  • Leidėjas: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119246374
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Biofilms are predominant mode of life for microbes under natural conditions. The three-dimensional structure of the biofilm provides enhanced protection from physical, chemical and biological stress conditions to associated microbial communities. These complex and highly structured microbial communities play a vital role in maintaining the health of plants, soils and waters. Biofilm associated with plants may be pathogenic or beneficial based on the nature of their interactions. Pathogenic or undesirable biofilm requires control in many situations, including soil, plants, food and water.

Written by leading experts from around the world, Biofilms in Plant and Soil Health provides an up-to-date review on various aspects of microbial biofilms, and suggests future and emerging trends in biofilms in plant and soil health.

Issues are addressed in four sub areas:

I. The fundamentals and significance of biofilm in plant and soil health, and the concept of mono and mixed biofilms by PGPR and fungal biofilms.

II. Biochemical and molecular mechanisms in biofilm studies in plant associated bacteria, and techniques in studying biofilms and their characterization, gene expression and enhanced antimicrobial resistance in biofilms, as well as biotic and biotic factors affecting biofilm in vitro.

III. The ecological significance of soil associated biofilms and stress management and bioremediation of contaminated soils and degraded ecosystems.

IV. Pathogenic biofilm associated with plant and food and its control measures.

This book is recommended for students and researchers working in agricultural and environmental microbiology, biotechnology, soil sciences, soil and plant health and plant protection. Researchers working in the area of quorum sensing, biofilm applications, and understanding microbiome of soil and plants will also find it useful.

Iqbal Ahmad is a Professor in the Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India and former visiting Professor, Department of Biology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudia Arabia.

Fohad Mabood Husain is a Post-doctoral Researcher in the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

Biofilms are predominant mode of life for microbes under natural conditions. The three-dimensional structure of the biofilm provides enhanced protection from physical, chemical and biological stress conditions to associated microbial communities. These complex and highly structured microbial communities play a vital role in maintaining the health of plants, soils and waters. Biofilm associated with plants may be pathogenic or beneficial based on the nature of their interactions. Pathogenic or undesirable biofilm requires control in many situations, including soil, plants, food and water

Written by leading experts from around the world, Biofilms in Plant and Soil Health provides an up-to-date review on various aspects of microbial biofilms, and suggests future and emerging trends in biofilms in plant and soil health

Issues are addressed in four sub areas

This book is recommended for students and researchers working in agricultural and environmental microbiology, biotechnology, soil sciences, soil and plant health and plant protection. Researchers working in the area of quorum sensing, biofilm applications, and understanding microbiome of soil and plants will also find it useful

About the Editors

Biofilms are predominant mode of life for microbes under natural conditions. The three-dimensional structure of the biofilm provides enhanced protection from physical, chemical and biological stress conditions to associated microbial communities.

Biofilms are predominant mode of life for microbes under natural conditions. The three-dimensional structure of the biofilm provides enhanced protection from physical, chemical and biological stress conditions to associated microbial communities. These complex and highly structured microbial communities play a vital role in maintaining the health of plants, soils and waters.  Biofilm associated with plants may be pathogenic or beneficial based on the nature of their interactions. Pathogenic or undesirable biofilm requires control in many situations, including soil, plants, food and water.

Written by leading experts from around the world, Biofilms in Plant and Soil Health provides an up-to-date review on various aspects of microbial biofilms, and suggests future and emerging trends in biofilms in plant and soil health.
Issues are addressed in four sub areas: 
I) The fundamentals and significance of biofilm in plant and soil health, and the concept of mono and  mixed biofilms by PGPR and fungal  biofilms. 
II) Biochemical and molecular mechanisms in biofilm studies in plant associated bacteria, and techniques in studying biofilms and their characterization, gene expression and enhanced antimicrobial resistance in biofilms, as well as biotic and biotic factors affecting biofilm in vitro. 
III) The ecological significance of soil associated biofilms and stress management and bioremediation of contaminated soils and degraded ecosystems. 
IV) Pathogenic biofilm associated with plant and food and its control measures.

This book is recommended for students and researchers working in agricultural and environmental microbiology, biotechnology, soil sciences, soil and plant health and plant protection. Researchers working in the area of quorum sensing, biofilm applications, and understanding microbiome of soil and plants will also find it useful.

