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El. knyga: Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities

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  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Serija: Topics in Geobiology 3
  • Išleidimo metai: 22-Jul-2014
  • Leidėjas: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781475707403
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic CommunitiesDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Serija: Topics in Geobiology 3
  • Išleidimo metai: 22-Jul-2014
  • Leidėjas: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781475707403
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I Recent Interactions and Their Preservation
Chapter 1 Biotic Interactions in Recent Marine Sedimentary Environments
Sarah Ann Woodin
1 Introduction
3(7)
1.1 Common Units of Measure
5(1)
1.2 Organisms
6(1)
1.3 Categories of Infauna
7(3)
2 Competition
10(9)
2.1 Competition in the Recent
10(5)
2.2 Competition in the Paleozoic
15(4)
3 Predation
19(8)
3.1 Types of Predators in the Recent
19(6)
3.2 Predation in the Paleozoic
25(2)
4 Pattern Differentiation: Competition or Predation?
27(3)
5 Summary
30(1)
References
31(8)
Chapter 2 Biological Determinants of Present and Past Sessile Animal Distributions
J.B.C. Jackson
1 Introduction
39(2)
2 Organisms and Their Environments
41(4)
3 Causes of Distributions
45(36)
3.1 The Larval Pool
47(1)
3.2 Larval Habitat Selection and Interactions with Previously Settled Organisms
48(8)
3.3 Competition
56(14)
3.4 Predation
70(6)
3.5 Mutualism
76(1)
3.6 Life Histories
77(4)
4 Fossil Evidence for Causes of Distributions
81(25)
4.1 Some Criteria for Recognition of Past Habitat Selection and Mortality Processes in Fossils
81(8)
4.2 Examples of Ancient Interactions
89(17)
5 Conclusions
106(1)
References
107(14)
Chapter 3 Seasonality: Effects in Marine Benthic Communities
James W. Valentine
1 Introduction
121(6)
1.1 Solar Radiation
123(2)
1.2 Circulation
125(2)
2 Seasonal Parameters with Primary Density-Independent Effects
127(8)
2.1 Temperature
127(4)
2.2 Salinity and Other Physical Variables
131(1)
2.3 Discussion
132(3)
3 Seasonal Parameters with Primarily Density-Dependent Effects
135(7)
3.1 Light
135(1)
3.2 Nutrient Elements
135(1)
3.3 Primary Production
136(5)
3.4 Discussion
141(1)
4 Processes That Mediate Density-Dependent Effects
142(5)
4.1 General Theory
142(2)
4.2 Reproduction and Development: Seasonal Strategies in z
144(1)
4.3 Niche Expansion: Seasonal Strategies in X
145(1)
4.4 Discussion
146(1)
5 Consequences for Biotic Patterns
147(5)
5.1 Diversity
147(1)
5.2 Composition
148(3)
5.3 Interactions
151(1)
References
152(5)
Chapter 4 Soft-Bottom Succession and the Fossil Record
Peter L. McCall
Michael J.S. Tevesz
1 Introduction
157(1)
2 What Is Succession?
158(2)
