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El. knyga: Biopesticides: Volume 2: Advances in Bio-inoculants

Edited by (Senior Assistant Professor of Sustainabili), Edited by (Indian Council for Agricultural Research, India), Edited by , Edited by , Edited by , Edited by , Edited by , Edited by (Faculty Member, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India)
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Biopesticide: Volume Two, the latest release in the Advances in Bioinoculant series, provides an updated overview on the active substances utilized in current bioinsecticides, along with information on which of them can be used for integrated pest management programs in agro-ecosystems. The book presents a comprehensive look at the development of novel solutions against new targets, also introducing new technologies that enhance the efficacy of already available active substances. Finally, readers will find insights into the advanced molecular studies on insect microbial community diversity that are opening new frontiers in the development of innovative pest management strategies.

This book will be valuable to those prioritizing agro biodiversity management to address optimal productizing and enhanced food security.

  • Explores the increasing number of newly introduced and improved products that can be used alone or in rotation or combination with conventional chemicals
  • Promotes the importance of, and tactics for, managing the agro ecosystem surrounding food security
  • Provides state of the art description of various approaches and techniques for the real-world application of biopesticides
Contributors xiii
1 Bacillus thuringiensis based biopesticides for integrated crop management
Aurelio Ortiz
Estibaliz Sansinenea
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 The early beginning of Bacillus thuringiensis as biopesticide
1(1)
1.3 The past last twenty years of B. thuringiensis as biopesticide
2(1)
1.4 The present and the future of B. thuringiensis as biopesticide
3(2)
1.5 Conclusions and perspectives
5(2)
References
5(2)
2 Biopesticides for management of arthropod pests and weeds
Muhammad Razaq
Farhan Mahmood Shah
2.1 Agriculture and pests
7(1)
2.1.1 Synthetic pesticides and challenges
7(1)
2.1.2 From pesticides to biopesticides
8(1)
2.2 Inconsistencies in understanding the term "biopesticides"
8(3)
2.2.1 Microbial biopesticides
9(2)
2.2.2 Nematodes biopesticides
11(1)
2.3 Plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs)
11(1)
2.4 Biochemical pesticides
12(1)
2.4.1 Pheromones
12(1)
2.4.2 Plant essential oils
12(1)
2.5 The biopesticides market and challenges
13(6)
2.5.1 Bioinsecticides
13(1)
2.5.2 Bioherbicides
14(1)
References
14(5)
3 Biopesticide formulations - current challenges and future perspectives
Marian Butu
Steliana Rodino
Alina Butu
3.1 Introduction
19(1)
3.2 A view through history
19(1)
3.3 Regulatory framework
20(1)
3.4 Diversity of biopesticides
21(2)
3.5 Formulation of biopesticides
23(3)
3.6 Biopesticides market
26(1)
3.7 Challenges and future perspectives
27(4)
References
28(3)
4 Application technology of biopesticides
Adriano Arrue Melo
Alexandre Swarowsky
4.1 Introduction
31(1)
4.2 Coverage
31(1)
4.2.1 Crop
32(1)
4.2.2 Biological target
32(1)
4.2.3 Biopesticide
32(1)
4.3 Biopesticides and adjuvants
32(1)
4.4 Mixture of biopesticides and pesticides
33(1)
4.5 Influence of climatic factors on the application of biopesticides
33(3)
4.5.1 Relative humidity and temperature
33(1)
4.5.2 Wind speed and direction