 
Preface xviii
List of Contributors xx
1 Biofilms: An Overview of Their Significance in Plant and Soil Health 1(26)
Iqbal Ahmad
Mohammad Shavez Khan
Mohd Musheer Altaf
Faizan Abul Qais
Firoz Ahmad Ansari
Kendra P. Rumbaugh
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Biofilm Associated with Plants
3(1)
1.3 Biofilm Formation Mechanisms: Recent Update on Key Factors
4(3)
1.4 Biofilm in Soil and Rhizospheres
7(1)
1.5 Genetic Exchange in Biofilms
7(1)
1.6 Diversity and Function of Soil Biofilms
8(1)
1.7 The Role of Biofilms in Competitive Colonization by PGPR
8(1)
1.8 Biofilm Synergy in Soil and Environmental Microbes
9(1)
1.9 Biofilms in Drought Stress Management
10(1)
1.10 Plant Health and Biofilm
10(1)
1.11 How Microbial Biofilms Influence Plant Health?
10(2)
1.12 Soil Health and Biofilms
12(1)
1.13 How to Assess Soil Health?
13(1)
1.14 Impact of Biofilms on Soil Health
14(1)
1.15 Biofilm EPS in Soil Health
14(1)
1.16 Conclusions and Future Directions
15(1)
References
15(12)
2 Role of PGPR in Biofilm Formations and Its Importance in Plant Health 27(16)
Govind Gupta
Sunil Kumar Snehi
Vinod Singh
2.1 Introduction
27(1)
2.2 Rhizosphere: A Unique Source of Microorganisms for Plant Growth Promotion
27(1)
2.3 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
28(6)
2.3.1 Direct Impact of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria on Plant Nutrition
29(3)
2.3.1.1 Nitrogen Fixation
29(1)
2.3.1.2 Phosphorus Solubilization
30(1)
2.3.1.3 Potassium Solubilization
30(1)
2.3.1.4 Siderophore Production
30(1)
2.3.1.5 Phytohormone Production
31(1)
2.3.1.6 Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) Production
31(1)
2.3.1.7 Gibberellins and Cytokinins Production
31(1)
2.3.2 In Direct Impact of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria on Plant Nutrition
32(49)
2.3.2.1 Antibiotic Production
32(1)
2.3.2.2 Enzyme Production
32(1)
2.3.2.3 Induced Systemic Resistance
32(1)
2.3.2.4 Hydrogen Cyanide Production
33(1)
2.3.2.5 Exopolysaccharides Production or Biofilm Formation
33(1)
2.4 Biofilm Producing Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
34(1)
2.5 Role of PGPR in Biofilm Formations
35(1)
2.6 Future Research and Development Strategies for Biofilm Producing Sustainable Technology
35(1)
2.7 Conclusions
36(1)
Acknowledgments
36(1)
References
36(7)
3 Concept of Mono and Mixed Biofilms and Their Role in Soil and in Plant Association 43(12)
Janaina J. de V. Cavalcante
Alexander M. Cardoso
Vania L. Muniz de Padua
3.1 Introduction
43(2)
3.2 Soil-and Plant-Associated Biofilms
45(1)
3.3 Microbial Signaling, Regulation, and Quorum Sensing
46(2)
3.4 Biotechnology
48(1)
3.5 Outlook
49(1)
Acknowledgments
49(1)
References
49(6)
4 Bacillus Biofilms and Their Role in Plant Health 55(14)
Mohd Musheer Altaf
Iqbal Ahmad
Mohd Sajjad Ahmad Khan
Elisabeth Grohmann
4.1 Introduction
55(2)
4.2 Interaction of Bacillus within Plant Rhizosphere and Biofilm Development
57(2)
4.3 Multispecies Biofilms and Their Significance
59(1)
4.4 Biofilm Detection and Characterization
60(1)
4.5 Bacillus Biofilm and Plant Health Promotion
60(2)
4.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
62(1)
References
63(6)
5 Biofilm Formation by Pseudomonas spp. and Their Significance as a Biocontrol Agent 69(30)
Zaki A. Siddiqui
Masudulla Khan
5.1 Introduction
69(10)
5.2 Biofilms
79(2)
5.3 Mechanisms of Biofilm Formation
81(3)
5.3.1 Quorum Sensing
81(1)
5.3.2 Regulation in Response to Phosphorus Starvation
82(1)
5.3.3 Phase Variation
82(1)
5.3.4 Motility and Chemotaxis
