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Celestial Shadows: Eclipses, Transits, and Occultations 2015 ed. [Kietas viršelis]

  • Formatas: Hardback, 713 pages, aukštis x plotis: 235x155 mm, 11 Illustrations, color; 228 Illustrations, black and white; XXIV, 713 p. 239 illus., 11 illus. in color., 1 Hardback
  • Serija: Astrophysics and Space Science Library 410
  • Išleidimo metai: 20-Nov-2014
  • Leidėjas: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • ISBN-10: 1493915347
  • ISBN-13: 9781493915347
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Hardback, 713 pages, aukštis x plotis: 235x155 mm, 11 Illustrations, color; 228 Illustrations, black and white; XXIV, 713 p. 239 illus., 11 illus. in color., 1 Hardback
  • Serija: Astrophysics and Space Science Library 410
  • Išleidimo metai: 20-Nov-2014
  • Leidėjas: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • ISBN-10: 1493915347
  • ISBN-13: 9781493915347
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Much of what is known about the universe came from the study of celestial shadows. This book looks in detail at the way eclipses and other celestial shadows have given us amazing insights into the nature of the objects in our solar system and how they are even helping us discover and analyze planets that orbit stars other than our Sun. A variety of eclipses, transits, and occultations of the mooons of Jupiter and Saturn, Pluto and its satellite Charon, asteroids and stars have helped astronomers to work out their dimensions, structures, and shapes - even the existence of atmospheres and structures of exoplanets.

Long before Columbus set out to reach the Far East by sailing West, the curved shadow of the Earth on the Moon during a lunar eclipse revealed that we inhabit a round world, a globe. More recently, comparisons of the sunlit and Earthlit parts of the Moon have been used to determine changes in the Earth's brightness as a way of monitoring possible effects in cloud coverage which may be related to global warming. Shadows were used by the Greek mathematician Eratosthenes to work out the first estimate of the circumference of the Earth, by Galileo to measure the heights of the lunar mountains and by eighteenth century astronomers to determine the scale of the Solar System itself.

Some of the rarest and most wonderful shadows of all are those cast onto Earth by the lovely "Evening Star" Venus as it goes between the Earth and the Sun. These majestic transits

of Venus occur at most two in a century; after the 2012 transit, there is not a chance to observe this phenomenon until 2117, while the more common sweep of a total solar eclipse creates one of the most dramatic and awe-inspiring events of nature. Though it may have once been a source of consternation or dread, solar eclipses now lead thousands of amateur astronomers and "eclipse-chasers" to travel the globe in order to experience the dramatic view under "totality." These phenomena are among the most spectacular available to observers and are given their full due in Westfall and Sheehan's comprehensive study.                                  

Recenzijos

Selected by Choice magazine as an "Outstanding Academic Title" for 2015



In Celestial Shadows, westfall summarize all the ways in which observational astronomers and planetary scientists use eclipses, transits, and occultations to study distant objects. This 22-chapter book collects in one place such a tremendous amount of information that it will be very useful, in particular, to those who wish to learn about how these events have previously allowed and continue to allow scientists to study solar system objects in unique ways. Summing Up: Highly recommended. All levels/libraries. (C. Palma, Choice, Vol. 52 (10), June, 2015)                       The authors explain the astronomy, how to make observations, flag up future events, and link them to a rich history in which such observations contributed to significant developments in astronomy. this work is as good a place as any for amateur astronomers to begin engagement with a history that takes them beyond the usual accounts of heroes and moments of discovery and makes a useful resource for historians and educators. (Rebekah Higgitt, Journal for the History of Astronomy, Vol. 47 (4), November, 2016)                                                                                  

