Atnaujinkite slapukų nuostatas

El. knyga: Biomaterials, Medical Devices, and Combination Products: Biocompatibility Testing and Safety Assessment

, (Gad Consulting Services, Cary, North Carolina, USA)
  • Formatas: 606 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 01-Dec-2015
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040177464
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: 606 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 01-Dec-2015
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040177464
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:

DRM apribojimai

  • Kopijuoti:

    neleidžiama

  • Spausdinti:

    neleidžiama

  • El. knygos naudojimas:

    Skaitmeninių teisių valdymas (DRM)
    Leidykla pateikė šią knygą šifruota forma, o tai reiškia, kad norint ją atrakinti ir perskaityti reikia įdiegti nemokamą programinę įrangą. Norint skaityti šią el. knygą, turite susikurti Adobe ID . Daugiau informacijos  čia. El. knygą galima atsisiųsti į 6 įrenginius (vienas vartotojas su tuo pačiu Adobe ID).

    Reikalinga programinė įranga
    Norint skaityti šią el. knygą mobiliajame įrenginyje (telefone ar planšetiniame kompiuteryje), turite įdiegti šią nemokamą programėlę: PocketBook Reader (iOS / Android)

    Norint skaityti šią el. knygą asmeniniame arba „Mac“ kompiuteryje, Jums reikalinga  Adobe Digital Editions “ (tai nemokama programa, specialiai sukurta el. knygoms. Tai nėra tas pats, kas „Adobe Reader“, kurią tikriausiai jau turite savo kompiuteryje.)

    Negalite skaityti šios el. knygos naudodami „Amazon Kindle“.

Biomaterials, Medical Devices, and Combination Products is a single-volume guide for those responsible foror concerned withdeveloping and ensuring patient safety in the use and manufacture of medical devices.

The book provides a clear presentation of the global regulatory requirements and challenges in evaluating the biocompatibility and clinical safety of the materials used in producing medical devices as well as the devices themselves.

Starting with material characterization and selection, considerations of concerns arising from packaging and contact with production machinery, and extensive coverage of combination products, the book also provides the latest approaches to isolating, quantitating, identifying and assessing the risk arising from chemical entities released from market-ready devices.

Also incorporated are new case examples and citations with the means of access to Internet-based regulatory and scientific sites, reflecting the universal adoption of this technology into our world.