82(1)
5.3.5 Surface Adhesins
83(1)
5.3.6 Biofilm Matrix Components
83(1)
5.4 Metabolites Affecting Biofilm Formation
84(1)
5.4.1 Plant Defense Compounds
84(1)
5.4.2 Phenazine
84(1)
5.4.3 Surfactants
84(1)
5.5 Biofilm Formation and Biological Control of Plant Diseases
84(1)
5.6 Conclusion
85(1)
References
86(13)
6 Quorum Sensing Mechanisms in Rhizosphere Biofilms 99(12)
Jorge Barriuso
6.1 Background
99(2)
6.2 QS in Biofilms Formation
101(5)
6.2.1 Positive Interactions
102(3)
6.2.1.1 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
102(2)
6.2.1.2 Rhizobia
104(1)
6.2.2 Negative Interactions
105(1)
6.2.3 Cross-Communication
105(1)
6.3 Conclusions
106(1)
References
107(4)
7 Biofilm Formation and Quorum Sensing in Rhizosphere 111(20)
Kusum Harjai
Neha Sabharwal
7.1 Introduction
111(1)
7.2 Importance of Rhizosphere
111(1)
7.3 Constituents of Rhizosphere
112(1)
7.3.1 Physical/Chemical
112(1)
7.3.2 Rhizosphere-A Hot Niche of Microbial Activity
112(3)
7.3.2.1 Bacteria
112(1)
7.3.2.2 Fungi
113(1)
7.3.2.3 Actinomycetes and Protozoa
113(1)
7.4 Communication in Rhizosphere
113(2)
7.5 Quorum Sensing in Rhizobia
115(3)
7.5.1 Quorum Sensing in Rhizobium
115(2)
7.5.1.1 cini and cinR
115(1)
7.5.1.2 raii and raiR
116(1)
7.5.1.3 rhii and rhiR
116(1)
7.5.1.4 trai and traR
116(1)
7.5.2 Quorum Sensing in Sinorhizobium
117(1)
7.5.2.1 sini and sinR
117(1)
7.5.2.2 expR
117(1)
7.5.2.3 trai, traR and melI
118(1)
7.5.3 Quorum Sensing in Mesorhizobium
118(1)
7.6 Quorum Sensing in Pseudomonads
118(2)
7.6.1 Quorum Sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
118(2)
7.6.1.1 Las System
118(1)
7.6.1.2 Rhl System
118(1)
7.6.1.3 PQS System
119(1)
7.6.2 Quorum Sensing in Other Pseudomonads
120(1)
7.7 Biofilm Formation in Rhizosphere
120(4)
7.7.1 Beneficial Root Biofilm
121(2)
7.7.2 Pathogenic Root Biofilm
123(1)
7.7.3 Mixed-Species Biofilm
123(1)
7.8 Conclusions
124(1)
References
124(7)
8 The Significance of Fungal Biofilms in Association with Plants and Soils 131(20)
Michael W. Harding
Lyriam L.R. Marques
Bryon Shore
G.C. Daniels
8.1 Introduction
131(1)
8.2 What Is a Biofilm?
132(1)
8.3 Where Do We Find Filamentous Fungal Biofilms?
132(1)
8.4 Fungal Biofilms: What Have We Learned from the Budding Yeasts?
133(1)
8.5 What Does a Filamentous Fungal Biofilm Look Like?
134(2)
8.6 Examples of Filamentous Fungal Biofilms
136(3)
8.6.1 Ascomycete Biofilms
136(2)
8.6.2 Zygomycete Biofilms
138(1)
8.6.3 Basidiomycete Biofilms
138(1)
8.6.4 Oomycete Biofilms
138(1)
8.7 Examples of Fungal Biofilms in Soils and the Rhizosphere
139(2)
8.7.1 Mycorrhizae
139(1)
8.7.2 Ectomycorrhizae as a Biofilm
139(1)
8.7.3 A Brief Look at Endomycorrhiza as a Biofilm
140(1)
8.8 The Mycorhizosphere
141(1)
8.9 A Biofilm Approach to Plant Disease Management
141(2)
References
143(8)
9 Chemical Nature of Biofilm Matrix and Its Significance 151(28)
Mohd Sajjad Ahmed Khan
Mohd Musheer Altaf
Iqbal Ahmad
9.1 Introduction
151(3)
9.2 Structural Composition of EPS
154(6)
9.2.1 Exopolysaccharides of the Biofilm Matrix
154(4)
9.2.1.1 Carbohydrate Content of Exopolysaccharides
155(1)
9.2.1.2 Polysaccharides of Gram-Negative Bacteria
155(2)
9.2.1.3 Polysaccharides and Related Compounds in Gram-Positive Bacteria
157(1)
9.2.2 Proteins
158(1)
9.2.3 eDNA
159(1)
9.2.4 Surfactants and Lipids
159(1)
9.2.5 Water
160(1)
9.3 Properties of Matrices
160(2)
9.4 Functions of the Extracellular Polymer Matrix: The Role of Matrix in Biofilm Biology
162(6)
9.4.1 Role of EPS in Biofilm Architecture
164(1)