3 What Use Is It?
160(1)
4 Nearshore Benthic Succession
161(8)
4.1 Biotic Interactions
161(2)
4.2 Study Area
163(6)
5 Succession in Other Environments
169(2)
6 Preservation of Soft-Bottom Succession
171(12)
6.1 Taphonomic Losses and Mixing
171(4)
6.2 Diagenesis
175(1)
6.3 Comparison Of Life and Death Assemblages
176(7)
7 Relation to Geologic Examples
183(4)
8 Concluding Remarks
187(1)
References
188(7)
Chapter 5 Taphonomic Feedback: Ecological Consequences of Shell Accumulation
Susan M. Kidwell
David Jablonski
1 Introduction
195(1)
2 Recent and Fossil Examples of Taphonomic Feedback
196(12)
2.1 Taphonomic Facilitation
197(9)
2.2 Taphonomic Inhibition
206(2)
3 Expected Patterns in the Stratigraphic Record
208(12)
3.1 Sediment Aggradation
212(1)
3.2 Sediment Starvation
213(2)
3.3 Sediment Bypassing
215(2)
3.4 Erosional Truncation
217(1)
3.5 Discussion
218(2)
4 Case Study: Neogene Chesapeake Group, Atlantic Coastal Plain
220(13)
4.1 Evidence of Taphonomic Feedback
223(6)
4.2 Discussion
229(4)
5 Conclusions
233(2)
References
235(16)
II Interactions among Selected Taxa
Chapter 6 Biological Interactions and Precambrian Eukaryotes
Andrew H. Knoll
1 Introduction
251(2)
2 Hypotheses of Eukaryotic Origins
253(5)
3 A Scenario for Early Eukaryotic Evolution
258(6)
4 The Fossil Record of Early Eukaryotes
264(10)
4.1 "Spot" Cells
265(3)
4.2 Tetrahedral Tetrads
268(1)
4.3 Filamentous Microfossils
268(1)
4.4 Size Distribution Data
269(1)
4.5 Acritarchs
270(3)
4.6 Vase-Shaped Microfossils
273(1)
4.7 Precambrian Macrofossils
273(1)
5 Ecological Consequences of Early Eukaryote Evolution
274(2)
6 Summary
276(1)
References
277(8)
Chapter 7 Biotic Interactions and Siliceous Marine Phytoplankton: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective
Jennifer A. Kitchell
1 Introduction
285(2)
2 Competition and Coexistence
287(10)
2.1 Nutrient Uptake Kinetics
287(4)
2.2 Coexistence of Competing Species
291(3)
2.3 The Paradox of Enrichment
294(2)
2.4 Nonequilibrium Theories of Competitive Coexistence
296(1)
3 Predator—Prey Interactions
297(7)
3.1 Predation as a Selective Force
297(5)
3.2 Predation and the Maintenance of Diversity
302(1)
3.3 Predation and the Sediment Record
303(1)
4 Life History Strategies
304(5)
5 Evolutionary Mode of Phytoplankton
309(3)
6 Paleontological Applications
312(8)
6.1 Competitive Displacement in Evolutionary Time
313(1)
6.2 Character Divergence and Convergence
313(1)
6.3 A Case Study
314(6)
References
320(11)
Chapter 8 Biotic Interactions in Benthic Foraminifera
Jere H. Lipps
1 Introduction
331(1)
2 Trophic Interactions
332(27)
2.1 Food of Foraminifera
332(2)
2.2 Trophic Mechanisms in Foraminifera
334(18)
2.3 Consumption of Foraminifera by Other Organisms
352(7)
3 Substrate Interactions
359(4)
3.1 Foraminifera as Epibionts
359(4)
3.2 Foraminfera as Substrata
363(1)
4 Competition
363(1)
5 Bioturbation
364(2)
6 Taphonomic Aspects of Foraminiferal Biotic Interactions
366(3)
7 Future Studies
369(1)
References
370(8)
Chapter 9 Biotic Interactions among Recent and among Fossil Crinoids
David L. Meyer
William I. Ausich
1 Introduction
378(1)
2 Predation
378(7)
2.1 Sources of Predation on Living Crinoids
378(2)
2.2 Possible Antipredator Adaptations of Living Crinoids
380(1)
2.3 Predation on Ancient Crinoids
381(2)
2.4 Possible Antipredator Morphology in Ancient Crinoids
383(2)
2.5 Regeneration and Nonlethal Predation
385(1)
3 Competition
385(7)
3.1 Possible Mechanisms of Competition
387(1)
3.2 Niche Differentiation among Living and among Ancient Crinoids
388(4)
4 Associations of Living Crinoids with Other Organisms
392(6)
4.1 Polychaetes
