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Biophysical Agents: Theory and Practice Fourth Edition [Minkštas viršelis]

  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 516 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 277x213x25 mm, weight: 998 g, 295 illustrations
  • Išleidimo metai: 30-Oct-2020
  • Leidėjas: F.A. Davis Company
  • ISBN-10: 0803676670
  • ISBN-13: 9780803676671
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 516 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 277x213x25 mm, weight: 998 g, 295 illustrations
  • Išleidimo metai: 30-Oct-2020
  • Leidėjas: F.A. Davis Company
  • ISBN-10: 0803676670
  • ISBN-13: 9780803676671
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
"The book continues to provide the patient's perspective regarding each of the biophysical agent topic areas since if we lose sight of that, no one would let us apply these treatment interventions! Virtually everyone has fears about the topics that are covered when they are first exposed to them. However once the theories and science behind them are explained, sometimes by using examples that could be used with patients, the topics become more relatable and applicable in clinical practice"--

  • Illustrated, user-friendly design helps you think more critically as a therapist and strengthen the concepts that are critical to your success.
  • Content focuses on functional outcomes and the importance of documentation.
  • Case studies and checklists for application procedures foster decision-making skills.
  • Patient scenarios outline utilization of the physical agent, and include documentation, safety features, information about the patient that would alter treatment, what should be done after the physical agent, and where the physical agent fits into the treatment plan.
  • Guided lab activities demonstrate how to apply theory to practice.
  • Terminology reflects the APTA's Guide to Physical Therapist Practice.
  • Indications and contraindications for each physical agent provide a resource you can use in specific situations.
  • Quick reference section features commonly used abbreviations and acronyms, units of measure, and conversion charts.
  • Sample assignments for implementing evidence-based practice into the study of biophysical agents incorporate clinical instructors into the discussion.
  • Sample discussion points show you how to approach clinicians who are hesitant to accept biophysical agents into their clinical practice or discuss the potential for its use with their patients.
SECTION I The Concept of Adjunctive Therapies
1(56)
Chapter 1 Evidence-Based Practice With Physical Agents
2(10)
Defining Evidence-Based Practice
3(1)
Arguments for Using Evidence-Based Practice
3(1)
The Five-Step Process for Implementing Evidence-Based Practice
4(3)
Ask
4(1)
What Is Meant by PICO?
4(1)
Acquire
4(1)
Appraise
4(1)
Research Design
5(1)
Subjects
6(1)
Statistics
6(1)
Apply
7(1)
Assess
7(1)
Sources of Evidence
7(1)
Evidence in Action
7(5)
Chapter 2 Tissue Response To Injury
12(26)
Definitions
14(6)
Acute and Chronic Pain
16(1)
Psychological Implications
17(1)
Medical Management After Painful Insult to Soft Tissues
17(2)
Referred Pain
19(1)
Pain Assessment
20(1)
McGill Pain Questionnaire
20(1)
Visual Analog Scales
20(1)
Numeric Pain-Rating Scale
20(1)
Pain Perception
20(3)
Pain Receptors
20(1)
Pain Fiber Types and Central Pathways
20(1)
Peripheral Fibers
21(1)
Dorsal Root Ganglia
21(1)
Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord
22(1)
Pain Pathways
22(1)
Ascending
22(1)
Descending
22(1)
Pain Theories
23(1)
Gate Control Theory
23(1)
Endogenous Opiates
23(1)
Clinical Versus Experimental Pain
23(1)
Pain Management
24(1)
Pain as a Symptom of Dysfunction
24(1)
Phantom Limb Pain
24(1)
Therapeutic Intervention--Clinical Decision-Making
25(1)
Thermal Agents
25(1)
Electrotherapeutic Devices
25(1)
Tissue Repair
25(13)
Tissue Response to Trauma: Inflammation and Repair
25(1)
Inflammation (Days 1 to 10)
25(1)
Proliferative Phase (Days 3 to 20)
26(1)
Remodeling or Maturation Phase (Day 9 Onward)
27(1)
Delays in Wound Healing
27(2)
Physical Therapy Interventions for Soft Tissue Healing
29(9)
Chapter 3 Patient Responses To Therapeutic Interventions
38(1)
Examination, Evaluation, and Intervention
39(1)
Examination
39(1)
Evaluation
40(1)
Intervention
40(1)
Skin (Integument) Assessment
40(2)
Skin Pigmentation or Color
40(1)
Circulatory Irregularities
41(1)
Mottling of the Skin
42(1)
Skin Surface Temperature
42(1)
Pain Assessment
42(5)
Pain Scales: Visual Analog and Numeric Pain Rating
43(1)
Factors That Influence Pain Ratings
44(1)
Pain Inventories
44(1)
Anatomical Pain Drawings
44(1)
Pressure Algometers or Dolorimeters
45(1)
Other Means to Assess Pain
46(1)
Pain Intensity Scales
46(1)
When Patients Are Not Improving as Expected
46(1)
Edema Assessment
47(2)
Circumferential or Girth Measurements
47(1)
Volumetric Water Displacement
47(1)
Functional Performance Limited by Edema
48(1)
What Should Be Monitored for Edema Management?
