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El. knyga: Caffeine: Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects

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Caffeine covers the latest knowledge in a uniquely structured format and is specifically designed to link chemistry with health and nutrition to provide a broad, appealing book.


Caffeine is known to stimulate the central nervous system but what other functions does it have? This book covers the latest scientific knowledge in a uniquely structured format and is specifically designed to link chemistry with health and nutrition to provide a broad, appealing book. Coverage begins with caffeine in relation to nutrition focussing on beverages, then concentrates on chemistry, crystal structures of complexes in caffeine and biochemistry. In the analysis chapters, assays are conducted by LC-MS, capillary electrophoresis, automated flow methods and immunoassay methods. The effects of caffeine on the brain, cognitive performance, sleep, oxidative damage, exercise and pulmonary function are all considered in the closing section of the book. Delivering high quality information, this book will be of benefit to anyone researching this area of health and nutritional science. It will bridge scientific disciplines so that the information is more meaningful and applicable to health in general. Part of a series of books, it is specifically designed for chemists, analytical scientists, forensic scientists, food scientists, dieticians and health care workers, nutritionists, toxicologists and research academics. Due to its interdisciplinary nature it could also be suitable for lecturers and teachers in food and nutritional sciences and as a college or university library reference guide.
Caffeine in context
Chapter 1 Caffeine and Nutrition: an Overview
3(19)
Rubem Carlos Araujo Guedes
Marlison Jose Lima de Aguiar
Cilene Rejane Ramos Alves-de-Aguiar
1.1 Introduction: Caffeine Consumption and its Effects on the Organism
3(3)
1.2 Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Caffeine
6(1)
1.3 Caffeine-Nutrition Interaction: Effects on Physiological Processes
7(1)
1.4 Caffeine-Nutrition Interaction: Latent Inhibition Model of Attention
8(3)
1.5 Caffeine-Nutrition Interaction on Cortical Spreading Depression
11(2)
1.6 Concluding Remarks
13(9)
Summary Points
14(1)
Key Facts of Latent Inhibition (LI)
15(1)
Key Facts of Cortical Spreading Depression (CSD)
16(1)
Definitions and Explanations of Key Terms
16(2)
Abbreviations
18(1)
Acknowledgements
18(1)
References
18(4)
Chapter 2 Caffeine as an Ingredient in Sugar Sweetened Beverages
22(19)
Lynn J. Riddell
Dhoungsiri Sayompark
Penny Oliver
Russell S. J. Keast
2.1 Introduction: Caffeine Consumption Patterns
22(1)
2.2 Caffeine in the Body
23(3)
2.2.1 Withdrawal from Caffeine
24(1)
2.2.2 Is Caffeine a Drug of Dependence?
25(1)
2.3 Caffeine as a Flavor Agent
26(2)
2.4 Flavor Preferences
28(1)
2.5 Caffeine in Sugar Sweetened Beverages
29(1)
2.6 SSB Consumption
29(1)
2.7 SSB and Body Weight
30(1)
2.7.1 Cross Sectional Studies
30(1)
2.7.2 Prospective Studies and Weight Change
30(1)
2.7.3 Intervention Trials of SSB and Body Weight
31(1)
2.7.4 Studies Finding no Association between SSB and Weight Change
31(1)
2.8 Linking Caffeine in SSB and Development of Overweight and Obesity
31(1)