34(1)
4.5.3 Timing of biopesticides application
35(1)
4.6 Final considerations
36(1)
References
36(1)
5 Microbial pesticides: trends, scope and adoption for plant and soil improvement
Pooja Singh
Purabi Mazumdar
5.1 Introduction
37(1)
5.2 Types of microbial pesticides
37(16)
5.2.1 Bacteria
41(2)
5.2.2 Fungi
43(1)
5.2.3 Microsporidia
44(1)
5.2.4 Virus
44(1)
5.2.5 Genetically modified microbes
45(2)
5.2.6 Microbes supporting plants and soil health
47(6)
5.3 Trends and market demand for microbial pesticide
53(4)
5.3.1 Global market reports on use of microbial pesticides
54(3)
5.4 Registration and regulation of microbial pesticide globally
57(1)
5.5 Conclusion and future prospects
58(15)
Acknowledgments
59(1)
References
59(14)
6 Entomopathogenic nematodes: a sustainable option for insect pest management
Ashish Kumar Singh
Manish Kumar
Amit Ahuja
B.K. Vinay
Kiran Kumar Kommu
Sharmishtha Thakur
Amit U. Paschapur
B. Jeevan
K.K. Mishra
Rajendra Prasad Meena
Manoj Parihar
6.1 Introduction
73(1)
6.2 Baiting, isolation, multiplication of EPNs
74(1)
6.3 Identification of EPNs
75(1)
6.4 The liaison between EPNs and mutualistic bacteria and their identification
76(4)
6.5 Lifes cycle, pathogenicity and host range of EPNs
80(1)
6.5.1 Pathogenicity
80(1)
6.5.2 Host range
81(1)
6.6 Mass production, formulation development and application
81(5)
6.6.1 Types of formulations
82(4)
6.7 Application of EPN genomics to enhance the field efficacy
86(1)
6.8 Conclusion and future perspectives
87(6)
References
87(6)
7 Scientific and technological trajectories for sustainable agricultural solutions: the case of biopesticides
Alejandro Barragan-Ocaha
Paz Silva-Borjas
Samuel Olmos-Pena
7.1 Introduction
93(2)
7.2 Method
95(1)
7.3 Discussion and analysis of results
96(4)
7.3.1 Scientific trajectory
96(4)
7.4 Technological trajectory
100(3)
7.5 Conclusions
103(4)
Acknowledgments
103(1)
References
103(4)
8 Biopesticides: a genetics, genomics, and molecular biology perspective
Pawan Basnet Rajiv Dhital
Amitava Rakshit
8.1 Introduction
107(2)
8.1.1 Advantages of application biopesticides in pest management
107(2)
8.2 Market trends of biopesticides
109(1)
8.3 Factors for increasing trends toward biopesticides
109(1)
8.4 Constraints for the applications of biopesticides
110(1)
8.5 Role of genetic engineering in context of biopesticides
110(3)
8.5.1 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
110(1)
8.5.2 Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs)
111(1)
8.5.3 Baculoviruses
111(1)
8.5.4 RNAi based biopesticides
111(1)
8.5.5 Plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs)
112(1)
8.5.6 Entomopathogenic fungi
113(1)
8.5.7 Botanical biopesticides
113(1)
8.6 Conclusion
113(4)
References
114(3)
9 Bacillus thuringiensis, a remarkable biopesticide: from lab to the field
Igor Henrique Sena da Silva
Marcelo Mueller de Freitas
Ricardo Antonio Polanczyk
9.1 Introduction
117(1)
9.2 Isolation and epizootic potential of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
118(1)
9.3 Nomenclature and characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry pesticidal proteins
119(1)
9.4 Mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins
120(1)
9.5 Development of Bacillus thuringiensis formulations
121(1)
9.6 Bacillus thuringiensis compatibility with natural enemies and Bt plants
122(11)
9.6.1 Final considerations
124(1)
References
124(9)
10 Biopesticides for management of arthropod pests and weeds
Josef Jampilek
Katarina KrAbvi
10.1 Introduction
133(2)