48(1)
Soft Tissue Assessment
49(1)
Muscle Guarding
49(1)
Muscle Tone
49(1)
Postural Assessment
50(1)
Range-of-Motion (ROM) Assessment
50(1)
Muscle Strength Assessments
50(7)
APPENDIX PAIN ASSESSMENT TOOL KIT
57(6)
NIH Pain Inventory Samples of Pain Intensity Scales
57(1)
Wong-Baker FACES
57(1)
Comfort Scale
57(1)
Cries Pain Scale
57(1)
Flacc Scale
57(6)
Checklist of Nonverbal Indicators
57(1)
Examples of behavioral pain indicators
57(6)
SECTION II THERMAL AND MECHANICAL AGENTS
63(206)
Chapter 4 Therapeutic Heat And Cold
64(32)
Temperature Regulation
66(1)
Physical Mechanisms of Heat Exchange
67(1)
Conduction
67(1)
Convection
67(1)
Radiation
67(1)
Conversion
68(1)
Evaporation
68(1)
Therapeutic Heat
68(4)
Physiological Effects of Heat
68(1)
Intervention Goals
69(1)
Pain Reduction and Management
70(1)
Reduction of Muscle Guarding
71(1)
Tissue Extensibility
71(1)
Heat and Exercise
71(1)
Methods of Heat Application
72(5)
Superficial Heating Agents
72(1)
Hydrocollator Packs
72(1)
Paraffin
73(2)
Fluidotherapy
75(1)
Air-Activated Heat Wraps
76(1)
Intervention Considerations
76(1)
Cryotherapy
77(5)
Physiological Effects of Cold
77(1)
Intervention Goals
78(1)
Edema Reduction
78(1)
Pain Reduction
79(1)
Reduction of Muscle Guarding
79(1)
Reduction of Muscle Spasticity
79(1)
Methods of Cold Application
79(1)
Ice Massage
79(1)
Cold Pocks
79(1)
ColdorlceBalhs
80(1)
Intervention Guidelines
80(1)
Safety Considerations With the Application of Cold Treatment Interventions
81(1)
Precautions
81(1)
Contraindications
81(1)
Clinical Decision-Making: Heat or Cold?
81(1)
Documentation
82(14)
Chapter 5 Therapeutic Ultrasound And Phonophoresis
96(40)
Physical Principles
98(9)
Therapeutic Ultrasound
99(1)
Characteristics of Ultrasound Emission and Relevance to Intervention Outcome
100(1)
Frequency
100(1)
Pulsed or Continuous Ultrasound
101(1)
Absorption and Penetration
102(1)
Reflection and Refraction
103(1)
Cavitation
103(1)
Beam Qualities
103(1)
Beam Non-Uniformity Ratio
103(1)
Effective Radiating Area (ERA)
104(1)
Biophysical Effects
105(1)
Thermal Ultrasound
105(1)
Nonthermal Ultrasound
106(1)
Mechanical Vibration Effects and Acoustic Streaming
106(1)
Safety Considerations and Precautions in Applying Ultrasound
107(4)
Contraindications
108(1)
Second-Order Effects of Nonthermal Ultrasound
108(2)
Sequence of Ultrasound in a Treatment Plan
110(1)
Ultrasound Treatment Procedures
110(1)
Preparation for Treatment
110(1)
Patient Education and Consent to Treat
110(1)
Preparation of Equipment
110(1)
Patient Position
111(1)
Technique
111(1)
Adjustment of Parameters During Treatment
111(1)
Repetition of Treatment
111(1)
Observation and Documentation of Ultrasound Treatment
111(1)
Care of Therapeutic Ultrasound Equipment
112(1)
Biomedical Department Inspection
112(1)
Clinical Monitoring
112(1)
Review of Ultrasound Basics
112(1)
Therapeutic Equipment
112(1)
Generators and Transducers
112(1)
Intensity and Power of Ultrasound
113(1)
Dosage of Ultrasound Treatment
113(1)
Principles of Therapeutic Application
114(1)
A Historical Perspective
114(1)
A Current Perspective: Research on Therapeutic Ultrasound
114(1)
Heating Tissues With Continuous-Wave Ultrasound
114(1)
Clinical Studies Using Ultrasound as a Heating Agent
114(1)
Clinical Studies Using Ultrasound to Facilitate Tissue Repair
115(1)
Reliability and Efficiency of Ultrasound Equipment
115(1)
Transmission Properties of Ultrasound Couplants
115(1)
Phonophoresis
116(2)
Parameters for Phonophoresis
117(1)
Experimental Phonophoresis of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
118(1)
Clinical Phonophoresis of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