2.9 Would Decreasing Caffeine in SSB Impact Body Weight?
32(1)
2.10 Conclusion
33(8)
Summary Points
34(1)
Key Facts
34(1)
Definitions
35(1)
Abbreviations
35(1)
References
35(6)
The Chemistry of Caffeine
Chapter 3 The Chemistry of Caffeine
41(12)
Jose Joao Carvalho
Franziska Emmerling
Rudolf J. Schneider
In Lieu of an Introduction: Caffeine Trivia
3.1 Nomenclature and Generic Properties
43(1)
3.2 Physicochemical Properties
44(3)
3.3 Spectral Data
47(1)
3.4 Technical Substance, Identification and Impurities
47(1)
3.5 Crystal Structure
48(1)
3.6 Hazard Classification
49(4)
Summary Points
50(1)
List of Abbreviations
50(1)
References
50(3)
Chapter 4 Chemistry and Crystal Structures of Complexes of Caffeine and Tea Catechins
53(19)
Takashi Ishizu
Hiroyuki Tsutsumi
4.1 Introduction
53(2)
4.2 Stereochemical Structures of Complexes of Caffeine and Catechins
55(10)
4.2.1 Complex of Caffeine and CA
55(4)
4.2.2 Complex of Caffeine and EC
59(2)
4.2.3 Complex of Caffeine and CA, EC
61(2)
4.2.4 Complex of Caffeine and Cg
63(2)
4.3 Conclusion
65(7)
Summary Points
66(1)
Key Facts of Caffeine and Catechins
67(1)
Key Facts of Complex of Caffeine and Non-galloylated Catechins
67(1)
Key Facts of Complex of Caffeine and Galloylated Catechins
68(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
68(1)
Abbreviations
69(1)
References
69(3)
Chapter 5 Synthesis of Labeled Caffeine
72(17)
Frederic Balssa
5.1 Introduction
72(1)
5.2 Strategies for Caffeine Labeling
72(2)
5.2.1 Synthesis of Labeled Caffeine by Hydrogen Exchange
73(1)
5.2.2 Synthesis of Labeled Caffeine through Total Synthesis
73(1)
5.2.3 Synthesis of Labeled Caffeine by Partial Synthesis with a Xanthine Derivative
73(1)
5.3 Syntheses of Labeled Caffeine
74(9)
5.3.1 Synthesis of [ 15N2] Caffeine
74(1)
5.3.2 Syntheses of [ 11C] Caffeine
75(1)
5.3.3 Syntheses of [ 13C] Caffeine
76(1)
5.3.4 Syntheses of [ 14C] Caffeine
76(3)
5.3.5 Syntheses of [ 2H] Caffeine
79(4)
5.3.6 Syntheses of [ 3H] Caffeine
83(1)
5.4 Characterization of Labeled Caffeine
83(6)
5.4.1 Characterization by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
84(1)
5.4.2 Characterization by Mass Spectrometry
84(1)
Summary Points
84(1)
Key Facts of Labeled Caffeine
84(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
85(1)
Abbreviations
85(1)
References
85(4)
Chapter 6 Diffusion of Caffeine in Different Aqueous Media at Physiological Temperature
89(14)
Ana C. F. Ribeiro
Victor M. M. Lobo
Cecilia I. A. V. Santos
Miguel A. Esteso
6.1 Introduction
89(1)
6.2 Theoretical Aspects
90(3)
6.2.1 Concepts of Diffusion
90(2)
6.2.2 Taylor Dispersion Technique
92(1)
6.3 Experimental Aspects
93(2)
6.3.1 Diffusion of Aqueous Caffeine
93(1)
6.3.2 Diffusion of Caffeine in the Presence of β-CD
93(2)
6.3.3 Diffusion of Caffeine in the Presence of HP-β-CD
95(1)
6.4 Conclusions
95(8)
Summary Points
96(1)
Key Facts of the Cyclodextrins
97(1)
Key Facts of the Diffusion
97(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
97(1)
Abbreviations
98(1)
Acknowledgements
98(1)
References
98(5)
Analysis
Chapter 7 Analysis of Caffeine by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
103(27)
Daniel Perrone
Adriana Farah
7.1 Introduction
103(3)
7.1.1 Caffeine Sources
104(1)
7.1.2 Pharmacokinetics and Physiological Effects of Caffeine
105(1)
7.2 Analysis of caffeine and related compounds by LC-MS
106(15)
7.2.1 Food
107(5)
7.2.2 Water
112(2)
7.2.3 Biological Matrices
114(7)
7.3 Concluding remarks
121(9)
Summary Points
121(1)
Key Terms of Caffeine Analysis
122(1)
Key Facts of Caffeine Analysis
122(1)
List of Abbreviations
123(1)
References
124(6)
Chapter 8 Simultaneous Determination of Caffeine and Phenolic Compounds in Tea and Coffee
130(24)
Carolyne B. Faria
Juliana M. Prado
Mauricio A. Rostagno
Flavio L. Schmidt
