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SECTION I The Concept of Adjunctive Therapies |
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1 | (56) |
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Chapter 1 Evidence-Based Practice With Physical Agents |
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2 | (10) |
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Defining Evidence-Based Practice |
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3 | (1) |
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Arguments for Using Evidence-Based Practice |
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3 | (1) |
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The Five-Step Process for Implementing Evidence-Based Practice |
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4 | (3) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (5) |
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Chapter 2 Tissue Response To Injury |
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12 | (26) |
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14 | (6) |
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16 | (1) |
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Psychological Implications |
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17 | (1) |
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Medical Management After Painful Insult to Soft Tissues |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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McGill Pain Questionnaire |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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Numeric Pain-Rating Scale |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (3) |
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20 | (1) |
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Pain Fiber Types and Central Pathways |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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Clinical Versus Experimental Pain |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Pain as a Symptom of Dysfunction |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Therapeutic Intervention--Clinical Decision-Making |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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Electrotherapeutic Devices |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (13) |
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Tissue Response to Trauma: Inflammation and Repair |
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25 | (1) |
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Inflammation (Days 1 to 10) |
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25 | (1) |
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Proliferative Phase (Days 3 to 20) |
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26 | (1) |
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Remodeling or Maturation Phase (Day 9 Onward) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (2) |
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Physical Therapy Interventions for Soft Tissue Healing |
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29 | (9) |
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Chapter 3 Patient Responses To Therapeutic Interventions |
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38 | (1) |
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Examination, Evaluation, and Intervention |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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Skin (Integument) Assessment |
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40 | (2) |
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Skin Pigmentation or Color |
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40 | (1) |
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Circulatory Irregularities |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (5) |
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Pain Scales: Visual Analog and Numeric Pain Rating |
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43 | (1) |
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Factors That Influence Pain Ratings |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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Pressure Algometers or Dolorimeters |
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45 | (1) |
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Other Means to Assess Pain |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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When Patients Are Not Improving as Expected |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (2) |
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Circumferential or Girth Measurements |
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47 | (1) |
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Volumetric Water Displacement |
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47 | (1) |
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Functional Performance Limited by Edema |
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48 | (1) |
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What Should Be Monitored for Edema Management? |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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Range-of-Motion (ROM) Assessment |
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50 | (1) |
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Muscle Strength Assessments |
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50 | (7) |
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APPENDIX PAIN ASSESSMENT TOOL KIT |
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57 | (6) |
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NIH Pain Inventory Samples of Pain Intensity Scales |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (6) |
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Checklist of Nonverbal Indicators |
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57 | (1) |
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Examples of behavioral pain indicators |
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57 | (6) |
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SECTION II THERMAL AND MECHANICAL AGENTS |
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63 | (206) |
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Chapter 4 Therapeutic Heat And Cold |
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64 | (32) |
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66 | (1) |
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Physical Mechanisms of Heat Exchange |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (4) |
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Physiological Effects of Heat |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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Pain Reduction and Management |
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70 | (1) |
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Reduction of Muscle Guarding |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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Methods of Heat Application |
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72 | (5) |
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Superficial Heating Agents |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Intervention Considerations |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (5) |
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Physiological Effects of Cold |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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Reduction of Muscle Guarding |
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79 | (1) |
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Reduction of Muscle Spasticity |
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79 | (1) |
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Methods of Cold Application |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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Safety Considerations With the Application of Cold Treatment Interventions |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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Clinical Decision-Making: Heat or Cold? |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (14) |
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Chapter 5 Therapeutic Ultrasound And Phonophoresis |
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96 | (40) |
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98 | (9) |
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99 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Ultrasound Emission and Relevance to Intervention Outcome |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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Pulsed or Continuous Ultrasound |
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101 | (1) |
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Absorption and Penetration |
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102 | (1) |
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Reflection and Refraction |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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Beam Non-Uniformity Ratio |
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103 | (1) |
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Effective Radiating Area (ERA) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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Mechanical Vibration Effects and Acoustic Streaming |