395(1)
4.2 Molluscs
396(1)
4.3 Crustaceans
396(1)
4.4 Fishes
397(1)
5 Associations of Ancient Crinoids with Other Organisms
398(16)
5.1 Nature of Associations
398(1)
5.2 Commensalism
399(7)
5.3 Stereomic Malformations
406(5)
5.4 Crinoids as Epizoans
411(1)
5.5 Parasitism
412(2)
6 Other Interactions
414(1)
7 Habitat Modification by Crinoids
415(3)
7.1 Contribution to Sediment
415(1)
7.2 Effects on Substrata
416(2)
7.3 Consequences for Community Succession
418(1)
8 Role of Biotic Interactions in Crinoid Evolution
418(2)
References
420(11)
III Biotic Interactions through Time
Chapter 10 Algal Symbiosis and Its Recognition in the Fossil Record
Richard Cowen
1 Symbiosis
431(1)
2 Algal Symbiosis
432(4)
2.1 The Algal Symbionts
433(2)
2.2 Phyletic Distribution of Hosts of Algal Symbionts
435(1)
2.3 Geographical and Ecological Distribution
435(1)
3 The Origin of Algal Symbiosis
436(3)
4 Characters Associated with Symbiosis
439(10)
4.1 Characters That Promote Symbiosis
440(6)
4.2 Characters That Result from Symbiosis
446(3)
5 Recognition of Algal Symbiosis in the Fossil Record
449(13)
5.1 Usable Criteria
449(4)
5.2 Fossil Corals
453(1)
5.3 Fossil Foraminifera
454(2)
5.4 Fossil Cardiacean Bivalves
456(1)
5.5 Rudist Bivalves
456(4)
5.6 Other Large Bivalves
460(2)
5.7 Recalcitrant Groups: The Planktonic Syndrome
462(1)
6 Case Study of Symbiosis in Permian Brachiopods
462(12)
6.1 The Feeding Mechanism of the Richthofeniacea
463(2)
6.2 Symbiosis in the Richthofeniacea
465(6)
6.3 Symbiosis in the Teguliferinidae
471(1)
6.4 Symbiosis in the Lyttoniacea
472(1)
6.5 The Origins of Symbiosis in Brachiopods
473(1)
References
474(6)
Chapter 11 Sediment-Mediated Biological Disturbance and the Evolution of Marine Benthos
Charles W. Thayer
1 Introduction
480(1)
2 Disturbance of Recent Sediments: Villains, Victims and Modi Operandi
481(26)
2.1 Definition
487(1)
2.2 Modes of Sediment-Mediated Interaction
487(3)
2.3 Ranking of Modes of Disturbance
490(10)
2.4 Effects of Bulldozing on IMOUS
500(1)
2.5 Determinants of Bioturbation Rates
501(4)
2.6 Significance of Trophic Group Amensalism
505(2)
3 Rise of the Bulldozers: Paleontological Perspective and Neontological Insight
507(13)
3.1 Diversification and Deductions from Recent Reworking
507(10)
3.2 Evidence from Morphology, Traces, and Behavior
517(3)
4 More Evidence from Trace Fossils: Tracking Villains through Geologic Time
520(2)
5 Physical Disturbance and Biotic Stabilization: How Shifting Were the Sands of Time?
522(2)
6 Phanerozoic Patterns: Restructuring the Benthos
524(20)
6.1 Brachiopods
531(4)
6.2 Bivalves
535(1)
6.3 Other Taxa
536(1)
6.4 Statistical Summary of Diversity Data
537(2)
6.5 Abundant Taxa
539(1)
6.6 Abundance
539(5)
6.7 Conclusion
544(1)
7 Extinctions
544(3)
8 Archaic IMOUS in Recent Refugia: Avoiding the Bulldozers
547(6)
8.1 Hard Substrata
547(1)
8.2 Mobility
548(1)
8.3 Deep Sea
549(3)
8.4 Littoral Zone
552(1)
8.5 Refuge in Size
552(1)
8.6 Corais: Refugia in Excelcis
553(1)
9 Geological and Paleontological Consequences
553(4)
9.1 Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
553(1)
9.2 Biogeochemistry
554(1)
9.3 Preservation of Fossils
555(2)
10 Speculation on Causes and Consequences
557(5)
10.1 Land Plants and Their Ramifications
557(1)
10.2 Other Causes
558(1)
10.3 Infaunal vs. Epifaunal Suspension-Feeders
559(1)
10.4 Diversity
560(1)
10.5 Brachiopods
560(1)
10.6 Substrate Specificity
561(1)
10.7 Hardgrounds
561(1)
11 Discussion
562(6)
11.1 Potential Bias
562(1)
11.2 Alternatives
563(1)
11.3 Implications for Paleoecologic Methods: Generic Duration, Diversity, and Abundance
564(1)