The book takes into consideration the fact that device markets are global, the continual advancement of technology, and the increasing global harmonization of safety regulations. Each aspect of device safety evaluation is reviewed in terms of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Union (EU), and Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare (MHLW) perspectives.
Preface xix
Authors xxi
Chapter 1 Safety Evaluation of Medical Devices 1(10)
Introduction
1(1)
Biocompatibility
1(1)
Fundamentals of Biocompatibility Tests
2(2)
Scope of Devices and the Medical Device Market
4(1)
History
5(1)
Nonspecific Regulatory Considerations
6(2)
Good Laboratory Practices
6(1)
Animal Welfare Act (AWA)
7(1)
Regulations versus Law
7(1)
Organizations Regulating Drug and Device Safety in the United States
7(1)
References
8(3)
Chapter 2 Regulatory Aspects and Strategy in Medical Device and Biomaterials Safety Evaluation 11(34)
Regulatory Basis
11(9)
Regulations: General Considerations for United States
11(2)
Regulations versus Law
13(1)
Organizations Regulating Device Safety in the United States
13(1)
Classification of Devices
14(6)
Toxicity Testing: Medical Devices
20(22)
Device Categories: Definitions and Examples
23(1)
Biological Tests
24(5)
United States Pharmacopeial Testing
29(1)
ISO Testing Requirements
30(1)
MHLW Requirements
31(1)
CE Marking of Devices
32(5)
Risk Assessment
37(1)
Standards and Guidances
37(1)
Method
38(1)
Hazard Identification
38(1)
Dose-Response Assessment
38(1)
Exposure Assessment
38(1)
Risk Characterization
38(1)
Case Studies
38(7)
Nitinol Implant
38(1)
Wound Dressings
39(1)
Perchloroethylene Solvent
40(1)
Ligature Material
40(1)
Sources of Data
41(1)
Uncertainty Factors
41(1)
Safety Margins
42(1)
References
42(3)
Chapter 3 Road Map to Test Selections 45(28)
Key Concepts
45(24)
Condition of Use
45(1)
Materials, Components, and Products
46(1)
Chemical and Physical Property Considerations
46(11)
Residual Monomers
49(1)
Residual Solvents
49(1)
Degradation Products
49(1)
By-Products from Irradiation
49(1)
Sterilization Residuals
49(1)
Formulation Additives
50(1)
Inadvertent Contaminants
50(1)
Bacterial Endotoxins
50(1)
Specific Material Considerations
50(5)
Physical Properties of Polymers, Elastomers, and Silicones
55(1)
Biologically Derived Materials
56(1)
Factors Influencing Test Selection
57(1)
Perceptions
57(1)
Hazard Identification
57(1)
Risk Assessment
58(1)
Claims
58(1)
Time and Economies
58(1)
Prior Knowledge
58(7)
Miscellaneous Reference Sources
60(2)
Search Procedure
62(1)
Monitoring Published Literature and Other Research in Progress
62(1)
New Sources
63(1)
Kinds of Available Information (Always Changing, Ever Faster, in the Digital Age)
63(2)
PC-Based Information Products: Laser Disc
65(1)
Types and Uses of Tests
65(1)
Reasonable Man
65(1)
Qualifications versus Process Control
66(1)
Tiers of Concern: Consumers, Health-Care Providers, and Manufacturing Employees
66(2)
Sterilization and Cleanliness
68(1)
References
69(4)
Chapter 4 Materials in Medical Device Design 73(28)
Introduction
73(1)
Metals
74(3)
Stainless Steel
74(2)
Nitinol
76(1)
Bioactive Metals
76(2)
Magnesium
76(1)
Tantalum
77(1)
Other Metals
77(1)
Ceramics and Glasses
77(1)
Polymers
78(11)
Elastomers
85(3)
Silicones
88(1)
Shape Memory Polymers
89(1)
Hydrogels
89(1)
Textiles
89(1)
Fibers
89(1)
Biologically Sourced Materials
90(5)
Colorants
90(5)
Surface-Modifying Materials
95(1)
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
95(1)
Nanomaterials
96(1)
Organic
96(1)
Inorganic
97(1)
Quantum Dots
97(1)
