Atnaujinkite slapukų nuostatas

El. knyga: Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian: An Essential Grammar

4.50/5 (4 ratings by Goodreads)
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian: An Essential GrammarDidesnis paveikslėlis
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:

DRM apribojimai

  • Kopijuoti:

    neleidžiama

  • Spausdinti:

    neleidžiama

  • El. knygos naudojimas:

    Skaitmeninių teisių valdymas (DRM)
    Leidykla pateikė šią knygą šifruota forma, o tai reiškia, kad norint ją atrakinti ir perskaityti reikia įdiegti nemokamą programinę įrangą. Norint skaityti šią el. knygą, turite susikurti Adobe ID . Daugiau informacijos  čia. El. knygą galima atsisiųsti į 6 įrenginius (vienas vartotojas su tuo pačiu Adobe ID).

    Reikalinga programinė įranga
    Norint skaityti šią el. knygą mobiliajame įrenginyje (telefone ar planšetiniame kompiuteryje), turite įdiegti šią nemokamą programėlę: PocketBook Reader (iOS / Android)

    Norint skaityti šią el. knygą asmeniniame arba „Mac“ kompiuteryje, Jums reikalinga  Adobe Digital Editions “ (tai nemokama programa, specialiai sukurta el. knygoms. Tai nėra tas pats, kas „Adobe Reader“, kurią tikriausiai jau turite savo kompiuteryje.)

    Negalite skaityti šios el. knygos naudodami „Amazon Kindle“.

Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian: An Essential Grammar is intended for beginners and intermediate students who need a reference that explains grammar in straightforward terms. It covers all the main areas of the modern single BCMS grammatical system in an accessible way, and free from jargon. When linguistic terminology is used, it is explained in layman’s terms, the logic of a rule is presented simply and near parallels are drawn with English. This book covers all the grammar necessary for everyday communication (reaching B1 and B2 of the CEFR, ACTFL Intermediate-intermediate mid).

The book comprises of extensive chapters on all parts of speech, the creation of different word forms (endings for cases in nouns and adjectives, case forms for pronouns, tenses, verbal modes, verbal aspect etc) and their uses in sentences. Each rule is illustrated with numerous examples from everyday living language used in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia.

It is a unique reference book in English aimed at this level of language study that treats BCMS as a single grammar system, explaining and highlighting all the small differences between the four variants of this polycentric language.



This book is intended for beginners and intermediate students who need a reference that explains grammar in straightforward terms. It covers all the main areas of the modern single BCMS grammatical system in an accessible way, and free from jargon. When linguistic terminology is used, it is explained in layman’s terms.