9.4.2 Role of EPS in Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance/Tolerance to Other Toxic Substances
165(3)
9.5 Conclusion
168(1)
Acknowledgments
168(1)
References
169(10)
10 Root Exudates: Composition and Impact on Plant-Microbe Interaction 179(16)
Shamsul Hayat
Ahmad Faraz
Mohammad Falzon
10.1 Introduction
179(1)
10.2 Chemical Composition of Root Exudates and Their Significance
180(1)
10.3 Root Exudates in Mediating Plant-Microbe Interaction in Rhizosphere (Negative and Positive Interactions)
180(2)
10.4 Direct and Indirect Effect of Root Exudates on PGPR, Root Colonization, and in Stress Tolerance
182(3)
10.4.1 Root Colonization
183(1)
10.4.2 Root Exudates and Stress Tolerance
184(1)
10.5 Role of Root Exudates in Biofilm Formation by PGPR
185(1)
10.6 Role of Root Exudates in Protecting Plants Pathogenic Biofilm, Quorum Sensing Inhibition
186(1)
10.7 Isolation of Root Exudates
187(1)
10.8 Conclusion
188(1)
References
189(6)
11 Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms in Biofilm Formation of Plant-Associated Bacteria 195(20)
Alwar Ramanujam Padmavathi
Dhamodharan Bakkiyaraj
Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian
11.1 Introduction
195(1)
11.2 Plant-Associated Bacteria
196(1)
11.3 Biofilms and Plant Pathogens
196(1)
11.4 Molecular and Biochemical Mechanisms Involved in Biofilm Formation
197(8)
11.4.1 Pseudomonas
197(2)
11.4.2 Xanthomonas
199(1)
11.4.3 Erwinia
200(1)
11.4.4 Ralstonia
200(1)
11.4.5 Pectobacterium carotovorum
201(1)
11.4.6 Xylella fastidiosa
201(1)
11.4.7 Agrobacterium tumefaciens
202(1)
11.4.8 Dickeya
203(1)
11.4.9 Clavibacter michiganensis
204(1)
11.4.10 Bacillus subtilis
204(1)
11.5 Conclusion
205(1)
References
205(10)
12 Techniques in Studying Biofilms and Their Characterization: Microscopy to Advanced Imaging System in vitro and in situ 215(16)
Elisabeth Grohmann
Ankita Vaishampayan
12.1 Introduction
215(1)
12.2 Classical Techniques to Study Biofilms
216(2)
12.2.1 Nucleic Acid Stains and FISH (in Combination with Epifluorescence Microscopy)
216(1)
12.2.2 FISH and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM)
217(1)
12.3 The Gold Standard: Flow-Cell Technology and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM)
218(1)
12.4 The Biofilm Flow Cell
218(3)
12.5 Advanced Digital Analysis of Confocal Microscopy Images
221(1)
12.6 Biofilm Studies at Different Scales
222(2)
12.6.1 Microscale: LSM and Structural Fluorescent Sensors
223(1)
12.6.2 Nanoscale: Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM) and Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Microscopy
223(1)
12.6.3 Mesoscale: Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Scanning Laser Optical Tomography (SLOTy)
224(1)
12.7 Conclusions and Perspectives
224(1)
Acknowledgments
225(1)
References
225(6)
13 Gene Expression and Enhanced Antimicrobial Resistance in Biofilms 231(22)
Daniel Padilla-Chacon
Israel Castillo-Juarez
Naybi Munoz-Cazares
Rodolfo Garcia-Contreras
13.1 Introduction
231(1)
13.2 Biofilms in the Plant-Microbe Relationship
232(4)
13.2.1 Biofilm Formation in the Vascular System (Xylem)
232(2)
13.2.2 Biofilm Formation in Rizosphere (Roots)
234(2)
13.3 Stress Induces Biofilm Formation
236(1)
13.4 Relevance for Bacterial-Associated Plants
237(1)
13.5 Enhanced Antimicrobial Resistance in Biofilms Is Mediated by Biofilm Physicochemical Characteristics and Specific Changes in Gene Expression
237(2)
13.6 Potential for Implementing Antibiofilm Strategies to Protect Crops
239(5)
13.6 Conclusions
244(1)
Acknowledgments
244(1)
References
244(9)