Dendrimers
97(1)
References
97(4)
Chapter 5 What to Test: Sampling and Sample Preparation 101(10)
Sampling
101(1)
Randomization
102(1)
Sample Preparation
103(5)
Procedure
107(1)
Reference Materials
108(1)
Conclusion
108(1)
References
109(2)
Chapter 6 Cytotoxicity Testing 111(12)
Introduction
111(1)
Background
111(3)
Crystal Violet Staining
114(1)
Silicone Microphysiometer
114(1)
Microtox Test
114(1)
Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) Assay
114(1)
MTT
114(3)
Agar Diffusion Test
117(1)
Direct Contact Test
118(1)
Elution Test
118(1)
Colony-Forming Assay (CFA)
119(1)
Correlation with In Vivo Results
119(1)
Conclusion
119(1)
References
120(3)
Chapter 7 Hemocompatibility (ISO 10993-4) 123(16)
Noncontact Devices
125(1)
External Communicating Devices
125(1)
Implant Devices
126(1)
Standard Tests
127(1)
Hemolysis Tests
128(3)
The Osmotic Fragility Test
131(1)
Erythrocyte Stability
132(1)
Whole Blood Clotting Time
132(1)
Thrombogenicity
133(1)
Complement Activation
134(1)
Protein Adsorption
134(1)
Coagulation
134(1)
Platelets
135(1)
Conclusion
136(1)
References
136(3)
Chapter 8 Local Tissue Tolerance 139(28)
Dermal Irritation
139(4)
Primary Dermal Irritation Test
141(2)
In Vitro Alternatives
143(1)
Ocular Irritation Testing
143(5)
Primary Eye Irritation Test
145(1)
Alternatives
146(2)
Other Nonparenteral Route Irritation Tests
148(2)
Parenteral Irritation/Tolerance
150(1)
Parenteral Routes
150(4)
Test Systems for Parenteral Irritation
151(3)
Acute Intramuscular Irritation in the Male Rabbit
151(1)
Acute Intravenous Irritation in the Male Rabbit
152(2)
Alternatives
154(1)
Intracutaneous Irritation
154(7)
Intracutaneous Test
154(1)
Pyrogenicity
155(1)
Reference Standard and Control Standard Endotoxins
156(1)
Preparatory Testing
157(1)
Inhibition or Enhancement Test
157(1)
Test Procedure
158(1)
Preparation
158(1)
Maximum Valid Dilution
159(1)
Calculation and Interpretation
159(1)
Interpretation
159(15)
Rabbit Pyrogen Test
160(1)
Factors Affecting Irritation Responses and Test Outcome
161(1)
References
162(5)
Chapter 9 Immunotoxicology (ISO 10993-20) 167(56)
Overview of the Immune System
168(4)
Immunotoxic Effects
172(1)
Immunosuppression
172(2)
Immunostimulation
174(6)
Hypersensitivity
175(3)
Autoimmunity
178(2)
Evaluation of the Immune System
180(4)
Regulatory Positions
180(4)
The CDRH Testing Framework
184(1)
Immunopathologic Assessments
184(3)
Humoral Immunity
187(1)
Cell-Mediated Immunity
188(2)
Nonspecific Immunity
190(1)
Host-Resistance Assays
191(1)
Hypersensitivity
192(18)
Objectives and General Features
194(1)
History
195(18)
Modified Buehler Procedure
196(4)
Guinea Pig Maximization Test
200(5)
Mouse Ear Swelling Test (MEST)
205(5)
Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA)
210(3)
Approaches
213(2)
Suggested Approaches to Testing
213(1)
Suggested Approaches to Evaluation of Results
213(2)
Problems and Future Directions
215(1)
References
216(7)
Chapter 10 Implantation Biology and Studies 223(20)
USP Implantation Test
223(2)
British Pharmacopoeia
225(1)
ISO 10993 Implantation Test
225(5)
Preparation of Specimens for Implantation
226(1)
Solid Specimens (Excluding Powders)
226(1)
Nonsolid Specimens (Including Powders)
226(1)
Control Specimens
226(1)
Animals and Tissues
226(1)
Test Periods
227(1)
Surgery
228(1)
Postoperative Assessment
228(1)
Euthanasia
228(1)
Evaluation of Biological Response
228(1)
Macroscopic Assessment
228(1)
Preparation for Histology: Implant Retrieval and Specimen Preparation
228(1)
Histological Assessment
229(1)
Implant Specimens
229(1)
Animals and Implantation