119(1)
Phonophoresis and Phonophoretic Products: Indications for Treatment
120(16)
Chapter 6 Aquatics And Hydrotherapy
136(32)
Whirlpools Versus Aquatic Pools
138(1)
Physical Principles and Properties of Water
139(3)
Buoyancy
139(1)
Center of Buoyancy
140(1)
Hydrostatic Pressure
140(1)
Specific Gravity
140(1)
Viscosity and Resistance
141(1)
Specific Heat
141(1)
Hydromechanics of Water
141(1)
Water Temperature
142(1)
Aquatic Therapy Equipment
142(1)
Therapeutic Aquatic Pools
143(1)
Hydrotherapy Techniques
144(2)
Aquatic Pools
144(1)
Aquatic Pools and Infection Control
144(1)
Aquatic Therapy Techniques
144(1)
Deep Water Exercise
144(1)
Midlevel to Shallow-Level Exercise
144(1)
Bad Ragaz Techniques
145(1)
Halliwick Method
146(1)
Watsu
146(1)
Patient Safety
146(1)
Patient Education
147(1)
Clinical Decisions for Aquatic Therapy
147(1)
Aquatic Therapy Documentation and Billing
147(1)
Hydrotherapy
148(1)
Equipment
148(1)
Turbines
148(4)
Whirlpools and Wound Care
148(1)
Cleansing Versus Debridement
149(1)
Additives to Prevent Cross Contamination
150(1)
Whirlpool Cleaning Procedure
150(1)
Considerations for Hydrotherapy Treatment Interventions
151(1)
Debridement
151(1)
Modality
151(1)
Cleansing
151(1)
Hydration
151(1)
Circulatory Stimulation
152(1)
Analgesia and Sedation
152(1)
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors
152(1)
Patient Status
152(1)
Condition of Surrounding Tissues
152(1)
Description of the Wound
152(1)
Facilitation of Healing
152(1)
Indications
152(1)
Clinical Use of Hydrotherapy Techniques
153(1)
Additives
153(1)
Temperature
154(1)
Duration and Agitation
154(1)
Positioning
154(1)
Ambient Temperature
154(1)
Theory Behind Effectiveness
154(1)
Explanation to Patient
154(1)
Hydrotherapy for Wound Care Documentation and Billing
154(14)
Chapter 7 Soft Tissue Treatment Techniques: Traction
168(34)
Principles of Therapeutic Application
170(3)
Terminology and Definitions
170(1)
fraction
170(1)
Distraction
170(1)
Related Physics
170(3)
Theory of Application
173(1)
Brief Historical Perspective
173(1)
Current Trends and Research
173(1)
General Treatment Goals for Traction
173(1)
Cervical Traction
174(4)
Physiological Effects and Clinical Uses
174(1)
Mechanical Techniques
174(1)
Position
175(1)
Poundage
175(1)
Line of Pull
175(1)
Static Versus Intermittent Traction
175(1)
Treatment Time
176(1)
Frequency of Treatment
176(1)
Other Equipment for Traction of me Cervical Spine
176(1)
Manual Traction
177(1)
Positional Traction
177(1)
Procedure for Mechanical Cervical Traction
178(1)
Lumbar Traction
178(4)
Physiological Effects and Clinical Uses
178(1)
Mechanical Techniques
179(1)
Position
179(1)
Poundage
179(1)
Line or Angle of Pull
179(2)
Static Versus Intermittent Traction Force
181(1)
Treatment Time
181(1)
Frequency of Treatment
181(1)
Other Equipment for Traction of the Lumbar Spine
181(1)
Gravity-Assisted Traction Including Inversion Traction
181(1)
Home Units
181(1)
Manual Traction
181(1)
Positional Traction
181(1)
Procedure for Lumbar Traction
182(1)
Clinical Uses and Safety Considerations for Traction
182(4)
Indications and Effects
182(1)
Herniation of Disc Material
182(1)
Degenerative Joint Disease
182(1)
Muscle Guarding
183(1)
Joint Hypomobility
183(1)
Facet Impingement
183(1)
Precautions and Contraindications for the Use of Traction
183(1)
Special Considerations for the Application of Traction
184(1)
Patient Education
184(1)
Billing
185(1)
Patient Positioning and Draping Considerations
185(1)
Lumbat Spine
185(1)
Cervical Traction
186(1)
Documentation
186(16)
Chapter 8 Soft Tissue Management Techniques: Compression And Edema Management