11.4 Random Patterns?
565(1)
11.5 Future Work
566(2)
Appendices
568(27)
References
595(32)
Chapter 12 The Evolution of Infaunal Communities and Sedimentary Fabrics
David W. Larson
Donald C. Rhoads
1 Introduction
627(1)
2 Infaunal Life and Sediment Reworking
628(1)
3 Comparison of Sedimentary Fabrics
629(13)
3.1 Sedimentary Facies
631(2)
3.2 Effect of Bioturbation
633(9)
4 Discussion
642(4)
4.1 Additional Evidence
642(1)
4.2 Evolution of Infaunal Communities
642(4)
5 Conclusions
646(1)
References
646(3)
Chapter 13 Shell-Breaking Predation through Time
Geerat J. Vermeij
1 Introduction
649(1)
2 Breakage as Agent of Mortality and Selection
650(2)
3 Adaptations against Breakage
652(3)
4 Gastropod Shell Form through Geological Time
655(5)
5 Armor in Other Groups
660(1)
6 The Geological Record of Shell-Breakers
661(2)
7 Alternative and Additional Interpretations
663(1)
References
664(9)
IV Effects of Interactions on Community Evolution
Chapter 14 Diversification, Faunal Change, and Community Replacement during the Ordovician Radiations
J. John Sepkoski Jr
Peter M. Sheehan
1 Introduction
673(1)
2 Patterns of Diversification and Faunal Change during the Ordovician
674(10)
2.1 Global Diversity and the Three "Great Evolutionary Faunas"
675(5)
2.2 Modeling Paleozoic Diversity Patterns
680(4)
3 Distributional Ecology of the Ordovician Radiations
684(13)
3.1 Data
684(3)
3.2 Analytic Methodology
687(2)
3.3 Cluster Analysis of Cambro-Ordovician Communities
689(6)
3.4 Factor Analysis of Cambro-Ordovician Communities
695(2)
4 Discussion
697(8)
4.1 Generality of Results
699(2)
4.2 Mechanisms of Onshore—Offshore Change
701(4)
5 Summary
705(2)
Appendix
707(3)
References
710(9)
Chapter 15 Ecospace Utilization and Guilds in Marine Communities through the Phanerozoic
R.K. Bambach
1 Introduction
719(3)
1.1 Diversity Change through the Phanerozoic
720(1)
1.2 The Question of an Ecologic Role in Controlling Diversity Patterns
721(1)
2 General Pattern of Ecospace Utilization
722(6)
2.1 Turnover of Class-Level Taxa through Time
722(3)
2.2 Change in General Ecospace Utilization
725(3)
3 The Guild Concept and Its Application to Paleocommunities
728(5)
3.1 Extension of the Guild Concept
728(2)
3.2 Defining Guilds in Paleocommunities
730(3)
4 Guilds in Paleocommunities
733(9)
4.1 The Data
733(1)
4.2 Differences in Guild Structures of Paleozoic and Neogene Communities
733(3)
4.3 Similarities in Species Distribution within Guilds
736(4)
4.4 "Superguilds"
740(2)
5 Conclusions
742(2)
References
744(3)
Chapter 16 Soft-Bottom Epifaunal Suspension-Feeding Assemblages in the Late Cretaceous: Implications for the Evolution of Benthic Paleocommunities
David Jablonski
David J. Bottjer
1 Introduction
747(2)
2 Late Cretaceous Offshore Benthic Assemblages
749(22)
2.1 Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plain
749(13)
2.2 Other Chalk Faunas
762(9)
3 Late Cretaceous Nearshore Benthic Assemblages
771(5)
3.1 Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plain
771(4)
3.2 Other Nearshore Faunas
775(1)
4 Structure of Late Cretaceous Assemblages
776(5)
4.1 The Ecologic Pattern
776(2)
4.2 The Taphonomic Overprint
778(3)
5 Evolutionary History and Mechanisms
781(12)
5.1 Evolutionary History
781(6)
5.2 Evolutionary Mechanisms
787(6)
6 Conclusions
793(2)
References
795(2)
Index 797
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