14 In Vitro Assessment of Biofilm Formation by Soil-and Plant-Associated Microorganisms 253(22)
Michael W. Harding
G.C. Daniels
14.1 Introduction
253(1)
14.2 How to Make a Biofilm
254(1)
14.3 What Is the Best Way to Make a Biofilm in Vitro?
254(1)
14.4 Flow Systems
255(6)
14.4.1 Continuous Plug Flow Reactors
255(3)
14.4.1.1 Flow Cells
255(1)
14.4.1.2 Tube Biofilms
256(1)
14.4.1.3 Drip-Flow Reactor
257(1)
14.4.1.4 Perfused Biofilm Fermenters
258(1)
14.4.2 Continuous Flow Stirred Tank Reactors
258(3)
14.4.2.1 CDC Biofilm Reactor
258(1)
14.4.2.2 Rotating Disk, Concentric Cylinder, and Annular Reactors
259(2)
14.5 Static Reactors
261(4)
14.5.1 Microtiter Plate Assay
261(2)
14.5.2 MBECTM Assay
263(1)
14.5.3 Colony Biofilm Assay
264(1)
14.6 Special Considerations for Filamentous Fungal Biofilms
265(1)
14.7 Biofilm Reactors Used to Characterize Plant-Associated Biofilms
266(1)
14.8 Value-Added Products from Biofilm Reactors
266(1)
References
267(8)
15 Factors Affecting Biofilm Formation in in vitro and in the Rhizosphere 275(16)
Firoz Ahmad Ansari
Huma Jafri
Iqbal Ahmad
Hussein H. Abulreesh
15.1 Introduction
275(1)
15.2 Process of Biofilm Formation
276(2)
15.2.1 Attachment
276(1)
15.2.2 Maturation of the Biofilm
277(1)
15.2.3 Detachment and Return to the Planktonic Growth Mode
277(1)
15.3 Factor Influencing Biofilm Formation
278(7)
15.3.1 Surfaces
279(1)
15.3.2 Temperature and Moisture Content
279(3)
15.3.3 Salinity
282(1)
15.3.4 Nutrient Availability
282(1)
15.3.5 Microbial Products
283(2)
15.3.5.1 QS Signal Molecules in Biofilm Formation
283(1)
15.3.5.2 Antimicrobial Peptides
284(1)
15.3.5.3 Exopolysaccarides
284(1)
15.3.6 Soil Enzymes
285(1)
15.4 Conclusions and Future Direction
285(1)
References
286(5)
16 Ecological Significance of Soil-Associated Plant Growth-Promoting Biofilm-Forming Microbes for Stress Management 291(36)
Arpita Singh
Puneet Singh Chauhan
16.1 Introduction
291(1)
16.2 Rhizosphere Hub of Plant-Microbe Interactions
292(1)
16.3 Commencement of Rhizosphere Effect and Bacterial Colonization by Root Exudates
293(2)
16.3.1 Rhizosphere Effect
293(1)
16.3.2 Rhizosphere Competence
294(1)
16.3.3 Involvement of Genes and Traits in Rhizosphere Colonization
294(1)
16.4 Quorum Sensing as a Way of Interaction between Bacteria and Host Plant
295(1)
16.5 Biofilms
296(6)
16.5.1 Why Microorganisms Form Biofilms
297(1)
16.5.2 Composition of Biofilms
297(1)
16.5.2.1 Extrapolymeric Substance
297(1)
16.5.2.2 Water
297(1)
16.5.2.3 Biomolecules
297(1)
16.5.3 Mechanism of Biofilm Formation
298(1)
16.5.3.1 Surface Attachment of Bacteria
299(1)
16.5.3.2 Microcolony Formation
299(1)
16.5.3.3 Matured Biofilm and Dispersion
299(1)
16.5.4 Dynamics of Biofilms
299(3)
16.5.4.1 Nutritional Conditions
299(1)
16.5.4.2 Surface Characteristics
300(1)
16.5.4.3 Exopolysaccharides
300(1)
16.5.4.4 Flagella and Motility
301(1)
16.5.4.5 Quorum Sensing Signals
301(1)
16.5.4.6 Gene Expression
301(1)
16.5.4.7 Shear Stress
301(1)
16.5.4.8 Phenazines
302(1)
16.6 Effects of Stress on Plants
302(7)
16.6.1 Abiotic Stress
302(6)
16.6.1.1 Drought Stress in Plants
302(2)
16.6.1.2 Salinity Stress in Plants
304(1)
16.6.1.3 Flooding Stress in Plants
305(1)
16.6.1.4 Heat Stress in Plants
305(2)
16.6.1.5 Oxidative Stress in Plants
307(1)
16.6.2 Biotic Stress in Plants
308(1)
16.7 Stress Tolerance in Plants
309(7)
16.7.1 Adaptation Mechanisms of Plants Toward Abiotic Stress
309(1)
16.7.2 Management of Abiotic and Biotic Stresses in Plants
309(4)
16.7.2.1 Phytohormone Production
310(1)
16.7.2.2 Maintenance of Nutrient Content