10.2 Bioherbicides
135(5)
10.2.1 Plant extracts and essential oils with herbicidal activity
135(4)
10.2.2 Bioherbicides produced by microorganisms
139(1)
10.3 Biopesticides against harmful arthropodes
140(4)
10.4 Nanoscale biopesticide formulations against arthropod pests and weeds
144(4)
10.4.1 Bioherbicides in nanoformulations
144(1)
10.4.2 Biopesticide nanoformulations against anthropodes
145(3)
10.5 Conclusions
148(11)
Acknowledgement
148(1)
References
149(10)
11 Salvia leucantha essential oil encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles with toxicity and feeding physiology of cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera
Devakumar Dinesh
Kadarkarai Murugan
Jayapal Subramaniam
Manickam Paulpandi
Balamurugan Chandramohan
Krishnasamy Pavithra
Jaganathan Anitha
Murugan Vasantbakumaran
Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto
Lan Wang
Jiang Sboiu-Hwang
Hans-Uwe Dahms
11.1 Introduction
159(1)
11.2 Materials and methods
160(1)
11.2.1 Plant material
160(1)
11.2.2 Extraction of
5. leucantha essential oil
160(1)
11.3 Qualitative analysis
161(1)
11.3.1 Phytochemical analysis
161(1)
11.4 Test for flavonoids
161(1)
11.5 Test for alkaloids
161(1)
11.6 Test for tannins
161(1)
11.7 Test for phenolics
161(1)
11.8 Test for terpenoids
161(1)
11.9 Test for saponins
161(1)
11.10 Test for glycosides
161(1)
11.11 GCMS analysis of essential oil of S. leucantha
161(1)
11.11.1 GC--MS specification
161(1)
11.11.2 GC-MS analysis
162(1)
11.12 Collection and processing of crab shells
162(1)
11.13 Isolation and extraction of chitosan from crab shell
162(1)
11.13.1 Structure of chitosan
162(1)
11.14 Chitosan nanoparticles preparation with essential oil
162(1)
11.15 Characterization of essential oil loaded chitosan nanomaterials
163(1)
11.16 H. armigera and S. litura rearing
163(1)
11.17 Rearing of P. xylostella
163(1)
11.18 Toxicity against the H. armigera, S. litura and P. xylostella
163(1)
11.19 Impact on longevity and fecundity of H. armigera, S. litura and P. xylostella
164(1)
11.20 Quantitative food utilization efficiency measures
164(1)
11.21 Amylase, protease, proteinase, and lipase assay
164(1)
11.22 Statistical analysis
165(1)
11.23 Results and discussion
165(1)
11.23.1 Phytochemical screening for essential oil of Salvia leucantha
165(1)
11.24 GC-MS analysis
165(1)
11.25 Characterization of essential oil loaded chitosan nanoparticles
166(1)
11.25.1 UV-VIS spectral analysis of essential oil loaded chitosan nanoparticles
166(1)
11.26 SEM analysis
167(1)
11.27 Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis
168(1)
11.28 FTIR analysis of essential oil chitosan nanoparticles
168(1)
11.29 Zeta potential measurements
169(1)
11.30 Larvicidal and pupicidal toxicity against H. armigera, S. litura and P. xylostella
170(3)
11.31 Impact of S. leucantha essential oil and encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles on insect longevity and fecundity
173(2)
11.32 Food utilization measures
175(2)
11.33 Gut digestive enzymes of H. armigera, S. litura and P. xylostella larvae
177(1)
11.34 Conclusion
178(5)
References
178(5)
12 Microbial bio-pesticide as sustainable solution for management of pests: achievements and prospects
Udayashankar C. Arakere
Shubha Jagannath
Soumya Krishnamurthy
Srinivas Chowdappa
Narasimhamurthy Konappa
12.1 Introduction
183(1)
12.1.1 Biochemical pesticides
184(1)
12.1.2 Microbial pesticides
184(1)
12.1.3 Plant incorporated protectants
184(1)
12.2 Biochemical pesticides
184(1)
12.2.1 Insect pheromones
184(1)