202(24)
Pathophysiology of Edema
203(1)
Types of Edema
204(4)
Examination of Patient
205(3)
Goals and Expected Outcomes
208(1)
Management of Edema
208(18)
Interventions for Treating Patients With Edema
208(1)
RICE Therapy
208(1)
Rest
208(1)
La
208(1)
Compression
208(2)
Elevation
210(1)
Exercise
210(1)
Aquatic Physical Therapy
211(1)
Electrical Stimulation
211(1)
Massage
211(1)
Complete Decongestive Therapy
211(1)
Documentation
211(1)
Patient Education
212(14)
Chapter 9 Sof Tissue Management Techniques: Massage
226(22)
Defining Soft Tissue Massage
228(1)
Historical Perspectives
228(1)
Approaches Used in Physical Therapy (in alphabetical order)
228(2)
Alexander Technique
228(1)
Connective Tissue Massage
229(1)
Craniosacral Therapy
229(1)
Cyriax
229(1)
Feldenkrais
229(1)
Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization
229(1)
Manual Lymph Drainage
230(1)
Neuromuscular Therapy (Trigger Point)
230(1)
Rolfing
230(1)
Swedish Massage
230(1)
Trager Approach
230(1)
Clinical Considerations
230(2)
Personal Appearance
230(1)
Environment
231(1)
Patient Positioning and Draping
231(1)
Body Mechanics
232(1)
Starting to Palpate
232(1)
Effects of Massage
232(1)
Indications, Contraindications, and Precautions
232(1)
Soft Tissue Massage Techniques
233(6)
Classic Therapeutic Massage
233(1)
Effleurage
233(1)
Petrissage
233(1)
Tapotement
233(2)
Scar Massage
235(1)
Trigger Point Deactivation
236(1)
Myofascial Release
237(1)
Transverse Friction Massage
238(1)
Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization
238(1)
Documentation and Billing
239(1)
Clinical Decision-Making
239(9)
Chapter 10 Electromagnetic Radiation: Diathermy, Ultraviolet, And Laser
248(21)
EM Radiation
250(5)
Electromagnetic Fields and Diathermy
250(2)
Physiological Effects of Diathermy
252(1)
Types of Diathermy Applications
252(1)
Diathermy Man Electric Field
252(1)
Diathermy With a Magnetic Field
253(1)
Clinical Application Considerations for Diathermy
253(2)
Pulsed EM Fields for Bone Tissue Repair
255(1)
Light as a Therapeutic Biophysical Agent
255(2)
Characteristics of light
255(1)
Wavelength
255(1)
Frequency
255(1)
Physical Properties of Light
256(1)
Reflection
256(1)
Refraction
256(1)
Absorption
256(1)
Incident Angle and Dosage
257(1)
Ultraviolet
257(2)
Physiological Effects of UV
257(1)
An Overview of the Application Technique for UV
257(1)
Treatment 6oals With UV
257(1)
Safety Considerations
258(1)
Dosage
258(1)
Long-Term Effects of Exposure to UV
258(1)
Laser
259(4)
Laser Light Production
260(1)
Characteristics of Laser Light
260(1)
Coherence
260(1)
Beam Divergence
260(1)
Low-Power Lasers in Clinical Practice
261(1)
Proposed Indications
261(1)
Safety Considemtions
262(1)
Proposed Effects
262(1)
Institutional Review Board
262(1)
Documentation kIRBs
262(1)
Treatment Technique With Laser
263(1)
Laser Dosage
263(1)
Documentable Parameters
263(1)
Therapeutic Uses of Light
263(6)
SECTION III Electrical Stimulation for Therapeutic Treatment Goals
269(178)
Chapter 11 Foundations Of Electrical Stimulation And Iontophoresis
270(52)
Application of Electrical Stimulation
272(1)
Therapeutic Treatment Goals
272(1)
Characteristics of Electricity
273(1)
Characteristics of Current Flow and Direct Current
274(1)
Stimulator Output: Constant Current or Constant Voltages
275(1)
Constant-Current Stimulators
275(2)
Constant-Voltage Stimulators
276(1)
Current Classification
277(13)
Direct Current
277(1)
Alternating Current
277(1)
Pulsatile Current
278(1)
Current Characteristics
278(1)
Describing a Single Pulse
278(1)
Waveform
278(1)
Monophosic Waveform
278(1)
Biphasic Waveform
279(1)
Polyphasic Waveform