M. Angela
A. Meireles
8.1 Introduction
130(1)
8.2 Determination of Alkaloids and Polyphenols in Tea and Coffee
131(1)
8.3 Sample Preparation
131(8)
8.4 Analysis of Alkaloids and Polyphenols in Tea and Coffee Samples
139(9)
8.5 Conclusions
148(6)
Summary Points
148(1)
Key Facts of the Chemical Composition of Tea and Coffee
149(1)
Key Facts of Phenolic Compounds
149(1)
Key Facts of Determination of Caffeine and Phenolic Compounds in Tea and Coffee
150(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
150(1)
List of Abbreviations
151(1)
References
152(2)
Chapter 9 Analysis of Caffeine in Dietary Products by Multiple Injection Capillary Electrophoresis
154(25)
Ahmad Amini
9.1 Introduction
154(3)
9.2 Methodological Considerations
157(1)
9.3 Separation of Caffeine and Acetaminophen by Capillary Electrophoresis
157(3)
9.4 Conversion of the Single Injection Method to Multiple Injection Mode I
160(2)
9.5 Method Validation
162(6)
9.5.1 Specificity and Selectivity
162(1)
9.5.2 Linearity
162(2)
9.5.3 Precision
164(3)
9.5.4 Accuracy
167(1)
9.5.5 Robustness
167(1)
9.6 System Suitability and Acceptance Criteria
168(2)
9.7 Determination of Caffeine in Dietary Products
170(1)
9.8 Conclusions
171(8)
Summary Points
173(1)
Key Facts
174(1)
Key Terms
174(1)
List of Abbreviations
175(1)
References
175(4)
Chapter 10 Determination of Caffeine in Various Coffee Types by Capillary Electrophoresis Through the Anionic Complex with 3,4-Dimethoxycinnamate
179(14)
Thiago Nogueira
Claudimir Lucio do Lago
10.1 Introduction
179(2)
10.2 Capillary Electrophoresis with Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity 00 Detection
181(3)
10.3 The Formation of π-Complexes of Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acids and Analogues
184(1)
10.4 The Ionic π-Complex with Cinnamic Acid Derivatives as A Mobile Version of Caffeine and the Resulting Electrophoretic Method
184(2)
10.5 Validation of the Method
186(2)
10.6 Decaffeinated Coffee and the Need For a Better Limit of Detection
188(1)
10.7 Conclusion
189(4)
Summary Points
189(1)
Key Facts
190(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
190(1)
List of Abbreviations
191(1)
References
191(2)
Chapter 11 Analysis of Caffeine and Related Compounds by Automated Flow Methods
193(20)
Paraskevas D. Tzanavaras
Constantinos K. Zacharis
11.1 Introduction
193(1)
11.2 Automated Flow Injection Techniques
194(4)
11.2.1 Flow Injection Analysis
195(1)
11.2.2 Sequential Injection Analysis
196(1)
11.2.3 Multicommutation-based Flow Injection Techniques
197(1)
11.3 Determination of Caffeine and Related Compounds by Coupling of SI/FI to Separation Techniques
198(3)
11.4 Determination of Caffeine and Related Compounds by Flow Optosensors
201(1)
11.5 Determination of Caffeine and Related Compounds by On-line IR Detection
202(2)
11.6 Various Flow Injection Methods for the Determination of Caffeine and Related Compounds
204(9)
11.6.1 Determination of Caffeine by FI Coupled to Amperometric Detection
204(1)
11.6.2 On-line Extraction of Caffeine from Solid and Slurry Samples
204(2)
11.6.3 Enzymatic FI Method for the Determination of Theophylline
206(1)
Summary Points
206(1)
Key Facts
207(1)
Key Facts on Flow - Sequential Injection Analysis
207(1)
Key Facts on Sequential Injection Chromatography
207(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
208(1)
List of Abbreviations
209(1)
References
210(3)
Chapter 12 Analysis of Caffeine by Immunoassay
213(17)
Jose Joao Carvalho
Rudolf J. Schneider
12.1 Development of Immunoassays for Caffeine
213(2)
12.2 Enzyme Immunoassay for Caffeine
215(10)
12.2.1 How It Works
215(1)
12.2.2 A Detailed Experimental Protocol
215(4)
12.2.3 Quantifying Caffeine in Beverages, Tablets and Shampoo
219(1)