12.3 The few examples of pheromones used in agricultural pest management are as follows
184(1)
12.3.1 Chitosan
184(1)
12.3.2 Plant extract biopesticides
185(1)
12.4 Microbial biopesticides
185(1)
12.5 Bacteria as biopesticides
185(1)
12.6 Members of Bacilliaceae as biopesticides (spore formers)
185(8)
12.6.1 Paenibacillus popilliae (Bacillus popillae) and B. lentimorbus
190(1)
12.6.2 Lysinibacills sphaericus (Bacillus sphaericus)
190(1)
12.6.3 Bacillus subtilis
191(1)
12.6.4 Bacillus firmus
191(1)
12.6.5 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
191(1)
12.6.6 Antimicrobial activity of B. thuringiensis based biopesticides
192(1)
12.6.7 Bacillus thuringiens is used as nano pesticides
192(1)
12.7 Members of Pseudomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae as biopesticides (non-spore formers)
193(1)
12.7.1 Pseudomonadaceae
193(1)
12.8 Enterobacteriaceae
193(2)
12.8.1 Fungi as biopesticides
194(1)
12.8.2 Trichoderma spp. as biopesticide
194(1)
12.9 Coniothyrium minitans as biopesticide
195(1)
12.10 Gliocladium catenulatum as biopesticide
195(1)
12.10.1 Purpureocillium lilacinum as biopesticide
195(1)
12.10.2 Beauveria bassiana as biopesticide
195(1)
12.10.3 Lecanicillium (Verticil Hum) lecanii as biopesticide
195(1)
12.10.4 Endophytic fungi as biocontrol agents
196(1)
12.11 Yeast as biocontrol agents
196(1)
12.11.1 Insect viruses as biopesticides
196(1)
12.11.2 Protozoans as biopesticides
197(1)
12.12 Plant incorporated protectants: genetically modified (GM) crops
197(1)
12.13 Advantages of microbial biopesticides
198(1)
12.14 Disadvantages of microbial biopesticides
198(6)
References
198(6)
13 Nano bio pesticide: today and future perspectives
Camelia Ungureanu
Acknowledgments
204(1)
References
205(2)
14 Current development, application and constraints of biopesticides in plant disease management
Shweta Meshram
Sunaina Bisht
Robin Gogoi
14.1 Introduction
207(1)
14.2 History of synthetic pesticides used in plant disease evolution
208(1)
14.3 Current global scenario
208(1)
14.4 Biopesticides
209(1)
14.5 Classification of biopesticides
209(2)
14.6 Microbial biopesticides
211(1)
14.7 Insight into popular fungal and bacterial biopesticides used in plant disease management
212(1)
14.7.1 Trichoderma spp
212(1)
14.8 Mass production of Trichoderma for commercial purpose
213(1)
14.8.1 Pseudomonas fluorescens
213(1)
14.9 Formulations for P. fluorescens
213(1)
14.9.1 Organic carriers
213(1)
14.9.2 Inorganic carriers
213(1)
14.10 Methods
213(1)
14.10.1 Powder formulations
213(1)
14.11 Liquid formulation
213(1)
14.11.1 Bacillus Sp.
214(1)
14.12 Improvement of formulation efficacy
214(1)
14.13 Molecular approach for improvement of formulation efficacy
214(1)
14.13.1 Protoplast fusion
214(1)
14.13.2 Genetic recombination
215(1)
14.13.3 Mutation
215(1)
14.14 Development of compatible consortia for improvement of formulation efficiency
215(1)
14.14.1 Combining various microbes
215(1)
14.14.2 Combining different mode of action
216(1)
14.14.3 Development of strain mixtures
216(1)
14.15 General mode of actions of microbial pesticides against plant pathogens
216(1)
14.16 Nanobiopesticides
216(1)
14.17 Biopesticides and their association with growth promoter
217(1)
14.18 Inducer of systemic resistance in plant against plant pathogen
218(1)
14.19 Botanical biopesticides usage against plant pathogen
219(1)
14.20 Essential oils
219(1)
14.21 Advantages and limitations of biopesticides
219(1)
14.21.1 Advantages
219(1)
14.21.2 Limitations
220(1)
14.22 Factors affecting biopesticides marketing
