This is the fourth of five volumes constituting a comprehensive reference on the Hindu religious traditions. The articles are in-depth critical research studies arranged by theme--making this reference far superior to an encyclopedia of brief entries arranged alphabetically. Editor Knut A. Jacobsen (history of religions, U. of Bergen, Norway) has shepherded a team of associate editors and expert contributors in the preparation of this work. This fourth volume begins with historical perspectives starting with the Indus civilization (-1750 BCE)--its rise and fall, the Harappan language and religion, and the Indus script. Following is treatment of six periods, ending with British rule (1757-1947) and independent India (1947 to the present). Approximately 40 individuals are thoroughly profiled. The section on Hinduism's relation to other religions and traditions comprises articles on Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Jainism, Sikhism, tribal religions, and Zoroastrianism. Contemporary issues are treated in articles on animal rights, bioethics, ecology, human rights, the internet, the modern legal framework, New Age spirituality, science, sexuality, tolerance of religious pluralism, and tourism, among other topics. Annotation ©2013 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)