| The CQ Press Writing Guide For Public Policy |
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xix | |
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1 | (12) |
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Chapter 1 Audiences and Audience-Centered Writing in Public Policy |
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3 | (10) |
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What Is Audience-Centered Writing? |
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3 | (1) |
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Who Is the Audience in Policy Settings? |
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4 | (2) |
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The Different Audiences in Policy Settings |
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6 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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What Do These Policy Audiences Need to Know? |
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8 | (2) |
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Learning the Skills of Audience-Centered Writing |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Part 2: The Skills Of Policy Writing |
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13 | (122) |
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Chapter 2 Generating and Organizing Your Argument |
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15 | (22) |
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Example: The Problem of Sharing Economy Businesses |
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15 | (1) |
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Writing Is Thinking, Then Communicating |
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16 | (1) |
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The Process of Creating a First Draft |
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17 | (9) |
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Learn About the Contours of the Issue |
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17 | (2) |
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Develop a Problem Statement |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (2) |
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A Standard Policy Outline |
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21 | (4) |
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25 | (1) |
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Gather Evidence for Your Argument |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (4) |
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30 | (2) |
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Think Critically About People's Perspectives and Incentives |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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Solicit Feedback on Your Drafts |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Improving Your Writing: Sentences and Words |
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37 | (18) |
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How to Identify and Create Good Sentences |
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38 | (1) |
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Principle 1: Characters Make Good Subjects |
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39 | (5) |
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Example: Put Subjects in Their Places |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (2) |
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Principle 2: Actions Make Good Verbs |
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44 | (3) |
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Example: Activate Your Verbs |
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44 | (2) |
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When Are Nominalizations Useful? |
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46 | (1) |
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Principle 3: Choose Words Wisely |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (3) |
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Chapter 4 Writing Well: Paragraphs and Sections |
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55 | (20) |
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Cohesion: Do My Sentences Connect Together? |
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56 | (5) |
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The Importance of Connections |
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56 | (3) |
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Example: Improving a Paragraph |
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59 | (2) |
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Coherence: Does My Paragraph Make Sense as a Whole? |
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61 | (4) |
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Editing at a Global Level; Making the Document Make Sense as a Whole |
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65 | (6) |
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Global Coherence; Decide if All the Paragraphs and Sections in Your Draft Should Stay |
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65 | (3) |
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Global Cohesion; Help Your Readers Understand How the Sections Fit Together |
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68 | (3) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Visually Communicating: On Creating and Writing About Tables |
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75 | (18) |
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Principles for Designing Visuals |
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77 | (3) |
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80 | (5) |
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Elements of a Successful Table |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (3) |
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85 | (5) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (3) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 Visually Communicating: On Creating and Writing About Graphs and Other Figures |
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93 | (24) |
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Elements of a Successful Figure |
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93 | (4) |
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97 | (8) |
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97 | (4) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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Complex Scatterplots (or, What Hans Rosling Has Wrought) |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (7) |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (3) |
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Chapter 7 Pulling It All Together: Creating Professional-Quality Work |
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117 | (18) |
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117 | (10) |
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Principle 1: Orient Your Audience From the Start |
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118 | (1) |
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Principle 2: Create an Effective Executive Summary (When Needed) |
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119 | (2) |
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Principle 3: Don't Bury Important Information in the Conclusion |
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121 | (1) |
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Principle 4: Create a Global Map Using Headings and Subheadings |
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121 | (2) |
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Principle 5: Use Bulleted Lists and Font Alterations Judiciously |
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123 | (2) |
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Principle 6: Write in the Appropriate Tone |
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125 | (1) |
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Principle 7: Be Absolutely Error Free (or, Pass the Brown M&M Test) |
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126 | (1) |
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Writing Ethically: The Responsibilities of Policy Writing |
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127 | (5) |
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Principle 8: Be an Excellent, Audience-Centered Writer |
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128 | (1) |
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Principle 9: Don't Obfuscate (or, Write Directly) |
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129 | (1) |