1 Celestial Shadows
1(20)
The Shadows Form
1(1)
The Anatomy of Shadows
2(3)
Turning Shadows into Events
5(3)
A Surfeit of Eclipse Events
8(3)
An Eclipse Every Night
8(1)
Making Contact
8(1)
The Earth's Family, Artificial and Natural
9(1)
The Solar Family
10(1)
Planetary Transits: Specks on the Sun
11(2)
Occultations: When Blocking the Light is Helpful
13(1)
Seeking Shadows
14(7)
The Rewards of Persistence
14(1)
Threat from the Sun
15(1)
In the Right Place at the Right Time
15(2)
Equipment: Organic, Optical and Electronic
17(1)
What Good are They?
18(3)
2 Of Orbs and Orbits
21(22)
Event Awareness
21(1)
For Your Eyes Only
21(3)
Tracking the Wanderers
24(2)
The Universe in 3-D
26(5)
The Sun Takes Center Stage
31(1)
An Elliptical Path
32(6)
The Solar System Takes Shape
38(2)
Seeing the Universe with New Eyes
40(3)
3 In Earth's Shadow
43(32)
Unrecognized Eclipses
43(2)
Who Owns the Moon?
45(1)
Predicting, Explaining, Applying
46(3)
Shades of Lunar Eclipses
49(3)
A Lunar Eclipse Unfolds
52(4)
Lunar Eclipse Science
56(19)
Before the Telescope
56(2)
A Shadow Too Large
58(2)
A Shadow Deformed
60(1)
Totality Not Total
61(2)
The Spectrum of a Shadow
63(2)
Inconstant Umbrae
65(4)
A Sudden Chill
69(3)
Can Eclipses Affect the Moon?
72(1)
Inventorying the Moon's Neighborhood
73(2)
4 The Lunar Eclipse Experience
75(22)
What the Future Holds: 2014-2025
75(4)
Subtleties of the Penumbra
79(2)
Lunar Eclipses in Practice
81(16)
Record-Keeping
82(1)
Photography
82(3)
Photometry
85(5)
Umbral Contact Timing
90(2)
Transient Events
92(1)
Meteoritic Impacts
93(1)
Sharing Your Work
94(3)
5 To Darken the Earth
97(52)
Solar Spectacle
97(1)
Solar Eclipse Enlightenment
97(5)
A Solar Eclipse as Seen from Above the Earth
102(6)
A Representative Total Solar Eclipse: 2017 August 21
104(2)
An Eclipse's Family: Saros 145
106(2)
Solar Eclipses Unveiled
108(29)
The Catch-as-Catch-Can Era
108(4)
Eclipses Tamed
112(6)
The Golden Age of Solar Eclipse Science
118(12)
Eclipses Go Global: 1868--1870
130(4)
Big (Solar Eclipse) Science
134(2)
The Eclipse Profession
136(1)
Twentieth-Century Developments
137(5)
General Relativity and Solar Eclipses
138(3)
The Solar Atmosphere
141(1)
Artificial Eclipses
142(4)
The Spectroscope and Its Descendants
142(2)
Coronagraphs
144(1)
Air and Space
144(2)
Eclipse Science Today
146(3)
6 Approaching Shadows
149(36)
The Eclipse Experience
149(1)
Solar Safety
149(5)
Photospheric Precautions
149(1)
Safe Filters
150(1)
Projection
151(2)
Monochromatic Telescopes
153(1)
Dangerous Practices
153(1)
The Course of Events
154(4)
Partial to Partiality
155(1)
A Ring of Fire
156(1)
Totally Awesome
157(1)
Appreciating and Recording
158(7)
Using Your Eyes
158(1)
Photography
159(4)
Eclipse Movies
163(1)
Sky Brightness
164(1)
Hunting the Picturesque
165(2)
Shadows of the Future
167(12)
2014 April 29 Annular Eclipse
169(1)
2015 March 20 Total Eclipse
170(2)
2016 March 08--09 Total Eclipse (See Fig. 6.7)
172(1)
2016 September 01 Annular Eclipse (See Fig. 6.8)
172(1)
2017 February 26 Annular Eclipse (See Figs. 6.8--6.9)
172(1)
2017 August 21 Total Eclipse (See Fig. 6.6)
173(1)
2019 July 02 Total Eclipse (See Fig. 6.9)
174(1)
2019 December 26 Annular Eclipse (See Figs. 6.7 and 6.8)
174(1)
2020 June 21 Annular Eclipse (See Fig. 6.8)
174(1)
2020 December 14 Total Eclipse (See Fig. 6.9)
175(1)
2021 June 10 Annular Eclipse (See Fig. 6.6)
175(1)
2021 December 04 Total Eclipse
176(1)
2023 April 20 Hybrid Eclipse
176(1)
2023 October 14 Annular Eclipse (See Fig. 6.6)
177(1)
2024 April 08 Total Eclipse (See Fig. 6.6)
177(1)
2024 October 02 Annular Eclipse (See Fig. 6.9)
178(1)
Solar Eclipse Information Sources
179(1)
Solar-Eclipse Books
180(2)
Solar Eclipses on the Internet
182(1)
Periodicals
182(1)
Weather References Cited
182(3)
Long-Term Planning
182(1)
Short-term Planning
182(1)
Current Cloudiness
183(2)
7 Multiplying Moons
185(56)
New Moons, New Universe
185(3)
Four New Worlds
185(3)
Jupiter's System of Worlds
188(23)
Orbits and Events
188(2)
The Longitude Discovered?
190(4)
A Spin-Off: The Speed of Light
194(1)
From Newton to Galileo (The Spacecraft)
194(6)
Mutual Phenomena
200(1)
Not Just Points of Light
201(2)
Optical Illusions During Transits
203(4)
A Physical Eclipse Effect upon Io?
207(2)
Witnessing Jupiter Satellite Events
209(2)
Saturn's Magnificent System
211(20)
A Planet Without Precedent
214(4)
Observing Saturn's Satellite Events
218(1)
Saturn Engages with Its Satellites
219(5)
Mutual Events of Saturn's Satellites
224(1)
The Eternal Eclipse
225(6)
Uranus and Neptune: The Outer Giants
231(2)
Pluto: Reclassified but Still on the Map
233(1)
The Hurtling Moons of Mars
234(3)
Now Asteroids Have Moons, Too
237(4)
8 A Difference in Degree: Transits and Eclipses
241(14)
Are Transits Eclipses?
241(1)
How Transits Happen
242(3)
Transit Prerequisites
242(3)
Transit Rhythms
245(4)
Transit Numerology
245(1)
In Sole Visus
245(4)
Ubiquitous Transits
249(3)
Circumstances of Observed Transits of Venus, 1761--2012
252(3)
9 Missed Opportunities and Finally-Success!
255(16)
Where Lies the Center?
255(2)
Tycho and Kepler: From Epicycles to Ellipses
257(7)
Gassendi's Transit
264(4)
Gassendi's Vain Vigil
268(3)
Recommended Readings
269(2)
10 Homage to Horrocks
271(18)
The Winds of War
271(1)
From Toxteth to Cambridge
272(2)
The Apple of His Eye: Crabtree
274(1)
Enmeshed in a Net of Calculations
275(3)
Venus Observed
278(6)
The Curtain Falls
284(5)
11 "This Famed Phenomenon"
289(34)
Halley's Grand Proposal
289(4)
Halleyan and Cishalleyan Poles
293(3)
The Man of Vision Lives Not to See
296(1)
Delisle Takes Over
296(9)
The Great Adventure Commences
305(4)
The Day---At Last!
309(1)
Unexpected Phenomena
310(11)
Was the Aureole Seen in 1761?
312(9)
Back to the Drawing Board
321(2)
12 1769: Cook's Tour
323(22)
Paradise Found
323(1)
Pulling the Chestnuts Out of the Fire
324(6)
Endeavouring to See a Transit from Tahiti
330(3)
Tahiti Looms!
333(3)
Point Venus
336(4)
Mad Dogs and Englishmen
340(5)
13 Further Planetary Pursuits
345(16)
Chasing Results
345(1)
Hell in the Arctic
345(2)
The "Barbarous Region" Comes into Its Own
347(3)
Astronomer Faints During Venus Transit!
350(4)
Chappe: Success and Tragedy
354(3)
More Fortunate in Love
357(4)
14 A Noble Triumph---Surpassed: The 1874 Transit
361(46)
Astronomy by Numbers
361(2)
Another World Observed
363(6)
The Grand March of Technology
369(3)
A Parallax Challenged
372(4)
Hatching Plans
376(6)
The Transit Parties
382(13)
A Century's Wait Ends
395(8)
The Aftermath of the Transit of 1874
403(4)
15 1882: Halley's (and Delisle's) Last Hurrah
407(24)
Eight Eventful Years: 1874--1882
407(2)
Building on the 1874 Experience
409(6)
The Last Great Attempt
415(8)
David Peck Todd and Lick Observatory
423(6)
The Closing Act of the Transits
429(1)
Comments on References
430(1)
16 Postscript to Parallaxes
431(6)
The Aftermath of 1882
431(1)
Little Planets with Large Parallaxes
432(1)
From Passive to Active: Signals Across Space
433(2)
The Astronomical Unit Pinned Down at Last (?)
435(2)
17 The June Flowers of 2004
437(20)
The Transit of 2004
438(2)
Twenty-First Century Transit Science
440(9)
Amateur Observers with Professional Results
443(2)
Venus: Model of an Exoplanet
445(2)
The Black Drop Dries Up
447(1)
The Aureole Confirmed
448(1)
Professionals, Enthusiasts and the Public
449(8)
Professionals and Amateurs Converge
449(1)
Bringing the Transit to You
450(1)
A Learning Experience
451(2)
VT-2004
453(1)
VT-2004: A (Slightly) Technical Analysis
453(4)
18 2012---Hail to Thee, Venus---and Fond Farewell!
457(30)
The Favored Lands and Seas
457(6)
Our Good Fortune
457(1)
The Preliminaries
458(2)
Geometry, Geography and Cytherometry
460(3)
An Outreach Opportunity
463(1)
Transit Aficionados
464(7)
Transit Photographers
464(2)
Transit Travelers
466(1)
Still Seeking the Sun's Distance
467(3)
Telescopes Brought Out of Retirement
470(1)
Transit Science---2012
471(16)
Venus Under Scrutiny
471(6)
The Venus Twilight Experiment
477(4)
Putting It All Together
481(2)