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106 | (1) |
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Safety Considerations and Precautions in Applying Ultrasound |
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107 | (4) |
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108 | (1) |
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Second-Order Effects of Nonthermal Ultrasound |
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108 | (2) |
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Sequence of Ultrasound in a Treatment Plan |
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110 | (1) |
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Ultrasound Treatment Procedures |
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110 | (1) |
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Preparation for Treatment |
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110 | (1) |
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Patient Education and Consent to Treat |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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Adjustment of Parameters During Treatment |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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Observation and Documentation of Ultrasound Treatment |
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111 | (1) |
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Care of Therapeutic Ultrasound Equipment |
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112 | (1) |
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Biomedical Department Inspection |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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Review of Ultrasound Basics |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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Generators and Transducers |
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112 | (1) |
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Intensity and Power of Ultrasound |
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113 | (1) |
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Dosage of Ultrasound Treatment |
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113 | (1) |
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Principles of Therapeutic Application |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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A Current Perspective: Research on Therapeutic Ultrasound |
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114 | (1) |
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Heating Tissues With Continuous-Wave Ultrasound |
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114 | (1) |
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Clinical Studies Using Ultrasound as a Heating Agent |
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114 | (1) |
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Clinical Studies Using Ultrasound to Facilitate Tissue Repair |
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115 | (1) |
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Reliability and Efficiency of Ultrasound Equipment |
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115 | (1) |
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Transmission Properties of Ultrasound Couplants |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (2) |
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Parameters for Phonophoresis |
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117 | (1) |
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Experimental Phonophoresis of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs |
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118 | (1) |
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Clinical Phonophoresis of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs |
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119 | (1) |
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Phonophoresis and Phonophoretic Products: Indications for Treatment |
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120 | (16) |
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Chapter 6 Aquatics And Hydrotherapy |
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136 | (32) |
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Whirlpools Versus Aquatic Pools |
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138 | (1) |
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Physical Principles and Properties of Water |
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139 | (3) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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Aquatic Therapy Equipment |
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142 | (1) |
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Therapeutic Aquatic Pools |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (2) |
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144 | (1) |
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Aquatic Pools and Infection Control |
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144 | (1) |
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Aquatic Therapy Techniques |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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Midlevel to Shallow-Level Exercise |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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Clinical Decisions for Aquatic Therapy |
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147 | (1) |
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Aquatic Therapy Documentation and Billing |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (4) |
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Whirlpools and Wound Care |
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148 | (1) |
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Cleansing Versus Debridement |
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149 | (1) |
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Additives to Prevent Cross Contamination |
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150 | (1) |
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Whirlpool Cleaning Procedure |
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150 | (1) |
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Considerations for Hydrotherapy Treatment Interventions |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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Condition of Surrounding Tissues |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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Clinical Use of Hydrotherapy Techniques |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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Theory Behind Effectiveness |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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Hydrotherapy for Wound Care Documentation and Billing |
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154 | (14) |
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Chapter 7 Soft Tissue Treatment Techniques: Traction |
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168 | (34) |
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Principles of Therapeutic Application |
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170 | (3) |
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Terminology and Definitions |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (3) |
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173 | (1) |
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Brief Historical Perspective |
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173 | (1) |
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Current Trends and Research |
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173 | (1) |
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General Treatment Goals for Traction |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (4) |
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Physiological Effects and Clinical Uses |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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Static Versus Intermittent Traction |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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Other Equipment for Traction of me Cervical Spine |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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Procedure for Mechanical Cervical Traction |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (4) |
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Physiological Effects and Clinical Uses |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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Static Versus Intermittent Traction Force |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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Other Equipment for Traction of the Lumbar Spine |
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181 | (1) |
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Gravity-Assisted Traction Including Inversion Traction |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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Procedure for Lumbar Traction |
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182 | (1) |
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Clinical Uses and Safety Considerations for Traction |
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182 | (4) |