12.2.4 Immunoassay Cross-Reactivity - Selectivity Towards Caffeine
220(2)
12.2.5 Comparing the Results with an LC-MS-MS Method
222(3)
12.3 Final Considerations
225(5)
Summary Points
225(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
226(1)
List of Abbreviations
226(1)
References
227(3)
Chapter 13 Quantification of Self-Reported Caffeine Use
230(17)
Merideth Addicott
13.1 Introduction
230(1)
13.2 Estimation of Dietary Caffeine Consumption
231(4)
13.2.1 Self-report Methods
231(4)
13.3 Standardized Caffeine Content
235(2)
13.3.1 Beverage Sampling
236(1)
13.3.2 Controlled-dose Studies
237(1)
13.4 Self-reported Caffeine Use Validation with Physiological Caffeine Concentrations
237(2)
13.5 Conclusion
239(8)
Summary Points
240(1)
Key Facts about Methylxanthines in Coffee, Tea, and Cocoa
240(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
241(1)
List of Abbreviations
242(1)
References
242(5)
Function and Effects
Chapter 14 Caffeine and the Brain: An Overview
247(21)
Elio Acquas
Maria Antonietta De Luca
Sandro Fenu
Rosanna Longoni
Liliana Spina
14.1 Introduction
247(1)
14.2 Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic of Caffeine
248(1)
14.3 Effects of Caffeine on in vivo Neurotransmitters Release
249(6)
14.4 Effects of Caffeine on Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity
255(2)
14.5 Caffeine in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Parkinson's and Alzheimer's
257(11)
Key Facts
260(1)
Summary Points
261(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
262(1)
List of Abbreviations
263(1)
References
263(5)
Chapter 15 Caffeine and Cognitive Performance
268(19)
Ana Adan
Josep Maria Serra-Grabulosa
15.1 Introduction
268(1)
15.2 The Difficulty of Assessing Cognitive Performance
269(1)
15.3 Effects of Caffeine on Attention and Psychomotor Tasks
270(2)
15.4 Effects of Caffeine on Memory and Executive Function Tasks
272(1)
15.5 Effects of Caffeine in Subjective Activation and Affect
273(4)
15.6 Caffeine Combined With Other Substances
277(1)
15.7 Caffeine Use in Children and Aged Subjects
278(1)
15.8 Methodological Difficulties to Solve in the Future
279(8)
Summary Points
281(1)
Key Facts
282(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
282(1)
List of Abbreviations
283(1)
References
283(4)
Chapter 16 Neuroprotective Effects of Caffeine in Sleep Deprivation
287(27)
Karim A. Alkadhi
Munder A. Zagaar
Ibrahim A. Alhaider
Karem H. Alzoubi
16.1 Introduction
287(2)
16.2 Sleep and Sleep Cycle
289(1)
16.2.1 Neurochemistry During Sleep
289(1)
16.2.2 Sleep Architecture
290(1)
16.3 Nutrition, Metabolism and Sleep
290(2)
16.4 Sleep deprivation
292(3)
16.4.1 Sleep Disruption and Neural Function
293(2)
16.5 Caffeine and Adenosine
295(4)
16.5.1 Adenosine Pharmacology
296(1)
16.5.2 Caffeine Pharmacology
296(1)
16.5.3 Caffeine and Cognitive Function
297(1)
16.5.4 Caffeine, Sleep Deprivation and LTP Impairment
298(1)
16.6 Caffeine and Neuroprotection
299(2)
16.7 Effects of Caffeine on Sleep-Related Neural Signaling Pathways
301(13)
Summary Points
304(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
305(1)
List of Abbreviations
306(1)
References
307(7)
Chapter 17 Caffeine and Exercise Performance
314(23)
Todd A. Astorino
Ailish C. White
17.1 Introduction
314(1)
17.2 Mechanisms Explaining Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine
315(2)
17.3 Recommended Dosing, Timing and Form of Caffeine Ingestion
317(1)
17.4 Tolerance and Withdrawal of Caffeine
318(1)
17.5 Effects of Caffeine on Exercise Performance
318(19)
17.5.1 Caffeine and Endurance Exercise
318(1)
17.5.2 Caffeine and High-Intensity Exercise
319(1)
17.5.3 Caffeine and Resistance Training
319(6)
17.5.4 Caffeine and Team Sport Performance
325(1)
17.5.5 Caffeine and Sprint Performance
325(1)
Summary Points
325(1)
Key Facts of Caffeine's Role as an Ergogenic Aid
326(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
327(1)
List of Abbreviations
327(1)
References
328(9)
Chapter 18 The Effects of Caffeine on Ventilation and Pulmonary Function During Exercise
337(16)
Robert F. Chapman
Daniel P. Wilhite
Timothy D. Mickleborough
18.1 Introduction
337(1)
18.2 Effects of Caffeine on Ventilatory Drive
338(4)
18.2.1 Central and Periphery Chemosensitivity Changes with Caffeine
338(1)
18.2.2 Caffeine and Ventilation During Exercise
339(3)
18.3 Potential Ergogenic Effects of Increased Exercise Ventilation
342(1)
18.4 Potential Negative Consequences of Increased Ventilation During Exercise
343(2)
18.5 Effects of Caffeine on Pulmonary Function
345(2)
18.6 Summary
347(6)
Summary Points
347(1)
Key Facts of Ventilatory Control During Exercise
348(1)
Definition of Words and Terms
349(1)
List of Abbreviations
349(1)
References
350(3)
Chapter 19 Dietary Caffeine and Young Children: Implications for Health
353(16)
William J. Warzak
Shelby Evans
Luis F. Morales Knight
Laura Needelman
Rebecca K. Dogan
19.1 The Prevalence of Caffeine
353(1)
19.2 Trends in Caffeine Consumption
354(1)
19.3 The Effects of Caffeine on Children
355(1)
19.4 CNS Effects
355(1)
19.5 Sleep Effects
356(1)
19.6 Diuretic Effects
357(1)
19.7 Maternal Consumption
357(1)
19.8 Recommended Intake
358(1)
19.9 Future Research
359(10)
Summary Points
361(1)
Key Facts of Caffeine
362(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
363(2)
List of Abbreviations
365(1)
References
365(4)
Chapter 20 Caffeine and Type 2 Diabetes
369(13)
Atsushi Goto
Simin Liu
20.1 Introduction
369(1)
20.2 Type 2 Diabetes: Pathophysiology and Risk Factors
369(1)
20.3 Coffee Intake and Type 2 Diabetes
370(1)
20.3.1 Epidemiologic Evidence
370(1)
20.3.2 Potential Mechanisms
370(1)
20.4 Caffeine Intake and Type 2 Diabetes Risk
371(5)
20.4.1 Epidemiologic Evidence
371(1)
20.4.2 Experimental Evidence
372(4)
20.5 Conclusion
376(6)
Summary Points
376(1)
Key Facts
377(1)
1 Key Facts of Insulin
377(1)
2 Key Facts of SHBD
377(1)
3 Key Facts of Sex Differences in T2D Risk
378(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
378(1)
List of Abbreviations
379(1)
References
379(3)
Chapter 21 Caffeine and Apoptosis
382(13)
Weinong Han
Yu-Ying He
21.1 Introduction
382(1)
21.2 Caffeine and p53
383(2)
21.3 Caffeine and ATR-Chk1
385(2)
21.4 Caffeine and AKT-COX-2
387(1)
21.5 Conclusion and Perspective
388(7)
Summary Points
388(1)
Key Facts of AKT
389(1)
Key Facts of ATR
389(1)
Key Facts of ATM
390(1)
Key Facts of Apoptosis
390(1)
Key Facts of UV
391(1)
Key Facts of PTEN
392(1)
Definitions of Words and Terms
392(3)
List of Abbreviations 395(1)
Acknowledgement 396(1)
References 396(4)
Subject Index 400
Victor Preedy is currently Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry and Director of Genomics Centre, King's College London and Professor of Clinical Biochemistry at King's College Hospital London. After graduating with a BSc degree in Physiology with Pharmacology and Biology, Professor Preedy carried out a period of research on protein metabolism in the Department of Nutrition at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. After the successful award of his PhD he studied aspects of cardiac protein metabolism at the National Heart Hospital. After 4 years, he then moved to the MRC Clinical Research Centre in Harrow, which was followed by his appointment as a lecturer to Kings College in 1988. He was promoted to Reader in 1995 and Professor in 2003. Professor Preedy has published over 550 articles, which includes over 160 peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research and 90 reviews as well as 35 books.
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