220(1)
14.23 Conclusion
221(4)
References
221(4)
15 Insights into the genomes of microbial biopesticides
A.B. Vedamurthy
Sudisha Jogaiah
S.D. Shruthi
15.1 Introduction
225(6)
15.1.1 Entomopathogenic bacteria
225(3)
15.1.2 Entomopathogenic fungi
228(1)
15.1.3 Viral biopesticides
229(1)
15.1.4 Entomopathogenic nematodes
230(1)
15.1.5 Entomopathogenic protozoans
231(1)
15.2 Advantages of genetic manipulation and their commercialization
231(1)
15.3 Conclusions
232(5)
References
232(5)
16 Genetic engineering intervention in crop plants for developing biopesticides
Shambhu Krishan Lai
Sahil Mebta
Sudhir Kumar
Anil Kumar Singh
Madan Kumar
Binay Kumar Singh
Vijai Pal Bhadana
Arunava Pattanayak
16.1 Biopesticides
237(1)
16.2 Engineering of Bt genes for insect resistance
238(1)
16.3 Bt cotton adoption in India
239(1)
16.4 Genetic engineering approaches for combating aphid infestation in crop plants
239(1)
16.5 Applications of RNA interference (RNAi) to control pests
240(1)
16.6 Applications of genome editing to control pests
241(1)
16.7 Future perspectives
242(5)
References
242(5)
17 Medicinal plants associated microflora as an unexplored niche of biopesticide
Ved Prakash Giri
Shipra Pandey
Satyendra Pratap Singh
Bhanu Kumar
S.F.A. Zaidi
Aradhana Mishra
17.1 Introduction
247(1)
17.1.1 Medicinal plant diversity in India
247(1)
17.1.2 Niche of microflora
248(1)
17.2 Plant-microbe association
248(6)
17.2.1 Rhizospheric association of microbes
248(3)
17.2.2 Phyllospheric association of microbes
251(1)
17.2.3 Endophytic microbiome association with medicinal plants
251(3)
17.3 Relative factors between microflora and plants
254(1)
17.4 Conclusion and future perspectives
254(7)
References
255(6)
18 Trichoderma: a potential biopesticide for sustainable management of wilt disease of crops
Narasimhamurthy Konappa
Nirmaladevi Dhamodaran
Soumya Satyanand Shanbhag
Manjunatha Amitiganahalli Sampangi
Soumya Krishnamurthy
Udayashankar C. Arakere
Srinivas Chowdappa
Sudisha Jogaiah
18.1 Introduction
261(2)
18.2 Trichoderma in the control of wilt disease
263(1)
18.3 Mechanism of biocontrol by Trichoderma in the control of wilt pathogens
264(6)
18.3.1 Competition
264(1)
18.3.2 Mycoparasitism
264(3)
18.3.3 Cell wall degrading enzymes
267(1)
18.3.4 Antibiosis by antimicrobial metabolites
267(1)
18.3.5 Induced systemic resistance
268(2)
18.4 Conclusion
270(7)
References
270(7)
19 Biological inoculants and biopesticides in small fruit and vegetable production in California
Surendra K. Dara
19.1 Bioinoculants in strawberry
277(2)
19.2 Bioinoculants in tomato
279(1)
19.3 Biopesticides in strawberry and grapes
279(1)
19.4 Biopesticides in vegetables
280(1)
19.5 Non-entomopathogenic roles of hypocrealean entomopathogenic fungi
280(1)
19.6 Strategies and implications for sustainable food production
281(1)
19.7 Conclusions
281(4)
References
282(3)
20 Development and regulation of microbial pesticides in the post-genomic era
Anirban Bhar
Akansha Jain
Sampa Das
20.1 Introduction
285(1)
20.2 Development of the microbial biopesticide
286(2)
20.2.1 Plant growth regulators play crucial role in development of biopesticides
286(1)
20.2.2 Siderophores causes iron limiting conditions for many pathogenic pests
287(1)
20.2.3 Antibiosis, an important criterion for development of the microbial biopesticides
288(1)
20.3 Microbial pesticides: brief description
288(2)
20.3.1 Bacteria as biopesticides
288(1)
20.3.2 Viruses as biopesticides
289(1)
20.3.3 Fungi as biopesticides
289(1)