280(1)
Phase Versus Pulse
280(1)
Waveform Comfort
280(1)
Waveform Selection
281(1)
Amplitude
281(1)
Rise Time and Decay Time
282(1)
Intrapulse Interval
283(1)
Duration
283(2)
Charge
285(1)
Describing the Pulse Train
285(1)
Interpulse and Interburst Intervals
285(1)
Frequency
286(1)
Duty Cycle
287(1)
Ramp Time
288(1)
Total Current
288(1)
Modulation
289(1)
The Big Picture
290(1)
Delivery of Electrical Stimulation
290(2)
Muscle and Nerve Physiology
291(1)
Motor Unit Recruitment
291(1)
Membrane Excitability
291(1)
Accommodation
291(1)
Iontophoresis
292(1)
Integumentary System: Our Skin
292(3)
Morphology and Function
292(2)
Electrical Properties of the Skin
294(1)
Transcutaneous Transport
295(1)
Transcutaneous Drug Penetration
295(1)
Passive Drug Delivery
295(1)
Lontophoretic Enhancement
295(1)
Instrumentation and Application of Iontophoresis
296(4)
Lontophoretic Power Sources
297(1)
Electrode Designs
298(2)
Application Guidelines
300(1)
Experimental and Clinical Iontophoresis of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
300(2)
Experimental Iontophoresis of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
300(2)
Clinical Iontophoresis of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
302(1)
Reported Adverse Responses to Iontophoresis
302(1)
Use of Electrical Stimulation
303(3)
Indications
303(1)
Contraindications
303(1)
Precautions
303(1)
Electrical Safety
303(1)
Patient Factors
304(2)
The Treatment
306(2)
Prerreatment
306(1)
Delivery
306(1)
Post-Treatment
306(2)
Documentation
308(1)
Clinical Decision-Making
308(14)
Chapter 12 Electrodes And Lead Wires: Material And Care
322(20)
Types of Electrodes
324(5)
Metal Plate Electrodes
324(1)
Carbon-Impregnated Rubber Electrodes
324(1)
Self-Adhering Single-Use or Reusable Electrodes
325(1)
Considerations for Electrode Selection
325(1)
Electrode Size and Current Density
326(1)
Coupling Media and Attachment
327(1)
Straps or Tape for the Attachment of Electrodes
327(2)
Transcutaneous and Percutaneous Electrodes
329(1)
Terminology for Configurations of Electrode Setups
330(2)
Monopolar Application of Electrodes
330(1)
Bipolar Electrode Setup
331(1)
Quadripolar Electrode Placement
332(1)
Application Guidelines
332(1)
Care of Electrodes
332(10)
Chapter 13 Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
342(32)
Identifying Appropriate Patients
344(1)
Therapeutic Current Characteristics
345(2)
Waveforms
345(1)
Amplitude
345(1)
Pulse Duration
346(1)
Pulse Rate
346(1)
Timing Modulation Duty Cycle On--Off Ratio
346(1)
Ramp Modulation
347(1)
General Guidelines for Clinical Applications
347(1)
Patient Positioning
347(1)
Electrodes
347(1)
Duration and Frequency of the Treatment Intervention
348(1)
Specific Clinical Applications
348(4)
Strengthening and Endurance
348(1)
Sample Case Scenarios Using NMES
349(1)
Range of Motion
350(1)
Sample Case Scenarios
350(1)
Facilitation or Retraining of Muscle
351(1)
Sample Case Scenarios
351(1)
Management of Muscle Guarding and Spasticity
352(3)
Sample Case Scenarios
352(1)
Edema Reduction
353(1)
Sample Case Scenarios
353(1)
Orthotic Substitution
353(1)
Partial Denervation
354(1)
Sample Case Scenarios
354(1)
Safety Considerations
355(1)
Equipment
355(1)
Patient Factors
355(1)
Medical History
355(1)
Skin Condition and Sensation
355(1)
Cognitive Issues
355(1)
Patient Education
356(1)
Expected Outcomes
356(1)
Clinical Decision-Making
356(18)
Evaluating Intervention Effectiveness and Modifying the Intervention
356(1)
Documenting a Treatment Intervention With NMES
356(18)
Chapter 14 Electrical Stimulation For Tissue Repair
374(22)
Cascade of Injury Repair: How Do Wounds Heal?