229(1)
Retrieval and Histological Procedure
229(1)
Evaluation
229(1)
Test Method for Implantation in Subcutaneous Tissue
230(11)
Field of Application
230(1)
Principle
230(1)
Test Specimens
230(1)
Test Animals and Implant Sites
230(1)
Implantation Procedure
230(3)
Implantation along Dorsal Midline
230(1)
Implantation in Neck
230(1)
Implantation Period
231(1)
Evaluation of Biological Response
231(1)
Test Method for Implantation in Muscle
231(1)
Test Method for Implantation in Bone
232(1)
Control Materials
233(1)
Long-Term Implant Studies
233(5)
Number of Test and Control Implants
236(1)
Conditioning
237(1)
Implantation Period
237(1)
Postoperative Care
237(1)
Sacrifice and Implant Retrieval
237(1)
Postmortem Observations
238(1)
Histological Procedure
238(2)
Tissue Sample Preparation
238(1)
Histopathological Observations
238(1)
Report
239(1)
Granulomatous Inflammation
240(1)
Considerations
240(1)
References
241(2)
Chapter 11 Acute Systemic Toxicity Testing and Device Safety Evaluation 243(12)
Introduction
243(1)
Acute Systemic Toxicity Characterization
243(9)
Clinical Signs
245(2)
Body Weight Considerations
247(2)
Factors That Can Affect Acute Tests
249(6)
Number, Size, and Sex of Dosage Groups
249(3)
References
252(3)
Chapter 12 Genotoxicity 255(50)
Introduction
255(1)
DNA Structure
255(11)
Transcription
257(1)
Translation
257(1)
Gene Regulation
257(1)
DNA Repair
258(1)
Excision Repair
258(1)
Error-Prone Repair
258(1)
Mismatch Repair
259(1)
The Adaptive Repair Pathway
259(1)
Plasmids
259(1)
Plasmids and DNA Repair
260(1)
Nature of Point Mutations
260(2)
Suppressor Mutations
262(1)
Adduct Formation
262(1)
Mutations Due to Insertion Sequences
263(1)
The Link between Mutation and Cancer
263(1)
Genotoxic versus Nongenotoxic Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis
264(1)
Genetic Damage and Heritable Defects
264(1)
Reproductive Effects
265(1)
Cytogenetics
266(30)
Cytogenetic Damage and Its Consequences
266(1)
Individual Chromosome Damage
266(1)
Chromosome Set Damage
267(1)
Test Systems
268(2)
ISO Test Profile
270(1)
ICH Test Profile
270(1)
In Vitro Test Systems
270(1)
In Vitro Metabolic Activation
270(1)
Cell-Free versus Cell-Based Systems
271(3)
Inducing Agents
271(1)
Standard Method of S9 Fraction Preparation
272(1)
S9 Mix
272(1)
Bacterial Mutation Tests
273(1)
Reversion Tests: Background
274(1)
Genetic Makeup of Tester Strains
274(1)
Use of the Plasmid pkM101
274(1)
Escherichia coli Tester Strains
274(1)
Storage and Checking of Tester Strains
275(1)
Plate Incorporation Assay
275(15)
Protocol for Dose Ranging and Selection
275(2)
Controls
277(1)
Evaluation of Results
278(2)
Eukaryotic Mutation Tests
280(1)
In Vitro Tests for the Detection of Mammalian Mutation
281(7)
In Vivo Mammalian Mutation Tests
288(1)
In Vitro Cytogenetic Assays
289(1)
Cell Types
290(4)
Chinese Hamster Cell Lines
290(1)
Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
290(1)
Positive and Negative Controls
290(1)
Treatment of Cells
291(1)
Scoring Procedures
292(1)
Data Recording
292(1)
Presentation of Results
292(1)
In Vitro Cytogenetics Assays
293(1)
Somatic Cell Assays
293(1)
Germ Cell Assays
293(1)
Heritable Chromosome Assays
294(1)
Germ Cell Cytogenetic Assays
294(1)
Sister Chromatid Exchange Assays
294(1)
Relevance of SCE in Terms of Genotoxicity
294(12)
Experimental Design
295(1)
References
296(9)
Chapter 13 Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity and Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity 305(28)
Introduction
305(1)
Objectives
305(1)
Regulatory Considerations
306(1)