20.3.4 Nematodes as biopesticides
289(1)
20.3.5 Protozoan as biopesticides
290(1)
20.4 Genetic improvements of microbial pesticides
290(2)
20.5 Regulation and commercialization of microbial pesticides
292(1)
20.6 Microbial pesticides in the post-genomic era
293(1)
20.7 Future prospects
293(8)
Acknowledgments
294(1)
References
294(7)
21 Microbial biopesticides for sustainable agricultural practices
Indu Kumari
Razak Hussain
Shikha Sharma
Geetika
Mushtaq Ahmed
21.1 Introduction
301(1)
21.2 Microbial biopesticides
302(7)
21.2.1 Bacterial biopesticides
302(2)
21.2.2 Viral biopesticides
304(2)
21.2.3 Fungal biopesticides/mycopesticides
306(1)
21.2.4 Nematode biopesticides
307(1)
21.2.5 Protozoan biopesticides
308(1)
21.2.6 Algal biopesticides
309(1)
21.3 Microbial products in biopesticides
309(1)
21.4 Current status of biopesticides in India
309(3)
21.4.1 Registration norms and regulation of microbial biopesticides
311(1)
21.4.2 Evolution of microbial biopesticides for the management of insect pest in India
311(1)
21.5 Current advancement in the microbial biopesticides in the field of genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics
312(2)
21.6 Conclusion and future directions
314(5)
References
314(5)
22 Use of microbial consortia for broad spectrum protection of plant pathogens: regulatory hurdles, present status and future prospects
Ratul Moni Ram
Ashim Debnath
Shivangi Negi
H.B. Singh
22.1 Introduction
319(1)
22.2 Biological control
320(1)
22.3 Microbial consortium
321(1)
22.4 Characteristics of microbial consortium
322(1)
22.5 Microbial consortium mediated plant defense mechanism in biological control
322(1)
22.6 Different types of microbial consortium
322(3)
22.6.1 Fungal and fungal
322(1)
22.6.2 Bacterial and bacterial
323(1)
22.6.3 Fungal and bacterial
323(2)
22.6.4 Algae and bacteria
325(1)
22.7 Need for development of biopesticides containing microbial consortium
325(3)
22.7.1 Biopesticide
325(1)
22.7.2 Microbial pesticides
325(3)
22.8 Current status of Indian biopesticide sector
328(1)
22.9 Hurdles in commercialization of microbial based products in India
329(3)
22.9.1 Regulatory framework and challenges for biopesticides in India
330(1)
22.9.2 Future prospects
331(1)
22.10 Conclusion
332(5)
References
332(5)
23 Biocides through pyrolytic degradation of biomass: potential, recent advancements and future prospects
Avedananda Ray
Sabuj Ganguly
Ardith Sankar
23.1 Introduction
337(1)
23.1.1 Bio-pesticides: a green alternative to synthetic pesticide
338(1)
23.2 Pyrolysis-an efficient technology
338(1)
23.3 Pyrolytic feedstock
339(1)
23.4 Products of pyrolysis
339(2)
23.5 Acetic acid as potential product
341(1)
23.5.1 Chemical composition of wood vinegar
341(1)
23.5.2 Eco-toxicology of pyrolytic products
341(1)
23.6 Acetic acid eco-toxicology
341(7)
23.7 Quinone eco-toxicology
348(1)
23.8 Catechol eco-toxicology
348(1)
23.9 Phenol eco-toxicology
348(1)
23.10 Other alcohol
348(1)
23.10.1 Disadvantage
348(1)
23.11 Future prospects
349(4)
References
350(3)
24 Trichoderma: agricultural applications and beyond
R.N. Pandey
Pratik Jaisani
H.B. Singh
24.1 Introduction
353(1)
24.2 Achieving UN sustainable development goals (SDGs)
353(1)
24.3 Pesticides consumption in the management of pests
353(1)
24.4 Benefits of microbes in rhizosphere
354(1)
24.5 Soil borne diseases and plant pathogens
354(29)
24.5.1 Trichoderma--a fungus of unique characteristics
354(3)
24.5.2 Trichoderma spp. in agricultural application
357(11)
24.5.3 Trichoderma spp. in sustainable environment
368(1)