Introduction xiv
How to use this book xvi
List of abbreviations
xviii
Chapter 1 The story of "four languages"
1(8)
1.1 Ekavian and Iyekavian pronunciations
2(1)
1.2 Number of speakers, official language names
3(2)
1.3 Brief outline of main grammatical differences
5(4)
Chapter 2 Alphabet, pronunciation, spelling
9(13)
2.1 Vowels
10(1)
2.2 Consonants
10(3)
2.2.1 Voiced/unvoiced consonants
12(1)
2.2.2 Soft/hard consonants
12(1)
2.3 Consonant and vowel alternations
13(9)
2.3.1 Consonant softening before - E (palatalisation)
13(1)
2.3.2 Consonant softening before - I (sibilarisation)
14(1)
2.3.3 J-changes (yotation)
14(2)
2.3.4 Voicing assimilation
16(1)
2.3.5 L/O changes
17(1)
2.3.6 Fleeting -a-
18(2)
2.3.7 Removal of a duplicated consonant
20(1)
2.3.8 Multiple alternations
21(1)
Chapter 3 Nouns
22(45)
3.1 Gender
22(3)
3.1.1 Masculine nouns
23(1)
3.1.2 Feminine nouns
24(1)
3.1.3 Neuter nouns
24(1)
3.2 Plural (nominative plural)
25(5)
3.2.1 Masculine nouns
25(3)
3.2.2 Feminine nouns
28(1)
3.2.3 Neuter nouns
28(1)
3.2.4 Neuter collective nouns
29(1)
3.3 Cases
30(37)
3.3.1 Cases in English and BCMS
30(2)
3.3.2 The First and Second Declensions - singular
32(1)
3.3.3 Nominative
32(1)
3.3.4 Genitive
33(6)
3.3.5 Dative
39(4)
3.3.6 Accusative
43(5)
3.3.7 Vocative
48(1)
3.3.8 Instrumental
49(4)
3.3.9 Locative
53(1)
3.3.10 Accusative vs locative (destination vs location)
54(1)
3.3.11 The First and Second Declensions plural
55(1)
3.3.12 Genitive plural
56(2)
3.3.13 The Third Declension (feminine nouns ending in a consonant)
58(1)
3.3.14 Frequently used nouns with irregularities in declension
59(6)
3.3.15 Only plural nouns (pluralia tantum)
65(2)
Chapter 4 Adjectives
67(11)
4.1 Descriptive and relational adjectives
67(1)
4.2 Gender
68(1)
4.3 Short-long forms
69(1)
4.4 Case endings
69(3)
4.4.1 Short form declension
71(1)
4.5 Possessive adjectives (Markov, Vesnin)
72(1)
4.6 Comparison
73(5)
4.6.1 Comparative
73(3)
4.6.2 Superlative
76(1)
4.6.3 How to say "than"
76(2)
Chapter 5 Pronouns
78(28)
5.1 Personal pronouns
78(4)
5.2 Possessive pronouns
82(6)
5.2.1 Svoj -- possessive-reflexive pronoun for all persons
88(1)
5.3 Demonstrative pronouns ovaj -- taj -- onaj, ovakav, ovoliki
88(3)
5.4 Interrogative pronouns ko -- tko, sta -- sto, koji, ciji, kakav, koliki
91(4)
5.5 Relative pronouns -- koji, sto, ciji, kakav, ko
95(3)
5.6 Indefinite pronouns
98(4)
5.6.1 Emphasised indefinite pronouns (whatever, whoever)
100(2)
5.7 Reflexive pronoun sebe (se)
102(1)
5.8 Pronoun sav, sva, sve (all, whole)
102(2)
5.9 Pronoun sam, sama, samo
104(2)
Chapter 6 Numerals
106(24)
6.1 Cardinal numbers
106(7)
6.1.1 Cardinal numbers' agreement with nouns, pronouns and adjectives
111(2)
6.2 Ordinal numbers
113(1)
6.3 Collective numbers -oro (two people, three people)
114(2)
6.4 Numerical nouns -orica (two men, three men)
116(1)
6.5 Approximate numbers -ak
117(1)
6.6 Fractions -ina
118(1)
6.7 Numerals acting as a subject
119(2)
6.8 Numbers used in dates
121(4)
6.8.1 Days of the week
122(1)
6.8.2 Months of the year
123(2)
6.9 How to tell the time
125(3)
6.10 Expressing age
128(2)
Chapter 7 Verbs
130(59)
7.1 Infinitives
130(1)
7.2 Conjugations
131(1)
7.2.1 Present tense stem
131(1)
7.2.2 Three conjugations
132(1)
7.3 Types of verbs
132(28)
7.3.1 Transitive/intransitive verbs
132(1)
7.3.2 Auxiliary verbs -- biti and htjeti = hteti
133(2)
7.3.3 Regular verbs, pattern verbs, irregular verbs
135(8)
7.3.4 Perfective/imperfective verbs
143(8)
7.3.5 Verbs of motion
151(4)
7.3.6 Modal verbs
155(2)
7.3.7 Reflexive verbs
157(3)
7.4 Tenses
160(14)
7.4.1 Present tense
161(3)
7.4.2 Past tense (perfect tense)
164(4)
7.4.3 Future tense
168(5)
7.4.4 Future exact
173(1)
7.5 Moods
174(5)
7.5.1 Imperative
174(3)
7.5.2 Potential mode
177(2)
7.6 Participles
179(5)
7.6.1 L-participle
179(3)
7.6.2 Passive participle
182(2)
7.7 Conditional clauses
184(2)
7.7.1 Realistic -- ako
184(1)
7.7.2 Currently possible -- kad(a)
185(1)
7.7.3 Unrealistic -- da
185(1)
7.8 Passive voice
186(1)
7.8.1 Present passive
186(1)
7.8.2 Past and future passive
186(1)
7.9 Verbal adverbs
187(2)