Good Laboratory Practices
306(1)
Animal Welfare Act
306(1)
Regulatory Requirements for Study Design
306(1)
Study Design and Conduct
307(1)
Animals
307(1)
Setting Doses
307(1)
Parameters to Measure
308(2)
Body Weight
308(1)
Food Consumption
308(1)
Clinical Signs
308(1)
Clinical Pathology
309(1)
Histopathology
310(4)
Study Interpretation and Reporting
314(1)
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
315(1)
Introduction
315(1)
ICH Study Designs
315(4)
Male and Female Fertility and Early Embryonic Development to Implantation
316(3)
Embryo-Fetal Development
317(1)
Pre- and Postnatal Development
317(1)
Single-Study and Two-Study Designs for Rodents
318(1)
Dose and Sample Preparation
319(1)
Methodological Issues
319(5)
Control of Bias
319(1)
Diet
319(2)
Gravid Uterine Weights
320(1)
Implant Counts and Determination of Pregnancy
320(1)
Fetal Examinations
321(2)
Examination of External Genitalia
321(1)
Visceral Fetal Examinations
322(1)
Skeletal Fetal Examination
322(1)
Developmental Signs
323(1)
Behavioral Tests
323(1)
Detecting Effects on Male Reproduction
324(1)
Data Interpretation
324(5)
Use of Statistical Analyses
324(2)
Associations between Developmental and Maternal Toxicity
326(1)
In Vitro Alternatives
327(2)
References
329(4)
Chapter 14 Carcinogenicity 333(10)
Animal Model
333(2)
Dose Selection
335(4)
Number of Dose Levels
335(4)
Group Size
335(1)
Route of Administration
335(1)
Study Duration
335(1)
Survival
336(1)
Parameters Evaluated
337(1)
Statistical Analysis
338(1)
Interpretation of Results
339(1)
Criteria for a Positive Result
339(1)
Use of Historical Controls
339(1)
References
340(3)
Chapter 15 Degradation Products and Impurities: Processes in Medical Devices 343(28)
Introduction
343(1)
Metals
343(6)
Corrosion
344(3)
Corrosion Testing
347(2)
Ceramics and Glasses
349(1)
Degradation Processes
350(8)
Wear
350(1)
Polymers
351(4)
Hydrolysis
352(1)
Resorbable Polymers
353(1)
Oxidation
354(1)
Calcification
354(1)
Wear
355(1)
Leaching and Migration
356(1)
Plasticizers
356(1)
Unreacted Monomer and Additives
357(1)
Effects of Sterilization
358(6)
Sterility
358(5)
Heating with Steam
358(1)
Chemical Sterilants
359(2)
Radiation
361(2)
Dry Heat
363(1)
Sterility Tests
363(1)
Sterile Empty or Prefilled Syringes
364(1)
Interpretation of Sterility Test Results
364(1)
First Stage
364(1)
Second Stage
364(1)
Heavy Metals
365(1)
History and Objectives of Compendial Heavy Metal Tests
365(1)
Scope and Limitations of the Present Pharmacopeial Heavy Metals Test
366(1)
Acknowledgment
366(1)
References
366(5)
Chapter 16 Special Case Devices 371(16)
Introduction
371(1)
Respiratory and Inhalation Devices
371(4)
Complexity of Inhaled Materials
372(1)
Complexity of Exposure Profile for Inhaled Test Materials
373(1)
Potential Patient Contact with Gas Passing through Device
373(1)
Potential Patient Contact with Gas and a Liquid Component (Condensate or Liquid Aerosol in Gas Stream)
373(2)
One or More New Materials Incorporated into Device
375(1)
Ophthalmic Devices
375(1)
Contact Lenses, Gels, and Their Solutions
375(1)
Biocompatibility Testing Requirements for Contact Lenses
375(1)
Solutions and Lens: Solution Interactions
376(1)
Cardiovascular Devices and Prostheses
376(4)
Cannulae
377(1)
Catheters and Guidewires
377(1)
Extracorporeal Oxygenators, Hemodialyzers, Therapeutic Apheresis Equipment, and Devices for Absorption of Specific Substances from Blood
378(1)
Ventricular-Assist Devices
378(1)
Heart Valve Prostheses
378(1)
Vascular Grafts
379(1)
Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Filters and Stents