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182 | (1) |
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Herniation of Disc Material |
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182 | (1) |
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Degenerative Joint Disease |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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Precautions and Contraindications for the Use of Traction |
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183 | (1) |
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Special Considerations for the Application of Traction |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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Patient Positioning and Draping Considerations |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (16) |
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Chapter 8 Soft Tissue Management Techniques: Compression And Edema Management |
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202 | (24) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (4) |
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205 | (3) |
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Goals and Expected Outcomes |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (18) |
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Interventions for Treating Patients With Edema |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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Complete Decongestive Therapy |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (14) |
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Chapter 9 Sof Tissue Management Techniques: Massage |
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226 | (22) |
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Defining Soft Tissue Massage |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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Approaches Used in Physical Therapy (in alphabetical order) |
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228 | (2) |
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228 | (1) |
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Connective Tissue Massage |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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Neuromuscular Therapy (Trigger Point) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (2) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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Patient Positioning and Draping |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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Indications, Contraindications, and Precautions |
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232 | (1) |
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Soft Tissue Massage Techniques |
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233 | (6) |
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Classic Therapeutic Massage |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (2) |
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235 | (1) |
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Trigger Point Deactivation |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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Transverse Friction Massage |
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238 | (1) |
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Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization |
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238 | (1) |
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Documentation and Billing |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (9) |
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Chapter 10 Electromagnetic Radiation: Diathermy, Ultraviolet, And Laser |
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248 | (21) |
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250 | (5) |
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Electromagnetic Fields and Diathermy |
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250 | (2) |
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Physiological Effects of Diathermy |
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252 | (1) |
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Types of Diathermy Applications |
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252 | (1) |
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Diathermy Man Electric Field |
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252 | (1) |
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Diathermy With a Magnetic Field |
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253 | (1) |
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Clinical Application Considerations for Diathermy |
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253 | (2) |
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Pulsed EM Fields for Bone Tissue Repair |
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255 | (1) |
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Light as a Therapeutic Biophysical Agent |
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255 | (2) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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Physical Properties of Light |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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Incident Angle and Dosage |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (2) |
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Physiological Effects of UV |
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257 | (1) |
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An Overview of the Application Technique for UV |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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Long-Term Effects of Exposure to UV |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (4) |
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260 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Laser Light |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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Low-Power Lasers in Clinical Practice |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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Institutional Review Board |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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Treatment Technique With Laser |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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Therapeutic Uses of Light |
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263 | (6) |
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SECTION III Electrical Stimulation for Therapeutic Treatment Goals |
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|
269 | (178) |
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Chapter 11 Foundations Of Electrical Stimulation And Iontophoresis |
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270 | (52) |
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Application of Electrical Stimulation |
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272 | (1) |
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Therapeutic Treatment Goals |
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272 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Electricity |
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273 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Current Flow and Direct Current |
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274 | (1) |
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Stimulator Output: Constant Current or Constant Voltages |
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275 | (1) |
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Constant-Current Stimulators |
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275 | (2) |
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Constant-Voltage Stimulators |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (13) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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Describing a Single Pulse |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (2) |
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285 | (1) |
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Describing the Pulse Train |
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285 | (1) |
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Interpulse and Interburst Intervals |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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Delivery of Electrical Stimulation |
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290 | (2) |
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Muscle and Nerve Physiology |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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Integumentary System: Our Skin |
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292 | (3) |
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292 | (2) |
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Electrical Properties of the Skin |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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Transcutaneous Drug Penetration |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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Lontophoretic Enhancement |
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295 | (1) |
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Instrumentation and Application of Iontophoresis |