7.9.1 Present verbal adverb
187(1)
7.9.2 Past verbal adverb
188(1)
Chapter 8 Adverbs
189(6)
8.1 LY adverbs and equivalents in BCMS
189(1)
8.2 Comparison
190(1)
8.3 Adverbs as stand-alone words
191(1)
8.4 Learning tip: adverb families
192(3)
8.4.1 ne-, ni-, -i adverbs
192(1)
8.4.2 ov-, on- adverbs
193(1)
8.4.3 Emphasised indefinite adverbs (wherever, whenever)
194(1)
Chapter 9 Prepositions
195(8)
9.1 Prepositions used with only one case
195(2)
9.1.1 Only with the genitive
195(1)
9.1.2 Only with the dative
196(1)
9.1.3 Only with the accusative
196(1)
9.2 Prepositions used with two cases
197(5)
9.2.1 Used with the locative or accusative
197(1)
9.2.2 Used with the instrumental or accusative
198(1)
9.2.3 Learning tip: when to use U, when NA
199(2)
9.2.4 Correlation between U-IZ and NA - SA
201(1)
9.3 Prepositions with verbs of motion
202(1)
Chapter 10 Conjunctions and particles
203(11)
10.1 Simple conjunctions
203(6)
10.2 Compound conjunctions
209(3)
10.3 Particles
212(2)
Chapter 11 Sentence structure
214(14)
11.1 Free word order
214(1)
11.2 Enclitics
215(3)
11.3 Direct and indirect speech
218(1)
11.3.1 Reporting statements
218(1)
11.3.2 Reporting questions
218(1)
11.4 Predicate-only sentences
219(6)
11.4.1 Impersonal predicate-only sentences
219(3)
11.4.2 Personalised predicate-only sentences
222(3)
11.5 Negative sentences -- multiple negatives
225(3)
Chapter 12 Word creation
228(36)
12.1 The power of word creation
228(1)
12.2 Nouns
229(16)
12.2.1 Suffixes for professions, doers, athletes
229(6)
12.2.2 Suffixes for ethnicities, city dwellers, regional populations
235(3)
12.2.3 CIJA suffix for adopting foreign words
238(1)
12.2.4 Diminutives
238(1)
12.2.5 Augmentatives
239(1)
12.2.6 Location suffixes
240(1)
12.2.7 Suffix naming types of meat
241(1)
12.2.8 Suffixes for abstract nouns
241(2)
12.2.9 Verbal nouns -NJE
243(2)
12.2.10 Negative nouns NE-
245(1)
12.3 Adjectives
245(7)
12.3.1 Relational adjectives
246(3)
12.3.2 Descriptive adjectives
249(2)
12.3.3 Adjective prefixes pre-, bez-, ne-
251(1)
12.4 Verbs
252(12)
12.4.1 Suffixes that change foreign words into verbs
252(2)
12.4.2 Prefixes
254(10)
Chapter 13 Croatian-Serbian glossary
264(9)
13.1 Nouns
265(6)
13.2 Adjectives
271(1)
13.3 Verbs
271(1)
13.4 Adverbs
272(1)
13.5 Everyday expressions
272(1)
Chapter 14 Verb conjugation tables
273(42)
14.1 Inegular verbs
273(5)
14.1.1 BITI
273(1)
14.1.2 MOCI
274(1)
14.1.3 HTJETI = HTETI
275(2)
14.1.4 SLATI
277(1)
14.2 A conjugation (regular)
278(2)
14.3 I conjugation (regular)
280(5)
14.3.1 I conjugation pattern - ETI-IM
281(3)
14.3.2 I conjugation pattern - ATI-IM
284(1)
14.4 E conjugation patterns
285(30)
14.4.1 Pattern - ATI-EM
285(1)
a) Stajati -- Stajem
285(1)
b) Pisati -- Pisem
286(2)
c) Zvati -- Zovem
288(2)
14.4.2 Pattern - ATI-ANEM
290(1)
14.4.3 Pattern - AVATI-AJEM
291(2)
14.4.4 Pattern - OVATI-UJEM
293(1)
14.4.5 Pattern - IVATI-UJEM
294(1)
14.4.6 Pattern-ETI-EM
295(1)
a) Umjeti-Umijem = Umeti-Umem
295(3)
b) Donijeti-Donesem = Doneti-Donesem
298(2)
c) Uzeti-Uzmem
300(2)
14.4.7 Pattern-ITI-IJEM
302(1)
14.4.8 Pattern-UTI-UJEM
303(2)
14.4.9 Pattern-NUTI-NEM
305(1)
14.4.10 STI infinitives
306(1)
a) Pattern - STI-DEM
306(1)
b) Pattern - STI-DNEM OR-TNEM
307(1)
c) Pattern - STI-ZEM
308(1)
d) Pattern - STI-STEM
309(1)
14.4.11 CI infinitives
310(1)
a) Pattern-CI-DEM
310(1)
b) Pattern-CI-DEM
311(1)
c) Pattern -CI, -GNEM OR -KNEM
312(1)
d) Pattern-CI-CEM
313(2)
Bibliography 315(2)
Index 317
eljko Vrabec has professional translation experience gained at the BBC and the UN. He is a multilingual specialist with over 25 years of BBC editorial experience in different roles from copy-editing breaking European stories and writing in-depth political analytical reports to media landscape surveys. Recently he has worked as a dialogue coach and cultural approximation consultant to Oscar-winning actors. In the past few years he has been teaching BCMS at a language school in London.
Daugiau apie elektronines knygas Daugiau apie elektronines knygas
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/97810004319716e.html
Raktažodžiai: