Prologue 3(4) Research Strategies 7(20) James J. Schlesselman Paul D. Stolley Introduction 7(1) Experimental Studies 7(3) Observational Studies 10(7) Choosing Among Research Strategies 17(3) Causation 20(5) History of Case-Control Studies 25(2) Basic Concepts in the Assessment of Risk 27(42) Introduction 27(1) Disease Occurrence 27(5) Relative Measures of Disease Occurrence 32(2) Cohort and Case-Control Sampling Schemes 34(6) Risk of Disease Attributable to Exposure 40(5) Exposure 45(4) Interpretation of Relative Risk (Data Example) 49(3) Cumulative Risk of Disease 52(1) Association and Testing for Significance 53(3) Relative Risk as a Measure of the Strength of Association 56(2) Confounding 58(5) Interaction 63(5) Summary 68(1) Planning and Conducting a Study 69(36) Paul D. Stolley James J. Schlesselman Introduction 69(1) Stating the Research Question 69(2) Definition of Cases 71(5) Defining a Control Group 76(4) Methods of Selecting Cases and Controls 80(6) Developing the Research Instrument 86(6) Informed Consent and Confidentiality 92(2) Pilot Testing 94(3) Preparing for and Conducting Field Operations 97(2) Preparation for Data Analysis 99(2) Checklist for Protocol Development 101(4) Matching 105(19) Introduction 105(2) Criteria for Matching 107(2) Overmatching 109(2) Alternatives to Matching 111(4) Effectiveness of Matching and Its Alternatives 115(2) Expected Number of Matches 117(1) How Closely Should One Match? 118(2) Advantages and Disadvantages of Matching 120(2) Summary 122(2) Sources of Bias 124(20) James J. Schlesselman Paul D. Stolley Introduction 124(1) Ascertainment and Selection Bias 124(11) Bias in the Estimation of Exposure 135(2) Misclassification 137(3) Other Sources of Error 140(3) Summary 143(1) Sample Size 144(27) Introduction 144(1) Sample Size and Power for Unmatched Studies 145(5) Sample Size and Power with Multiple Controls per Case 150(2) Smallest Detectable Relative Risk 152(2) Optimal Allocation 154(5) Adjustment for Confounding 159(1) Sample Size and Power for Pair-Matched Studies 160(3) Sequential Case-Control Studies 163(2) Further Considerations in Estimating Sample Size 165(5) Summary 170(1) Basic Methods of Analysis 171(56) Introduction 171(3) Unmatched Analysis of a Single 2 X 2 Table 174(7) Adjustment for Confounding 181(15) Assessment of Individual and Joint Effects of Two or More Variables 196(4) Test for Dose Response 200(6) Test-Based Confidence Limits 206(1) Matched Analysis with One Control per Case 207(6) Matched Analysis with Two Controls per Case 213(3) Matched Analysis with Three or More Controls per Case 216(4) Estimation of the Etiologic Fraction 220(7) Multivariate Analysis 227(64) Introduction 227(3) Interpretation of Logistic Parameters 230(5) Logistic Regression for Case-Control Studies 235(6) Indicator Variables 241(3) Estimation of Logistic Parameters 244(6) Discussion of Logistic Models 250(4) Application of Logistic Regression 254(9) Further Topics in Logistic Regression 263(6) Matched Analysis 269(6) Confounder Score 275(5) Loglinear Models 280(11) Epilogue 291(2) Appendices 293(32) A. Case-Control Sample Size 293(22) B. Cumulative Normal Frequency Distribution 315(4) C. Largest and Smallest Detectable Relative Risks 319(5) D. Sample Size for Group Sequential Case-Control Studies 324(1) References 325(19) Index 344