24.5.4 Commercialization of Trichoderma spp.
368(2)
24.5.5 Advantages, challenges, constaints in sustainability of Trichoderma based disease management technology and future course of action
370(1)
References
371(12)
25 Exploring the potential role of Trichoderma as friends of plants foes for bacterial plant pathogens
Narasimhamurthy Konappa
Udayashankar C. Arakere
Soumya Krishnamurthy
Srinivas Chowdappa
Sudisha Jogaiah
25.1 Introduction
383(1)
25.2 Mechanisms
384(7)
25.2.1 Competition with pathogens for space and nutrients
384(1)
25.2.2 Antibiosis
385(1)
25.2.3 Cell wall degrading enzymes
386(1)
25.2.4 Plant growth promotion
387(2)
25.2.5 Induced systemic resistance (ISR)
389(2)
25.3 Trichogenic-nanoparticles and its application in crop protection
391(1)
25.4 Conclusions
392(9)
References
392(9)
26 Advance molecular tools to detect plant pathogens
R. Kannan
A. Solaimalai
M. Jayakumar
U. Surendran
26.1 Introduction
401(1)
26.2 Molecular techniques of plant disease detection
401(1)
26.3 Spectroscopic and imaging techniques
402(1)
26.4 Fluorescence spectroscopy
403(1)
26.5 Visible and infrared spectroscopy
403(2)
26.6 Fluorescence imaging
405(1)
26.7 Hyper spectral imaging
406(1)
26.8 Other imaging techniques
406(1)
26.9 Profiling of plant volatile organic compounds
407(1)
26.10 Electronic nose system
407(1)
26.11 GC-MS
408(1)
26.12 Fluorescence in-situ hybridization
409(1)
26.13 Hyper spectral techniques
409(1)
26.14 Biosensor platforms based on nonmaterials
409(1)
26.15 Affinity biosensors
409(1)
26.16 Antibody-based biosensors
410(1)
26.17 DNA/RNA-based affinity biosensor
410(1)
26.18 Enzymatic electrochemical biosensors
410(1)
26.19 Bacteriophage based biosensors
410(1)
26.20 Affinity-based biosensors
411(1)
26.21 Genetically-encoded biosensors
411(1)
26.22 Spectroscopic and imaging techniques
411(1)
26.22.1 Fluorescence spectroscopy
411(1)
26.22.2 Visible and infrared spectroscopy
411(1)
26.23 Conclusion
412(5)
References
412(5)
Index 417
Amitava Rakshit is a faculty member of the Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry at the Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University. His research areas include nutrient use efficiency, simulations modelling, organic farming, integrated nutrient management, and bioremediation. His consulting capabilities are composting techniques, soil health management, and input quality control. He is currently the Chief Editor of the International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Biotechnology. He is a member of the Global Forum on Food Security and Nutrition of FAO, Rome, and the Commission on Ecosystem Management of International Union for Conservation of Nature. Dr. Vijay Singh Meena has made remarkable contributions in the field of agricultural research, aligning his efforts with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Particularly, his work focuses on evaluating and promoting climate-resilient technologies for diverse cropping systems, directly contributing to SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 13 (Climate Action).

His expertise lies in optimizing input usage, fostering carbon-neutral farming practices, and enhancing productivity and profitability in agriculture, which are integral to achieving SDG 2 by ensuring food security and promoting sustainable agriculture. Furthermore, his initiatives in evaluating climate-resilient technologies align with SDG 13 by addressing climate change impacts and promoting adaptation measures in agriculture.