310(1)
16.7.2.3 Nitrogen Fixation
311(1)
16.7.2.4 Phosphorous Solubilization
311(1)
16.7.2.5 Siderophore Production
312(1)
16.7.2.6 Exopolysaccharide (EPS) Production
312(1)
16.7.2.7 ACC Deaminase Activity
312(1)
16.7.2.8 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
312(1)
16.7.2.9 PGPR as Biotic Elicitors
312(1)
16.7.2.10 Induction of Systemic Disease Resistance
313(1)
16.7.3 Management of Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants via Biofilm-Forming Rhizobacteria
313(2)
16.7.3.1 Salt Stress Amelioration
313(1)
16.7.3.2 Drought Stress Amelioration
313(1)
16.7.3.3 Temperature
314(1)
16.7.3.4 Metal Transformation
315(1)
16.7.3.5 Biocontrol Activity
315(1)
16.7.4 Stress Management via Quorum Sensing Signals Producing PGPR
315(1)
16.8 Conclusion
316(1)
16.9 Future Perspectives
317(1)
Acknowledgments
317(1)
List of Abbreviations
317(1)
References
318(9)
17 Developed Biofilm-Based Microbial Ameliorators for Remediating Degraded Agroecosystems and the Environment 327(10)
G. Seneviratne
P.C. Wijepala
K.P.N.K.Chandrasiri
17.1 Introduction
327(1)
17.2 Developed Microbial Communities as a Potential Tool to Regenerate Degraded Agroecosystems
328(2)
17.3 Biochemistry of Fungal-Bacterial Biofilms
330(1)
17.4 Endophytic Microbial Colonization with the Application of Fungal-Bacterial Biofilms
330(1)
17.5 Biofilm Biofertilizers for Restoration of Conventional Agroecosystems
331(1)
17.6 Developed Microbial Biofilms for Environmental Bioremediation
331(2)
17.6.1 Fungal-Bacterial Biofilms for Heavy Metal Bioremediation in Soil-Plant Environment
332(1)
17.6.2 Fungal-Bacterial Biofilms for Heavy Metal Bioremediation in Wastewater
332(1)
17.7 Conclusion
333(1)
References
333(4)
18 Plant Root-Associated Biofilms in Bioremediation 337(20)
Sadaf Kalam
Anirban Basu
Sravani Ankati
18.1 Introduction
337(1)
18.2 Biofilms: Definition and Biochemical Composition
337(1)
18.3 Bioremediation and Its Significance
338(2)
18.4 Root-Associated Biofilms
340(4)
18.4.1 Microbial Biofilm Associations on Plant Root Surface
340(1)
18.4.2 Formation of Rhizospheric Biofilms by PGPR and Their Application
340(2)
18.4.3 Role of Root Exudates in Triggering Biofilm Formation
342(1)
18.4.4 Consequences of Root-Associated Biofilms on Plant Growth
342(2)
18.5 Bioremediation of Contaminants in Rhizospheric Soils
344(3)
18.5.1 Rhizosphere, Rhizodeposition, and Bioremediation
344(1)
18.5.2 Bioremediation of Xenobiotics
344(1)
18.5.3 Bioremediation of Heavy Metal(loid)s
344(1)
18.5.4 Rhizobacteria Facilitating Bioremediation
345(1)
18.5.5 Metal Accumulating Rhizobacteria
346(1)
18.5.6 Role of Root Exudates in Heavy Metal Decontamination and Degradation of Organic Pollutants
346(1)
18.6 Implications of Rhizospheric Biofilm Formation on Bioremediation
347(1)
18.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
348(1)
Acknowledgments
349(1)
References
349(8)
19 Biofilms for Remediation of Xenobiotic Hydrocarbons-A Technical Review 357(30)
John Pichtel
19.1 Introduction
357(2)
19.1.1 Conventional Bioremediation Technologies
357(1)
19.1.2 Composition and Properties of Biofilms
358(1)
19.1.3 Unique Properties of Biofilms
358(1)
19.1.4 Significance of Biofilms to Environmental Remediation
359(1)
19.1.5 Objectives
359(1)
19.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
359(5)
19.2.1 Microbiology of PAH Degradation
360(1)
19.2.2 Biofilm Processes and PAH Degradation
360(1)
19.2.3 Microbial Production of Surfactant Molecules
361(1)
19.2.4 Application of Surfactants
362(1)
19.2.5 Degradation of PAHs in Biofilm Reactors