Transits of Venus as Laboratories for Exoplanet Transits
483(2)
The Shape of Things to Come
485(2)
19 Future Transits
487(20)
Transits of Mercury Forever
487(1)
Mercurial Schedules
488(1)
Mercury Transit Science
489(5)
Limb Contact Times
489(2)
An Inconstant Sun?
491(1)
Mercury's (Very Rarified) Atmosphere
491(1)
The Black Drop and Other Illusions
492(2)
Mercury Transits, 2016--2124
494(5)
Transit of Mercury, 2016 May 09
494(2)
Transit of Mercury, 2019 Nov 11
496(1)
The Next Century (or A Little More)
497(2)
Observing Transits of Mercury
499(4)
Safe Transit Viewing
499(1)
Specialized Techniques and Equipment
500(3)
Your Descendants' Transits of Venus
503(2)
Transit of Venus, 2117 December 10--11
503(2)
Transit of Venus, 2125 Dec 08
505(1)
Afterthought: Who Among Us Will See the Transit of Venus in 2117?
505(2)
20 When Stars Wink Out
507(52)
The Moon's Swath
507(17)
A Spring Evening in Athens
507(2)
The Great Occulter
509(2)
Navigating and Surveying by the Moon
511(1)
Deflating the Moon
512(3)
The Disfigured Moon
515(1)
Double Stars
516(1)
The Moon Helps Measure the Solar System
517(3)
How Large Are the Stars?
520(4)
Planetary Obstructionism
524(35)
Early Planetary Occultations
524(1)
Sounding Planetary Atmospheres
524(7)
A Dwarf Planet Gets an Atmosphere
531(3)
Satellites Can Have Atmospheres, Too
534(3)
Beyond Pluto
537(4)
Unraveling the Rings of Saturn
541(3)
Give Me a Ring Sometime
544(5)
Sizing Up Asteroids
549(5)
The Elusive Nucleus
554(2)
Occultations In Situ
556(3)
21 Grasping a Fleeting Shadow
559(32)
Observing Occultations
559(7)
A Field for Amateurs and Amateurs in the Field
559(1)
Preparation
560(1)
Equipment
561(1)
Time Sources
562(1)
Visual Timing
563(1)
Video Recording of Occultations
564(2)
Drift-Scan Occultation Timing
566(1)
Lunar Total Occultations of Stars
566(13)
Still of Use?
566(1)
Event Types
567(1)
Predicting and Submitting
568(1)
On the Fringe: High-Speed Photometry
569(1)
Coming Events
570(9)
Lunar Grazing Occultations of Stars
579(1)
Grazes are a Little Different
579(1)
Grazes are Useful
580(1)
Lunar Occultations of Solar-System Bodies
580(1)
Application
580(1)
Coming Events
581(1)
Occultations of Stars by Planets and Satellites
581(2)
Significance
581(1)
Observing Stellar Occultations by Planets and Satellites
582(1)
Little Bodies Cast Long Shadows: Occultations of Stars by Asteroids
583(8)
Value
583(2)
Finding an Event to Watch
585(1)
Lost Among the Stars
586(3)
The Final Step
589(2)
22 Into the Starry Gulfs
591(36)
Stars Eclipsing Stars
591(13)
A Stellar Oddity
591(4)
Eclipsing Binaries
595(4)
Variations on a Theme
599(3)
Observing Eclipsing Binaries
602(1)
Information Sources
603(1)
Worlds in Transit
604(20)
Infinite Worlds
604(1)
Seeking Planets Around Stars
605(4)
Transiting Exoplanets
609(2)
Exoplanet Transit Programs
611(3)
Kepler and Its Successors
614(6)
Exoplanet Detection Strategies for the Amateur
620(4)
Additional Bibliography
624(3)
Appendix A Transits of Mercury, 1605--2999 CE 627(2)
Appendix B Transits of Venus, 5887 BCE--9886 CE 629(2)
Appendix C Eclipsing Variable Stars 631(8)
Appendix D Transiting Exoplanets (Transit depths > = 1 mmag) 639(4)
References 643(46)
Index 689
William Sheehan has written many books on astronomy, including: Planets and Perception (1988), The Immortal Fire Within: the life and work of Edward Emerson Barnard (1995), The Planet Mars (1996), In Search of Planet Vulcan (with Richard Baum; 1997), Epic Moon (with Thomas Dobbins; 2001), and Transits of Venus (with John Westfall; 2004). He is a consultant to the International Astronomical Unions Working Group on Planetary System Nomenclature, a Special Research Fellow in history of astronomy at the Lowell Observatory, a contributing editor to Sky & Telescope magazine and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. He is also past fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, and a recipient of the Gold Medal of the Oriental Astronomical Association. Asteroid no. 16037 has been named Sheehan in his honor by the I.A.U.