379(1)
Embolics
379(1)
Cytotoxicity
379(1)
Sensitization (Guinea Pig Maximization Method)
380(1)
Hemocompatibility
380(1)
Material-Mediated Pyrogenicity
380(1)
Endotoxin-Mediated Pyrogenicity
380(1)
Tampons
380(3)
In Vitro Evaluation of the Effects of Potential Tampon Materials on PH and Growth of Vaginal Microflora
381(6)
Method
381(2)
Devices for Dentistry
383(1)
References
383(4)
Chapter 17 Combination Products 387(12)
Device/Drug Combination Products
387(1)
Historical Background
387(11)
Future Trends
387(12)
Device Programs That CDER and CBRH Will Administer
392(1)
Coordination
392(1)
Submissions
392(1)
Center Jurisdiction
393(5)
References
398(1)
Chapter 18 Clinical Studies for Medical Devices 399(20)
Design Considerations
399(11)
Study Hypothesis
400(1)
Control Groups
401(1)
Eligibility Criteria
402(1)
Assignment of Intervention
403(1)
Double-Blind Trials
403(1)
Sample Size
404(1)
Endpoints
405(1)
Blinding (Masking)
405(1)
Comparability of Patients in Study Groups
406(1)
Other Design Considerations
406(2)
Adverse Reactions
407(1)
Study Contact
407(1)
Study Data Analysis
407(1)
Institutional Review Board
408(2)
Clinical Safety Studies
409(1)
Epidemiology
410(5)
Measurement of Exposure
410(1)
Epidemiological Study Designs
411(4)
Cohort Studies
411(2)
Case-Control Study
413(2)
Other Study Designs
415(4)
Descriptive Studies
415(1)
Cross-Sectional Studies
415(1)
Intervention Studies
415(1)
Conclusion
415(1)
References
416(3)
Chapter 19 Leachables and Extractables from Medical Devices 419(50)
Introduction
419(4)
Samantha Gad-McDonald
Shayne Cox Gad
Qualitative Evaluation of Materials
422(1)
Quantitative Evaluation of Materials
422(1)
Studies
423(1)
Sample Preparation
423(5)
Samantha Gad-McDonald
Test Sample Selection
424(1)
Sample Preparation Considerations
425(1)
Solvent to Test Sample Ratio
425(1)
Extraction Conditions or Methods
425(1)
Choice of Extraction Vehicles
426(1)
Determining Appropriate Extraction Methods
427(1)
Containers for Extraction
427(1)
Other Points to Consider When Selecting Extraction Conditions
427(1)
General Principles of Leachables and Extractables Under ISO 10993
428(12)
David E. Albert
Characterization of Materials
430(12)
Chemical Characterization of Extracts
432(6)
Infrared Analysis of Nonvolatile Residue
438(2)
Analytical Methods
440(29)
GC/MS: Volatile Organic Compounds
440(1)
GC/MS: Semivolatile Organic Compounds
440(1)
LC/MS: Polymer Additives
440(1)
LC/UV: Nonvolatiles (Screening)
441(1)
ICP: Metal Content
441(1)
FTIR on NVR
442(10)
Chromatographic Analysis of Extracts
442(1)
Electrochemistry and Atomic Spectroscopy
443(1)
Classical Chemical Analysis
443(1)
Ion-Selective Electrode Analysis
443(1)
Atomic Absorption and Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy
443(1)
Bioavailability of Extractables and Leachables
444(2)
Extraction of Biomaterials
446(1)
Using Chemical and Material Characterization to Demonstrate Equivalency
447(1)
Change Control and Material Equivalency
448(1)
Screening Test Approach
448(1)
USP Physicochemical Tests
449(1)
Infrared Analysis
450(1)
Thermal Analysis
450(1)
Gel Permeation Chromatography
450(1)
Acceptance Criteria for Equivalency
450(2)
Risk Assessment of Extracted Moieties
452(6)
Background Information on Risk Assessments
453(1)
Components of Risk Assessment
454(2)
Mixtures
456(1)
Practical Assessment of Complex Extractables Mixtures
457(1)
Conclusion
458(1)
Introduction to (Q)SAR for Leachable and Extractable Evaluation
458(3)
Samantha Gad-McDonald
Background
459(1)
(Q)SAR for Mutagenicity
460(1)
QSAR for Assessing Safety