Dr. Meena's academic background in Soil Science and Cropping System Management, coupled with his extensive research experience, has equipped him with a profound understanding of cropping systems. His expertise in input optimization, quantitative cropping systems analysis, and soil health management has significantly contributed to improving livelihoods in South Asia, thus supporting SDG 1 (No Poverty) and SDG 2.

Furthermore, Dr. Meena has been recognized for his scientific excellence, receiving prestigious awards such as the INSA Young Scientist Award and the IASWC Budding Scientist Award, which further highlights his contributions towards achieving the SDGs. In summary, Dr. Vijay Singh Meena's outstanding achievements, leadership abilities, and commitment to agricultural innovation directly contribute to advancing the SDGs, particularly SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 13 (Climate Action), and make him a valuable asset in promoting climate-resilient agriculture and sustainable food systems.

Purushothaman C. Abhilash is a Senior Assistant Professor of Sustainability Science in the Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development (IESD) at Banaras Hindu University. He also leads the Agroecosystem Specialist Group of IUCN-Commission on Ecosystem Management. He is a fellow of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, India. His research interest lies in various inventive methods for restoring marginal, degraded, and polluted lands for regaining ecosystem services. He is particularly interested in system sustainability, circular economy principles, policy realignment, and the localization of UN-SDGs for sustainable development. He is part of the editorial board of prestigious journals on Ecology, Environment, and Sustainable Development, and also serves as a subject expert for UN-IPBES, IRP-UNEP, UNDP-BES Network, IPCC, UNCCD, APN, GLP, and IUCN Commissions (CEM, CEC, CEESP, and SSC) for fostering global sustainability. Harikesh B. Singh is presently a retired Professor of Mycology and Plant Pathology from IAS,BHU. He served state agriculture university, central university and CSIR institute in teaching, research, and extension roles. In recognition of Prof.Singhs scientific contributions and leadership in the field of plant pathology, he was honored with several prestigious awards, notable being, CSIR Prize for Biological Sciences ,Vigyan Bharti Award ,Prof. V.P. Bhide Memorial Award , BRSI Industrial Medal Award ,Bioved Fellowship Award , Prof.PanchananMaheshwari ,IPS Plant Pathology Leader Award , CSIRCAIRD Team award, Environment Conservation Award, CST VigyanRatna Award and many more. Prof. Singh has been the Fellow of National Academy of Agricultural Sciences .Prof. Singh has written two books, several training modules and manuals and more than 150 research publications and has more than 18 US patents and 3 PCTs to his credit. Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto has abachelor's degree in Chemistry from the State University of Campinas (1997), a master's in Functional and Molecular Biology from the State University of Campinas (2000) and a PhD in Functional and Molecular Biology from the State University of Campinas (2003). He is currently an Associate Professor at the Institute of Science and Technology of Sćo Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Sorocaba at the Environmental Engineering undergraduate course and at the postgraduate in Environmental Sciences. He coordinated the Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences of Unesp/Sorocaba (from 2012 to 2016). He has experience in chemistry and biochemistry, with an emphasis on environmental nanotechnology and applications of nanotechnology in agriculture. Manoj Parihar is currently working at ICAR-VPKAS, Almora as a Soil Scientist in Crop Production Division. He did his graduation from SKRAU, Bikaner and selected as ICAR-JRF fellow for post-graduation in BHU, Varanasi. He has been awarded doctorate from the same university in the year 2018. He has received various recognitions such as ICAR-SRF, UGC-BSR, UGC-RGNF etc. Anand Kumar Singh. (aka Awtar Kumar Singh) is presently the deputy director general of horticulture , Indian Council of Agricultural Research,has abachelor's degree in Agriculture from Banaras Hindu University , a master's and PhD in Horticulture with a specialization in Pomology from Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. His research areas include genetic improvement of fruit crops, plant Tissue culture and transcriptome analysis of mango. He was honored with several prestigious awards, notable being, Mombusho Award (1989) by Japanese Govt. ,visiting scientist award by Association of International Education, Japan (1999); DBT Overseas Associateship Award (2006); Gold Medal: The Horticultural Society of India (2008); Fellow of National Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2016) and many more
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