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Principle 10: Give Credit Where Credit Is Due |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (2) |
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Part 3: Policy Genres And Their Purposes |
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135 | (112) |
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Chapter 8 The Issue Brief |
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137 | (18) |
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Distinctive Aspects of Issue Briefs |
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138 | (2) |
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Narrowly Focused on Communicating One Important Message |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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Focus on Communicating the Facts |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (11) |
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Issue Brief Example 1: Voluntary Home Visiting in California (an Excellent Example) |
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140 | (4) |
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Issue Brief Example 2: Connecting CalWorks With Home Visiting (an Issue Brief That Could Be Improved) |
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144 | (1) |
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Example 3: Economic Well-Being of Rhode Island Families: The Promise and Practice of Two-Generation Approaches (a Longer, Plainer Issue Brief That Is Well Written) |
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144 | (7) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (3) |
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155 | (22) |
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Distinctive Aspects of Policy Histories |
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155 | (5) |
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156 | (2) |
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158 | (2) |
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How to Organize a Policy History |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (13) |
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Example 1: Cyber Security Efforts by the Legislature and Commissions |
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161 | (4) |
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Example 2: Legislative History on American Indian Health and the ACA |
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165 | (5) |
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Example 3: Regulatory Actions by the United States' Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) |
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170 | (4) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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Chapter 10 The Decision Memo |
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177 | (18) |
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Distinctive Aspects of Decision Memos |
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177 | (4) |
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178 | (1) |
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Abbreviated Policy Analysis |
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178 | (2) |
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Highly Standardized Structure and Headings |
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180 | (1) |
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Deciding About a Criteria Section |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (11) |
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Example 1: Responding to Lead Poisoning in New York City |
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181 | (4) |
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Example 2: H1N1 and School Closures in Texas |
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185 | (3) |
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Example 3: Raising Virginia's Felony Larceny Threshold |
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188 | (4) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (18) |
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Distinctive Aspects of Op-Eds |
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196 | (4) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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While Your Opinion Matters, the Facts Still Count |
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198 | (1) |
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Balance the Prescriptive and the Descriptive |
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198 | (1) |
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Create a Lede (Narrative Hook) That Grabs Your Audience |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (9) |
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Example 1: "Don't Get Sick Past July" |
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200 | (3) |
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Example 2: "Amazon's HQ3 Won't Be in the U.S. Unless Something Changes" |
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203 | (3) |
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Example 3: "The Dignity of Choice in Terminal Illness" |
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206 | (3) |
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Conclusion: Writing (and Publishing!) Your Own Op-Ed |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (2) |
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Chapter 12 Legislative Testimony and Public Comment: Writing to Persuade the Government |
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213 | (22) |
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Distinctive Aspects of Testimony and Comment |
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214 | (2) |
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You're an Advocate, Not a Neutral Policy Analyst |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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Make Sure to Introduce Your Organization |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (8) |
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Example 1: Evidence Shows That "Ban the Box" Doesn't Work (and Might Hurt) |
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218 | (3) |
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Example 2: Renewable Energy in Rhode Island |
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221 | (3) |
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Public Comment for Regulations |
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224 | (8) |
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Example 3: Public Health Association for Trans-Fats Regulation |
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224 | (4) |
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Example 4: Corporate Comment on Trans-Fats Regulation |
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228 | (4) |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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Chapter 13 Writing for Nontraditional Formats: Email and Social Media |
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235 | |
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235 | (6) |
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You're Always on the Record |
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235 | (2) |
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Being on the Record Has Consequences |
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237 | (1) |
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Remember That Email Has No Context |
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237 | (1) |
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Never Email When Emotional (or Late at Night) (or Drunk) |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (3) |
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241 | (4) |
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Push Out Important Information Quickly |
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242 | (1) |
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Have a Public Conversation |
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243 | (1) |
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Providing Context to Current Events |
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243 | (1) |
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Point to Longer Articles and Resources |
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244 | (1) |
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Advice on Writing for Twitter |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (2) |
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249 | |
| Public Policy: Politics, Analysis, and Alternatives |
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Boxes, Figures, and Tables |
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xvii | |
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xxi | |
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Part I The Study Of Public Policy |
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1 Public Policy and Politics |
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2 | (34) |
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5 | (3) |
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8 | (3) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (4) |
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Citizens' Ability to Participate and Make Choices |
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12 | (2) |
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Citizens' Ability to Influence Policy Decisions |
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14 | (1) |
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The Contexts of Public Policy |
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15 | (7) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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The Reasons for Government Involvement |
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22 | (5) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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Economics and Market Failures |
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23 | (4) |
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The Practice of Policy Analysis |
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27 | (4) |
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The Many Uses of Policy Analysis |
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27 | (1) |
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Citizens' Use of Policy Analysis |
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28 | (2) |
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How to Decide Which Policy Is Best: Using Multiple Criteria |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (2) |
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2 Government Institutions and Policy Actors |
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36 | (42) |
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39 | (3) |
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Government Institutions and Policy Capacity |
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42 | (3) |
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45 | (6) |
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The Evolution of Federal-State Relations |
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47 | (1) |
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State Variation in Policy Capacity |
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48 | (3) |
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51 | (10) |
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52 | (3) |
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55 | (4) |
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59 | (2) |
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Informal Policy Actors and Policy Capacity |
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61 | (10) |
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Public Opinion and Policymaking |
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61 | (4) |
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Interest Groups, Nonprofits, and Public Policy |
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65 | (3) |
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68 | (2) |
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Policy Subgovernments and Issue Networks |
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70 | (1) |
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Improving Policy Capacity |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (2) |
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3 Understanding Public Policymaking |
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78 | (40) |
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Theories of Politics and Public Policy |
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82 | (7) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (18) |
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Problem Definition and Agenda Setting |
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91 | (7) |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (2) |
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Instruments of Public Policy |
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107 | (4) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Education, Information, and Persuasion |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (3) |
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Part II Analyzing Public Policy |
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4 Policy Analysis: An Introduction |
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118 | (28) |
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The Nature of Policy Analysis |
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121 | (2) |
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Steps in the Policy Analysis Process |
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123 | (8) |
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Define and Analyze the Problem |
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125 | (1) |
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Construct Policy Alternatives |
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126 | (1) |
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Choose Evaluative Criteria |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (5) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (1) |
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What Kind of Analysis Is Needed? |
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136 | (6) |
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Deal with Root Causes or Make Pragmatic Adjustments? |
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136 | (2) |
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Comprehensive Analysis or Short-Term Policy Relevance? |
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138 | (1) |
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Consensual or Contentious Analysis? |
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139 | (1) |
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Reliance on Rational Analysis or Democratic Politics? |
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140 | (1) |
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Other Aspects of Policy Analysis |
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140 | (2) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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Leading General Journals of Public Policy |
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144 | (1) |
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Major Professional Newsweeklies with Policy Coverage |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (2) |
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5 Public Problems and Policy Alternatives |
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146 | (32) |
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149 | (12) |
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The Nature of the Problem |
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150 | (7) |
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Thinking about Causes and Solutions |
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157 | (4) |
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161 | (2) |
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Constructing Alternatives |
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163 | (6) |
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164 | (2) |
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Policy Typologies as Analytic Tools |
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166 | (3) |
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Thinking Creatively about Policy Action |
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169 | (3) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (4) |
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6 Assessing Policy Alternatives |
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178 | (44) |
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Evaluative Criteria for Judging Policy Proposals |
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181 | (11) |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (3) |
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Ethics and Political Values |
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191 | (1) |
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Using the Methods of Policy Analysis |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (11) |
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193 | (6) |
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Cost-Effectiveness Analysis |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (4) |
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Decision Making and Impacts |
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204 | (3) |
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204 | (2) |
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206 | (1) |
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Political and Institutional Approaches |
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207 | (4) |
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Political Feasibility Analysis |
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208 | (1) |
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Implementation Analysis and Program Evaluation |
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209 | (2) |
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211 | (3) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (6) |
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Part III Issues And Controversies In Public Policy |
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7 Economic and Budgetary Policy |
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222 | (48) |
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226 | (2) |
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228 | (8) |
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229 | (1) |
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Low Levels of Unemployment |
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230 | (2) |
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232 | (1) |
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Positive Balance of Trade |
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233 | (1) |
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Managing Deficits and Debt |
|
|
234 | (2) |
|
Interrelationships of Economic Goals |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
|
|
236 | (7) |
|
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
|
|
238 | (2) |
|
Incentives, Subsidies, and Support |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
|
|
241 | (2) |
|
The Budget Process and Its Effect on Economic Policy |
|
|
243 | (4) |
|
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
Agency Budget Development |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
Budget Execution and Control |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
Economic Policy: Successes and Failures |
|
|
247 | (5) |
|
Significant Income Tax Cuts |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
|
249 | (2) |
|
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
Economic Issues and Challenges |
|
|
252 | (4) |
|
Maintaining Economic Growth |
|
|
252 | (2) |
|
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
|
|
254 | (2) |
|
Focused Discussion: How to Address the Budgetary Shortfall |
|
|
256 | (8) |
|
|
|
258 | (2) |
|
|
|
260 | (2) |
|
Equity and Other Ethical Issues |
|
|
262 | (2) |
|
|
|
264 | (2) |
|
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
|
|
267 | (3) |
|
|
|
270 | (46) |
|
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|
273 | (12) |
|
Evolution of Health Care Policy |
|
|
276 | (4) |
|
A Hybrid System of Public and Private Health Care |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
The Perils of Being Uninsured |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
Strengths and Weaknesses of the U.S. Health Care System |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
A Pluralistic Health Care System |
|
|
283 | (2) |
|
Major Government Health Care Programs |
|
|
285 | (7) |
|
|
|
285 | (2) |
|
|
|
287 | (3) |
|
|
|
290 | (2) |
|
Other Health Care Policy Issues |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
|
293 | (3) |
|
|
|
294 | (2) |
|
Regulation of Prescription Drugs |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
Managed Care Organizations |
|
|
296 | (2) |
|
Reducing Health Care Costs |
|
|
298 | (2) |
|
|
|
300 | (2) |
|
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Focused Discussion; Should There Be Greater Emphasis on Preventive Health Care? |
|
|
302 | (6) |
|
|
|
302 | (3) |
|
Economic Efficiency Issues |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Equity and Other Ethical Issues |
|
|
306 | (2) |
|
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (6) |
|
9 Welfare and Social Security Policy |
|
|
316 | (38) |
|
|
|
318 | (6) |
|
|
|
319 | (5) |
|
|
|
324 | (9) |
|
Social Security's Changing Demographics |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Problems with Social Security |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Financing Social Security |
|
|
330 | (3) |
|
|
|
333 | (10) |
|
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Aid to Families with Dependent Children |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
The Earned Income Tax Credit |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
|
|
337 | (2) |
|
Analysis of the Welfare Reform Law |
|
|
339 | (4) |
|
Focused Discussion: Can We Do Better? Addressing Poverty |
|
|
343 | (5) |
|
Economic and Effectiveness Issues |
|
|
344 | (2) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
|
351 | (3) |
|
|
|
354 | (42) |
|
|
|
357 | (3) |
|
Problems Facing Education |
|
|
360 | (8) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Separation of Church and State |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
|
363 | (5) |
|
|
|
368 | (8) |
|
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Teacher Standards, Certification, and Salaries |
|
|
369 | (2) |
|
School Vouchers, School Choice, and Charter Schools |
|
|
371 | (3) |
|
|
|
374 | (2) |
|
|
|
376 | (4) |
|
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Costs of Higher Education |
|
|
377 | (3) |
|
Focused Discussion: Higher Education Affordability, Cost, and Value |
|
|
380 | (8) |
|
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (2) |
|
Equity and Ethical Issues |
|
|
386 | (2) |
|
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
|
391 | (5) |
|
11 Environmental and Energy Policy |
|
|
396 | (48) |
|
|
|
400 | (3) |
|
The Evolution of Environmental and Energy Policy |
|
|
403 | (5) |
|
Early Environmental and Energy Policies |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
The Modern Environmental Movement and Policy Developments |
|
|
404 | (4) |
|
From Consensus to Conflict in Environmental Policy |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Major Federal Environmental Policies |
|
|
409 | (19) |
|
The National Environmental Policy Act |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Environmental Protection Statutes and the EPA |
|
|
413 | (11) |
|
Natural Resource Policies |
|
|
424 | (4) |
|
|
|
428 | (2) |
|
Focused Discussion: Climate Change and Energy Policy Alternatives |
|
|
430 | (7) |
|
|
|
432 | (2) |
|
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
|
|
435 | (2) |
|
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
|
440 | (4) |
|
12 Foreign Policy and Homeland Security |
|
|
444 | (44) |
|
Background and Policy Evolution |
|
|
448 | (17) |
|
The Marshall Plan, NATO, and the Cold War |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
The United Nations and Globalization |
|
|
450 | (2) |
|
Military Buildup and Nuclear Weapons |
|
|
452 | (4) |
|
The Intelligence Agencies and the War in Iraq |
|
|
456 | (5) |
|
Economic and Military Assistance: Foreign Aid |
|
|
461 | (4) |
|
Selected Issues in Homeland Security |
|
|
465 | (6) |
|
Comparing Homeland Security Threats: How Vulnerable Are We? |
|
|
466 | (2) |
|
The Case of Transportation Security |
|
|
468 | (3) |
|
Focused Discussion: Civil Liberties in an Age of Terrorism |
|
|
471 | (7) |
|
Effectiveness and Efficiency |
|
|
471 | (2) |
|
Legal and Ethical Concerns |
|
|
473 | (5) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
|
481 | (7) |
|
|
|
|
13 Politics, Analysis, and Policy Choice |
|
|
488 | (31) |
|
Policy Analysis, Citizen Participation, and Policy Change |
|
|
492 | (4) |
|
Public Policies and Their Impacts |
|
|
496 | (5) |
|
Policy Conflicts and Incremental Decision Making |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
Policy Strategies with No Crystal Ball |
|
|
498 | (3) |
|
Policy Analysis and Policy Choices |
|
|
501 | (6) |
|
|
|
501 | (2) |
|
Improving Policy Capacity |
|
|
503 | (4) |
|
Citizen Participation in Decision Making |
|
|
507 | (5) |
|
Citizen Capacity and Policy Engagement |
|
|
508 | (2) |
|
New Forms of Citizen Participation |
|
|
510 | (2) |
|
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
|
|
514 | (5) |
|
|
|
519 | (10) |
|
|
|
529 | (13) |
|
|
|
542 | |