362(2)
19.3 Chlorinated Ethanes, Ethenes, and Aromatics
364(5)
19.3.1 Chlorinated Ethanes
364(2)
19.3.1.1 Microbiology of Biodegradation of Chlorinated Ethanes
364(1)
19.3.1.2 Degradation of Chlorinated Ethanes in Biofilm Reactors
365(1)
19.3.2 Chlorinated Ethenes
366(1)
19.3.3 Degradation of Chlorinated Ethenes in Biofilm Reactors
367(2)
19.4 Chlorinated Aromatics
369(2)
19.4.1 Degradation of Chlorinated Aromatics in Biofilm Reactors
369(1)
19.4.2 Benefits of Activated Charcoal and Other Organic Matrixes for Biofilm Reactors
370(1)
19.5 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
371(3)
19.5.1 Microbiology of PCB Biodegradation
372(1)
19.5.2 Biofilms and PCB Degradation
373(1)
19.5.3 Degradation of PCBs in Biofilm Reactors
374(1)
19.6 Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins
374(1)
19.7 Conclusions
375(1)
References
375(12)
20 Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Role of Quorum Sensing and Biofilm in Disease Development 387(22)
Deepak Dwivedi
Mayuri Khare
Himani Chaturvedi
Vinod Singh
20.1 Introduction
387(1)
20.2 Mechanism of Biofilm Formation
388(3)
20.2.1 Biofilm Formation in Vitro in Plants
389(2)
20.2.1.1 Gram-Negative Bacteria
389(1)
20.2.1.2 Gram-Positive Bacteria
390(1)
20.3 Quorum Sensing Mechanism
391(4)
20.3.1 Quorum Sensing Regulated Virulence Factors
392(2)
20.3.1.1 Mechanisms in Gram-Negative Bacteria
392(1)
20.3.1.2 Mechanisms in Gram-Positive Bacteria
393(1)
20.3.2 Biofilm Formation in Candida
394(1)
20.4 Plant Pathogenic Bacteria Diversity and Plant Diseases
395(1)
20.5 Blocking Quorum Sensing and Virulence in Combating Phytopathogen
395(5)
20.6 Conclusion
400(1)
References
400(9)
21 Biofilm Instigation of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria and Its Control Measures 409(30)
A. Robert Antony
R. Janani
V. Rajesh Kannan
21.1 Introduction
409(1)
21.2 Plant Pathogens
409(3)
21.2.1 Importance and Impact of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria
410(1)
21.2.2 Plant Pathology and Plant Bacteriology: Historical Background
411(1)
21.2.3 Classification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria
412(1)
21.2.3.1 Rhizosphere Pathogen
412(1)
21.3 Plant Physiological Alteration by Plant Pathogens
412(1)
21.3.1 Photosynthesis
412(1)
21.3.2 Vascular Function
412(1)
21.3.3 Root Function
412(1)
21.3.4 Respiration
413(1)
21.3.5 Transpiration
413(1)
21.4 Virulence Strategies of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria
413(1)
21.5 Biofilm Formations
414(5)
21.5.1 Mechanism of Biofilm Formation
415(1)
21.5.2 Molecular Insights on Biofilm Formation
416(1)
21.5.3 Structural and Functional Components Involved in Biofilm Formation
416(3)
21.5.3.1 Surface Bacterial Factors
418(1)
21.5.3.2 Extracellular Factors Involved in Bacterial Autoaggregation
418(1)
21.5.4 Factors Favoring Biofilm Formation
419(1)
21.6 Biofilm Controlling Strategies in Plant Pathogens
419(1)
21.7 Main Targets and Some Potential Tools to Modify Biofilms
420(1)
21.8 Physical Tools for Modifying Biofilms
421(4)
21.8.1 Modification of Biofilm Surfaces
421(1)
21.8.2 Hydrophobicity, Surface Roughness, and Surface Charge
422(1)
21.8.3 Exopolysaccharides
422(1)
21.8.4 Applications of Hydrolytic Enzymes
423(1)
21.8.5 Applications of Surface Active Compounds and Natural Products
423(1)
21.8.6 Quorum Quenching
423(2)
21.8.6.1 Compound Interfering Systems of AHLs
424(1)
21.8.6.2 Compound Interfering with Regulation Molecules
425(1)
21.8.6.3 Action of 3-Indolyl Acetyl Nitrile
425(1)