460(1)
Risk Assessment for Leachables and Extractables
461(4)
Samantha Gad-McDonald
Introduction to Risk Assessment
461(1)
Interpreting a Chemical Characterization Report
462(1)
Calculating Safe Levels
463(2)
References
465(4)
Chapter 20 Toxicokinetics in Biomaterial and Device Safety Evaluation 469(34)
Introduction
469(1)
Regulations
470(1)
Principles
470(16)
Absorption
473(4)
Absorption from the Pulmonary System
475(1)
Absorption across the Skin
476(1)
Parameters Controlling Absorption
476(1)
Distribution
477(2)
Protein Binding
478(1)
Water Solubility
478(1)
Volume of Distribution
479(1)
Metabolism/Biotransformation
479(5)
Species Differences
483(1)
Sex-Related Differences in Rodents
483(1)
Excretion
484(1)
Urine
484(1)
Feces
485(1)
Expired Air
485(1)
Pharmacokinetics
485(1)
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling
485(1)
Laboratory Methods
486(12)
Radiochemical Methods
486(1)
Immunoassay Methods
487(2)
Sampling Methods and Intervals
489(2)
Blood
489(1)
Excreta
490(1)
Bile
490(1)
Expired air
490(1)
Milk
490(1)
Sampling Interval
491(1)
Study Type
492(2)
In Vitro Studies
494(1)
Analysis of Data
494(2)
Use of Data from Metabolism and Pharmacokinetic Studies
496(1)
Design of Toxicity Studies
496(1)
Whole-Body Autoradiography
496(2)
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling
498(1)
Biologically Derived Materials
499(1)
References
500(3)
Chapter 21 Special Studies 503(14)
Anti-Infective Materials
503(1)
Specific Tests
503(8)
Embryotoxicity
503(8)
Mouse Embryo Assay
504(7)
21-Day Eye Irritation Study in Rabbits
511(1)
Analysis of Data
511(1)
Systemic Injection Test
511(2)
Test Animal
513(1)
Procedure
513(1)
Production of Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1)
513(1)
Methods
514(4)
Materials
514(1)
Shake-Flask Cultivations
514(1)
Statistics
514(1)
Inflammatory Responses to Biomaterials
514(1)
References
515(2)
Chapter 22 Case Histories and Problem Resolution 517(30)
Phthalates Leaching from Polymer Devices
517(1)
BPA: Bisphenol A
518(5)
Potential Modes of Exposure to Bisphenol A
519(1)
Potential Bisphenol A Health Effects
519(1)
FDA Studies
519(1)
"Low-Dose" Effects
520(1)
Human Studies
520(1)
Selection of Uncertainty Factors for TI Derivation
521(1)
Risk Characterization
521(1)
Interpretation of Dose/TI Ratios
521(1)
Uncertainties in Exposure and Toxicity Assessment
522(1)
Alternatives to BPA
522(1)
Protection of Sensitive Subpopulations
522(1)
Tolerable Intake Value versus Allowable Limit Value
522(1)
Talc on Gloves and Condoms
523(1)
Latex Allergy
524(3)
Delayed Hypersensitivity
525(1)
Immediate Hypersensitivity
525(2)
Silicones in Devices (Historical)
527(4)
Intrauterine Devices
531(2)
Dalkon Shield (Historical) and Copper 7
531(2)
Toxic Shock Syndrome (Historical)
533(8)
Problem Solving
535(2)
Justifying Use of the Material
536(1)
Risk Assessments
537(4)
Method
537(1)
Case Studies
538(3)
Sources of Data
541(1)
Uncertainty Factors
541(1)
Safety Margins
541(1)
Conclusion
541(1)
References
542(5)
Appendix A: Selected Regulatory and Toxicological Acronyms 547(4)
Appendix B: Contract Testing Laboratories 551(4)
Appendix C: Notable Regulatory Internet Addresses 555(4)
Appendix D: Non-U.S. Medical Device Regulators 559(2)
Appendix E: Definition of Terms and Lexicon of "Clinical" Observations in Nonclinical (Animal) Studies 561(2)
Index 563
Shayne Cox Gad, PhD, DABT, Gad Consulting Services, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

Samantha Gad-McDonald, B.S.ENGR, Gad Consulting Services, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA