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1 | (6) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Terminology and Definition |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.3.1 Classification Based on the Course of the Symptoms |
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3 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Classification Based on the Presence of Associated Oral Symptoms |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (3) |
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2 Symptoms of Burning Mouth Disease |
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7 | (8) |
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7 | (1) |
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2.2 Burning Sensation and Other Dysaesthesias of the Oral Mucosa |
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7 | (4) |
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2.2.1 Sites of Burning Sensations |
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8 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Course of Burning Sensations |
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9 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Duration of Burning Sensations |
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9 | (1) |
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2.2.4 Onset of Burning Sensations |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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2.2.6 Professional Diagnostic Delay |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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2.6 Association with Other Orofacial Pain Disorders |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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2.6.2 Temporomandibular Joint Complaints |
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12 | (1) |
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2.7 Complaints Elsewhere in the Body |
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13 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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3 Suggested Causes of Burning-Mouth-Disease-Like Symptoms |
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15 | (8) |
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15 | (1) |
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3.2 Allergy to Food Substances |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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3.5 Dentures or Teeth Related Causes |
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16 | (1) |
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3.5.1 Allergies to Dental Restorations |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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3.6 Gastrointestinal Inflammation (`Gastritis') |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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3.8 Medication, Side Effects |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (2) |
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3.9.1 Cancer of the Mouth |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (2) |
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3.10 Neurologic and Psychiatric Diseases |
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20 | (1) |
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3.11 Parafunctional Habits |
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21 | (1) |
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3.12 Smoking and the Use of Alcohol |
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21 | (1) |
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3.13 Vitamin Deficiencies |
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21 | (2) |
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4 Reported Treatment Modalities of Burning Mouth Disease |
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23 | (8) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (2) |
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4.2.1 Anaesthetic Lozenges; Paracetamol |
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24 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Antidepressant, Antipsychotic, and Anxiolytic Drugs |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Gonadal Hormones (Progesterone and Estrogens) |
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26 | (1) |
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4.3 Alternative Treatments |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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4.4 Treatment Without Drugs |
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27 | (2) |
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27 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Blockade of Nerves; Surgical Interruption of Neural Structures |
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28 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Electromagnetic Millimetre Wave Therapy |
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28 | (1) |
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4.4.4 Low-Level Laser Therapy |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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4.5 Psychosocial Intervention; Cognitive Behavioural Therapy |
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29 | (1) |
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4.6 Summarizing Conclusion |
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29 | (2) |
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5 Management of Burning Mouth Disease |
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31 | (10) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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5.3 Laboratory Investigations |
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32 | (1) |
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5.3.1 Laboratory Investigations |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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5.5 The Importance of Proper Communication |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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5.7 Various Treatment Modalities |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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5.9 Psychosocial Intervention; Cognitive Behavioural Therapy |
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37 | (1) |
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5.10 Referral to a Specialist or a Multidisciplinary Pain Clinic |
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37 | (1) |
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5.11 A Letter from a Patient |
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38 | (1) |
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5.12 Patient Support Groups |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
Glossary |
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41 | (2) |
References |
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43 | |