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El. knyga: Birth of Digital Human Rights: Digitized Data Governance as a Human Rights Issue in the EU

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This book considers contested responsibilities between the public and private sectors over the use of online data, detailing exactly how digital human rights evolved in specific European states and gradually became a part of the European Union framework of legal protections. The author uniquely examines why and how European lawmakers linked digital data protection to fundamental human rights, something heretofore not explained in other works on general data governance and data privacy. In particular, this work examines the utilization of national and European Union institutional arrangements as a location for activism by legal and academic consultants and by first-mover states who legislated digital human rights beginning in the 1970s. By tracing the way that EU Member States and non-state actors utilized the structure of EU bodies to create the new norm of digital human rights, readers will learn about the process of expanding the scope of human rights protections within multiple dimensions of European political space. The project will be informative to scholar, student, and layperson, as it examines a new and evolving area of technology governance – the human rights of digital data use by the public and private sectors.
Part I The Origin of Digital Human Rights
1 Digitized Data as a Political Object
3(24)
The Multiple Uses of Digitized Data
6(5)
Internet Data as an Economic Commodity
6(2)
Digitized Data Distribution as a Public Good
8(2)
Data as Information Weaponry
10(1)
The Internet and Data Governance
11(2)
Theoretical Foundation
13(2)
Phase I 1970-Mid 1990s
13(1)
Phase II Mid - 1990s to Preset! t Day
14(1)
Digital Human Rights Research and Policy Coordination
15(4)
Bibliography
19(8)
2 Digitized Data Protection as a Fundamental Human Right
27(54)
Identification of New Human Rights Norms
27(3)
What Is a Regime?
30(1)
Regime Creation in the European Union
30(3)
Who Creates Regimes, and Who Should Be the Primary Actors Interested in a Digital Human Rights Regime?
32(1)
The Three Structural Interest Groups
33(8)
Economic Interests
33(2)
Security Interests
35(3)
Digital Human Rights Interests
38(3)
Regime Convergence upon the Human Rights Model
41(6)
The Importance of Structure and Power
42(2)
Institutions, Time, and Efficiency
44(2)
Social Norms and Agency
46(1)
Explanations of Identity-Based Policies and Policy Congruence
47(4)
Gains vs. Losses: Policy Adaptation Across Time
51(4)
External Policy Pressures upon EU States
51(3)
Internal Policy Pressures upon EU States
54(1)
Theoretical Support and Hypothetical Expectations
55(6)
Methodological Tests
57(1)
National Cases
58(1)
Time Frames
59(1)
The Role of Text Analyses
59(2)
EU Development ofDHR Laws
61(1)
Bibliography
62(19)
Part II The Early Years--National Origins of Digital Human Rights
3 Sweden: A History of Informational Access
81(18)
Tracing Swedish Data Legislation
83(2)
Data Commodification and the Economy
85(3)
Security Concerns and Digitized Data
88(2)
Digital Human Rights
90(6)
Bibliography
96(3)
4 Germany: Digital Human Rights and a History of Invasive Surveillance
99(34)
Data Commodification and the Economy
107(5)
Security Concerns and Digitized Data
112(8)
Digital Human Rights
120(8)
Bibliography
128(5)
5 The United Kingdom: Business Aligns with Human Rights Advocacy
133(26)
Data Commodification and the Economy
141(3)
Security Concerns and Digitized Data
144(4)
Digital Human Rights
148(6)
Bibliography
154(5)
Part III Regional Policymaking and Digital Human Rights in the Global Sense
6 EU Policy Convergence--Supranational Data Policies in the EU (Mid 1990s-2016)
159(52)
The Two-Level Game
160(3)
Making Laws in the European Union
163(2)
Agenda-Power, Hegemonic Preferences, and Technical Expertise
165(1)
External Pressures--Regime Complexity
166(6)
Level I International Regime Memberships
167(5)
Creating Policy Convergence and Hegemonic States
172(10)
Level II The First Institution and the Economic Seeds for an EU Data Regime
173(2)
The Data Technology Exports Contribution (DTEC)
175(1)
Level II The Second Institution and the Influence of Security Risks
176(6)
The Power of Technical Expertise and Human Rights Advocacy
182(9)
Agenda-Setting Power: The EU Commission
191(4)
The Outcome: EU Legislation and Digital Human Rights
195(9)
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
199(5)
Bibliography
204(7)
7 Digital Human Rights Expansion by Epistemic Actors, and the Role of Working Party 29
211(16)
Norm Entrepreneurs
212(2)
Epistemic Communities
214(2)
The Article 29 Working Party (WP 29)
216(7)
Last Thoughts
223(2)
Bibliography
225(2)
8 Exporting the Digital Human Rights Norm
227(22)
EU Digital Human Rights Entrepreneurship: An Example of International Diffusion
228(1)
International Norm Diffusion--The Importance of Identity
228(2)
International Norm Diffusion and Enforcement--Common Mecha n isms
230(12)
The Role of Close International Relationships
231(1)
EU-US Relations--Exporting Digital Human Rights Through Socialization
232(4)
Proactive EU Institutions: CJEU and EDPS as Norm Enforcers
236(2)
Punitive Actions: Case Evidence of Institutional Norm Enforcement
238(4)
Non-State Targets: EU as Norm Enforcer to the Private Sector
242(3)
Google Spain SL v APED & Mario Costeja Gonzalez
244(1)
GDPR Fines
244(1)
Last Thoughts
245(1)
Bibliography
246(3)
9 The Future of Digital Human Rights
249(22)
Lessons from the Digital Human Rights in the European Union
250(2)
Government Obligations to Social Order
251(1)
Human Rights and Normative Policymaking: How Many Voices Are Heard?
252(4)
Epistemic Advisors and Democratic Deficit
253(1)
Exogenous Shocks--Redefining Security Risks and Human Rights
254(2)
Outside States' and Digital Human Rights
256(7)
The United States
256(4)
China
260(3)
Predicting the Future
263(1)
Data Utility and the Digital Human Rights of Social Media Platforms
264(1)
Final Thoughts
265(1)
Bibliography
266(5)
Index 271
Rebekah Dowd is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Midwestern University in Texas. Rebekahs research focuses on human rights within data policy, the online behavior of individuals and states, and policy decision-making by European politicians. Dr. Dowd teaches courses in global studies, international relations, comparative and foundational politics, European politics, and international political economy.