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296 | (4) |
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Lontophoretic Power Sources |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (1) |
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Experimental and Clinical Iontophoresis of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs |
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300 | (2) |
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Experimental Iontophoresis of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs |
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300 | (2) |
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Clinical Iontophoresis of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs |
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302 | (1) |
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Reported Adverse Responses to Iontophoresis |
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302 | (1) |
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Use of Electrical Stimulation |
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303 | (3) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (2) |
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306 | (2) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (2) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (14) |
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Chapter 12 Electrodes And Lead Wires: Material And Care |
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322 | (20) |
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324 | (5) |
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324 | (1) |
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Carbon-Impregnated Rubber Electrodes |
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324 | (1) |
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Self-Adhering Single-Use or Reusable Electrodes |
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325 | (1) |
|
Considerations for Electrode Selection |
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325 | (1) |
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Electrode Size and Current Density |
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326 | (1) |
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Coupling Media and Attachment |
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327 | (1) |
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Straps or Tape for the Attachment of Electrodes |
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327 | (2) |
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Transcutaneous and Percutaneous Electrodes |
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329 | (1) |
|
Terminology for Configurations of Electrode Setups |
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330 | (2) |
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Monopolar Application of Electrodes |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
|
Quadripolar Electrode Placement |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (10) |
|
Chapter 13 Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation |
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|
342 | (32) |
|
Identifying Appropriate Patients |
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|
344 | (1) |
|
Therapeutic Current Characteristics |
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345 | (2) |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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|
346 | (1) |
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Timing Modulation Duty Cycle On--Off Ratio |
|
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346 | (1) |
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|
347 | (1) |
|
General Guidelines for Clinical Applications |
|
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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Duration and Frequency of the Treatment Intervention |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Specific Clinical Applications |
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|
348 | (4) |
|
Strengthening and Endurance |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Sample Case Scenarios Using NMES |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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Facilitation or Retraining of Muscle |
|
|
351 | (1) |
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|
351 | (1) |
|
Management of Muscle Guarding and Spasticity |
|
|
352 | (3) |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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|
355 | (1) |
|
Skin Condition and Sensation |
|
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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|
356 | (1) |
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|
356 | (1) |
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|
356 | (18) |
|
Evaluating Intervention Effectiveness and Modifying the Intervention |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Documenting a Treatment Intervention With NMES |
|
|
356 | (18) |
|
Chapter 14 Electrical Stimulation For Tissue Repair |
|
|
374 | (22) |
|
Cascade of Injury Repair: How Do Wounds Heal? |
|
|
376 | (4) |
|
Electrical Stimulation for Tissue Repair: What Are the Findings? |
|
|
377 | (1) |
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|
377 | (1) |
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|
378 | (1) |
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|
378 | (1) |
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|
378 | (1) |
|
Effects on Necrotic or Devitalized Tissue |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Does Electrical Stimulation Work? |
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
Current Type: Does It Matter Which Type Is Used? |
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Electrode Placement: Which Protocol Is Best? |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Contraindications and Precautions |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
384 | (1) |
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|
385 | (11) |
|
|
385 | (1) |
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|
385 | (1) |
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|
386 | (1) |
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|
386 | (2) |
|
|
388 | (8) |
|
Chapter 15 Pain Management With Electrical Stimulation |
|
|
396 | (36) |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Pain Fiber Types and Central Pathways |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Analgesia, Anesthesia, and Paresthesia |
|
|
399 | (2) |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Endogenous Opiate Liberation |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Potential Treatments and How to Achieve Success |
|
|
402 | (2) |
|
|
402 | (2) |
|
General Principles of Pain Management |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
404 | (3) |
|
Rationale for Electrode Placement |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Producing Analgesia for a Painful Procedure |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Producing Sensory-Level Analgesia |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Noxious Stimulation to Produce Analgesia |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Endogenous Opiate Liberation |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for Home Use |
|
|
407 | (2) |
|
|
409 | (12) |
|
Appendix Optimal Stimulation Sites For Tens Electrodes |
|
|
421 | (11) |
|
Chapter 16 Interferential Current Therapy In Clinical Practice |
|
|
432 | (15) |
|
Theory Behind Interferential Current Therapy |
|
|
433 | (2) |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
The "Third Line" of Current |
|
|
436 | (2) |
|
Magnets: Here's Why You Learned About Them in Kindergarten |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Premodulation and Interferential Current Therapy |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
439 | (8) |
|
SECTION IV Comprehensive Approach to Treatment |
|
|
447 | (18) |
|
Chapter 17 Integration Of Physical Agents: Clinical Decision-Making |
|
|
448 | (17) |
|
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
452 | (2) |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Finding Evidence in Physical fherapy Literature |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
How Can I Get Copies of Articles? |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Therapeutic Treatment Goals: Is a Biophysical Agent Appropriate? |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Medical Stability of the Patient |
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
The Impact of Patient Adherence to Therapy on Recovery |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Available Biophysical Agents |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Integration Principles for Biophysical Agents: What to Choose? |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Indications: Primary and Secondary |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Previous Patient Experience With the Selected Biophysical Agent |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
What Does the Rest of the Plan of Care Include? |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Follow-Up to an Activity or Treatment Approach |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Putting It All Together: The Decisions and the Evidence |
|
|
458 | (2) |
|
|
460 | (5) |
|
|
460 | (5) |
Appendix: Parameters and Red Flags During Treatment |
|
465 | (20) |
Index |
|
485 | |