With Springer, he has published a translation of James Lequeuxs biography of the French astronomer U.J.J. Leverrier:Le VerrierMagnificent and Detestable Astronomer (with Bernard Sheehan; 2013); Galactic Encounters (with Chris Conselice; 2014); and a translation of Camille Flammarions The Planet Mars (with the late Sir Patrick Moore; 2014).



Professionally, William Sheehan is a psychiatrist. He is married, with two sons. He divides his time between his psychiatric and astronomical activities and between homes in Willmar, Minnesota and Flagstaff, Arizona. Among Sheehans most recent observations have been those of Venuss atmosphere made at Lowell Observatory, during the transit of Venus of June 5-6, 2012, as a member of the international Venus Twilight Experiment.



For most of his life a denizen of the Bay Area, Dr. Westfall majored in geography at the University of California, Berkeley (BA 1960) and the George Washington University (MA 1964, PhD 1969). Employed by the (then) Coast and Geodetic Survey from 1961-64, he joined the faculty of San Francisco State University's Department of Geography and Human Environmental Studies in 1968, teaching courses in quantitative and historical geography and remote sensing, retiring in 2005.



Dr. Westfall's interest in astronomy dates back to the late 1940s, when he joined the Eastbay Astronomical Society, becoming a member of the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO) in 1953. He currently serves on the ALPO board of directors and is the coordinator of its Mercury/Venus Transit Section and an assistant coordinator in its Jupiter Section (Galilean satellite events). He has authored the book Atlas of the Lunar Terminator (Cambridge) and coauthored Transits of Venus (Prometheus) with William Sheehan. He has chased 12 total solar eclipses, three annular eclipses and three planetary transits (plus two from home). Dr. Westfall currently observes lunar eclipses, asteroid occultations of stars, and Jupiter satellite eclipses from his backyard in the relatively clear skies of Antioch, his favorite telescopesbeing a C14 and a C5.