376(4)
Electrical Stimulation for Tissue Repair: What Are the Findings?
377(1)
The Current of Injury
377(1)
Galvanotaxis
378(1)
Antimicrobial Effects
378(1)
Effects on Blood Flow
378(1)
Effects on Necrotic or Devitalized Tissue
379(1)
Does Electrical Stimulation Work?
380(2)
Current Type: Does It Matter Which Type Is Used?
380(2)
Does Polarity Matter?
382(1)
Electrode Placement: Which Protocol Is Best?
383(1)
Indications
383(1)
Contraindications and Precautions
383(1)
Adverse Site Responses
384(1)
Treatment Considerations
385(11)
Application
385(1)
Direct Technique
385(1)
Periwound Technique
386(1)
Application Checklist
386(2)
Patient Instructions
388(8)
Chapter 15 Pain Management With Electrical Stimulation
396(36)
Physiology Review
398(1)
Pain Fiber Types and Central Pathways
399(1)
Analgesia, Anesthesia, and Paresthesia
399(2)
Terminology
399(1)
Sensory Analgesia
400(1)
Endogenous Opiate Liberation
401(1)
Other Considerations
401(1)
Potential Treatments and How to Achieve Success
402(2)
Clinical Decision-Making
402(2)
General Principles of Pain Management
404(1)
Treatment Methods
404(3)
Rationale for Electrode Placement
404(1)
Motor Points
404(1)
TriggerPoints
404(1)
Acupuncture Points
404(1)
Producing Analgesia for a Painful Procedure
405(1)
Producing Sensory-Level Analgesia
405(1)
Noxious Stimulation to Produce Analgesia
405(1)
Endogenous Opiate Liberation
405(1)
Treatment Expectations
406(1)
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for Home Use
407(2)
Documentation
409(12)
Appendix Optimal Stimulation Sites For Tens Electrodes
421(11)
Chapter 16 Interferential Current Therapy In Clinical Practice
432(15)
Theory Behind Interferential Current Therapy
433(2)
Setting the Difference
435(1)
Electrode Placement
435(1)
The "Third Line" of Current
436(2)
Magnets: Here's Why You Learned About Them in Kindergarten
437(1)
Premodulation and Interferential Current Therapy
438(1)
Modulation With IFC
439(8)
SECTION IV Comprehensive Approach to Treatment
447(18)
Chapter 17 Integration Of Physical Agents: Clinical Decision-Making
448(17)
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
452(1)
Evidence-Based Practice
452(2)
Evidence
452(1)
Finding Evidence in Physical fherapy Literature
452(1)
Additional Sources
453(1)
How Can I Get Copies of Articles?
454(1)
Therapeutic Treatment Goals: Is a Biophysical Agent Appropriate?
454(1)
Available Treatment Time
454(1)
Acuity of the Injury
455(1)
Medical Stability of the Patient
455(2)
The Impact of Patient Adherence to Therapy on Recovery
456(1)
Patient Expectations
456(1)
Available Biophysical Agents
457(1)
Integration Principles for Biophysical Agents: What to Choose?
457(1)
Indications: Primary and Secondary
457(1)
Equipment Availability
457(1)
Equipment Reliability
457(1)
Previous Patient Experience With the Selected Biophysical Agent
458(1)
What Does the Rest of the Plan of Care Include?
458(1)
Preparatory Treatment
458(1)
Follow-Up to an Activity or Treatment Approach
458(1)
Putting It All Together: The Decisions and the Evidence
458(2)
Documentation
460(5)
SOAP Notes
460(5)
Appendix: Parameters and Red Flags During Treatment 465(20)
Index 485