21.9 Chemical Methods
425(1)
21.9.1 Inhibitors of Nucleotide Biosynthesis and DNA Replication as Antibiofilm Agents
425(1)
21.9.2 Effect of Salicylic Acid on Biofilms
426(1)
21.9.3 N-acetyl Cysteine Effects on Biofilm
426(1)
21.10 Biological Methods
426(3)
21.10.1 Biosurfactants as Antibiofilm Agents
426(2)
21.10.2 Phage Mediated Biocontrol as Antibiofilm Agents
428(1)
21.11 Future Prospects of Antibiofilm
429(1)
21.12 Conclusion
430(1)
References
430(9)
22 Applications of Biofilm and Quorum Sensing Inhibitors in Food Protection and Safety 439(26)
Ashraf A. Khan
John B. Sutherland
Mohammad Shavez Khan
Abdullah S. Althubiani
Iqbal Ahmad
22.1 Introduction
439(1)
22.2 Biofilm Formation by Foodborne Pathogens
439(1)
22.3 Significance of Biofilms in Food and Food Environments
440(1)
22.4 Biofilm Control Strategies in the Food Industry
441(5)
22.5 Natural Products as Antibiofilm Agents and Their Potential Applications
446(3)
22.6 Role of QS Inhibitors in Biofilm Control
449(2)
22.7 Conclusions
451(1)
Acknowledgments
451(1)
References
451(14)
23 Biofilm Inhibition by Natural Products of Marine Origin and Their Environmental Applications 465(14)
Alwar Ramanujam Padmavathi
Dhamodharan Bakkiyaraj
Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian
23.1 Introduction
465(1)
23.2 Unity Is Strength: Benefits of Biofilm Formers
466(1)
23.3 Transition of Slimy Film to Persistent Biofilm
467(1)
23.4 Biofilm-Related Infections in Plants
467(1)
23.5 Need for Antibiofilm Agents
467(2)
23.6 Natural Products of Marine Origin as Antibiofilm Agents
469(1)
23.7 Semi-synthetic Antibiofilm Agents Inspired by Marine Natural Products
469(1)
23.8 Environmental Applications of Antibiofilm Agents
469(3)
23.9 Conclusion
472(1)
References
472(7)
24 Plant-Associated Biofilms Formed by Enteric Bacterial Pathogens and Their Significance 479(18)
Meenu Maheshwari
Mohammad Shavez Khan
Iqbal Ahmad
Ashraf A. Khan
John B. Sutherland
Abdullah S. Althubiani
24.1 Introduction
479(1)
24.2 Enteric Pathogens in the Plant Environment
480(3)
24.3 Colonization and Biofilm Formation by Enteric Bacteria on Plant Surfaces
483(1)
24.4 Biofilm Regulation in Enteric Bacteria
484(1)
24.5 Influence of Plant Defense on Survival and Biofilm Formation by Enteropathogens
485(1)
24.6 Plant-Associated Enteric Bacteria in Food Safety and Human Health
486(1)
24.7 Conclusions
487(1)
References
487(10)
25 Anti-QS/Anti-Biofilm Agents in Controlling Bacterial Disease: An in silico Approach 497(16)
K. Ahmad
M.H. Baig
Fohad Mabood Husain
Iqbal Ahmad
M.E. Khan
M. Oves
Inho Choi
Nasser Abdulatif Al-Shabib
25.1 Introduction
497(1)
25.2 Biofilm and Its Significance
498(2)
25.3 Bioinformatics Approaches in Drug Target Identification and Drug Discovery
500(1)
25.4 Target Identification Using in silico Technologies
500(1)
25.5 Data Resources for Drug Target Identification
501(1)
25.6 Homology Modeling
501(1)
25.7 Docking
502(1)
25.8 Virtual Screening
503(1)
25.9 Application of Bioinformatics in Development of Anti-QS/anti-biofilm Agents
503(2)
25.10 Virtual Screening for Identification of QS Inhibitors
505(2)
25.11 Conclusion
507(1)
References
507(6)
Index 513
About the Editors Iqbal Ahmad is a Professor in the Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India and former visiting Professor, Department of Biology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudia Arabia.

Fohad Mabood Husain is a Post-doctoral Researcher in the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
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