Dedications |
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About the authors |
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vii | |
Acknowledgements |
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ix | |
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xv | |
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1 | (16) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (4) |
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10 | (1) |
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Decentralised autonomous organisations |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (2) |
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Natural resources industry |
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14 | (1) |
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General Data Protection Regulation |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (2) |
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2 What Are Blockchain And Cryptocurrency? |
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17 | (18) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (5) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (12) |
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3 Regulatory And Legal Challenges |
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35 | (16) |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (4) |
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Regulation of crypto-assets |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (1) |
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Does a user's public key constitute `personal data'? |
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43 | (1) |
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Ownership of IP of information contained in the blockchain |
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44 | (1) |
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What is the legal status of decentralised autonomous organisations? |
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45 | (1) |
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Is the data on the blockchain `property' for the purposes of the Law of Property Act 1925? |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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What is the effect of this? |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Smart contracts -- what are they? |
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47 | (1) |
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Who are the parties to a `smart contract'? |
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47 | (1) |
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What are the benefits of a `smart contract'? |
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48 | (1) |
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What are the ingredients for a `smart contract'? |
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48 | (1) |
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Is a `smart contract' sufficient to govern a contractual relationship on its own? |
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48 | (1) |
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Where does the liability fall under a `smart contract'? |
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49 | (2) |
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4 Global Regulation: Uk And Eu Member States |
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51 | (20) |
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Softly, softly, catchee monkey |
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51 | (3) |
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54 | (2) |
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Declaration for European Blockchain Partnership |
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56 | (1) |
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The EU Blockchain Observatory and Forum |
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57 | (1) |
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Regulation and treatment in the UK |
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57 | (2) |
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What are the requirements of being an authorised person? |
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59 | (1) |
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How is currency regulated across the EU? |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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Regulation in other European jurisdictions (case studies) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (4) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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5 Global Regulation: North America |
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71 | (14) |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (3) |
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76 | (4) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (3) |
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6 Global Regulation: The Rest Of The World |
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85 | (20) |
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85 | (3) |
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Divergent philosophies on cryptocurrency and blockchain regulation |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (5) |
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93 | (3) |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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Kazakhstan, Belarus and Estonia |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (3) |
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105 | (32) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (2) |
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What is the regulatory picture in the United States? |
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108 | (3) |
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When is an ICO an investment contract? The `Howey Test' |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (3) |
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115 | (2) |
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What is the regulatory position in the UK? |
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117 | (2) |
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How will ICOs be regulated in the UK? |
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119 | (6) |
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Restrictions of marketing an ICO which is a CIS or an AIF |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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Facilitating Regulated Payment Systems |
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128 | (1) |
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The limited approach of the European Union |
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128 | (15) |
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143 | |
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The Chinese case study of prohibition |
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133 | (4) |
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137 | (36) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (2) |
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Security problems with the IoT |
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140 | (2) |
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How does a director mitigate this security concern? |
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142 | (1) |
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Who owns the data collected through the IoT? |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (9) |
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153 | (1) |
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How does GDPR apply to the IoT? |
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153 | (2) |
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Will the ePrivacy Regulation apply to the IoT? |
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155 | (2) |
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What is the Cybersecurity Certification Framework? |
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157 | (5) |
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Why does the Network Infrastructure Security Directive (`NISD') not apply to the IoT? |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (4) |
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Voluntary guidance in the US |
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167 | (3) |
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170 | (3) |
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9 Right To Be Forgotten And Right To Erasure |
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173 | (12) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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Fundamental issues with right to erasure/right to be forgotten and their enforcement |
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175 | (3) |
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Methods of data protection and data privacy |
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178 | (1) |
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What are the effects on compliance if data is pseudonymised? |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Other DLTs and GDPR compliance |
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180 | (5) |
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10 Environmental (Natural Resources), Social, And Governance Metrics |
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185 | (24) |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (1) |
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What is the key regulatory question? |
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188 | (1) |
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What other regulatory issues need to be addressed? |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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Non-renewables and intermediaries |
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191 | (1) |
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Renewables and electricity |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Information storage, transparency and real-time tracking |
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194 | (1) |
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Distributed technology and the energy market |
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195 | (2) |
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Obstacles for blockchain in the natural resources industry and energy sector |
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197 | (1) |
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Blockchain as a disruptive technology |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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Strong and weak smart contracts |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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Security implications for nodal location and access |
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203 | (5) |
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208 | (1) |
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11 Decentralised Autonomous Organisations: Regulation And Liability |
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209 | (10) |
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Understanding decentralised autonomous organisations |
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209 | (4) |
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The legal status and other issues around DAOs |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (4) |
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219 | (20) |
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The Metaverse's Regulatory Framework |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (3) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (2) |
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228 | (3) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (5) |
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236 | (3) |
Appendix 1 General Data Protection Regulation |
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239 | (128) |
Appendix 2 Cryptoassets Taskforce: final report (October 2018) |
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367 | (58) |
Appendix 3 Cryptocurrencies and blockchain -- Legal context and implications for financial crime, money laundering and tax evasion (European Parliament, July 2018) |
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425 | (2) |
Index |
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427 | |