Preface |
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xii | |
About the Author |
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xix | |
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Chapter 1 Culture and Meaning |
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1 | (38) |
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Problem 1 How can people begin to understand beliefs and behaviors that are different from their own |
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1 | (38) |
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Introduction: The World Behind Everyday Appearances |
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2 | (2) |
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Question 1.1 Why Do Human Beings Differ in Their Beliefs and Behaviors? |
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4 | (3) |
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Question 1.2 How Do People Judge the Beliefs and Behaviors of Others? |
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7 | (1) |
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The Ethnocentric Fallacy and the Relativist Fallacy |
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8 | (2) |
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Virginity Testing in Turkey and Cannibalism Among the Wari |
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10 | (3) |
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13 | (2) |
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Question 1.3 Is it Possible to See the World Through the Eyes of Others? |
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15 | (1) |
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The Embarrassed Anthropologist |
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16 | (1) |
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Confronting Witchcraft in Mexico |
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17 | (1) |
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The Endangered Anthropologist |
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18 | (2) |
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Question 1.4 How Can the Meanings That Others Find in Experience be Interpreted and Described? |
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20 | (2) |
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Deciphering the Balinese Cockfight |
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22 | (2) |
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Question 1.5 What Can Learning About Other Peoples Tell Americans About Themselves? |
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24 | (1) |
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A Balinese Anthropologist Studies Football |
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25 | (2) |
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An Anthropologist Looks at a "Happy Meal" |
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27 | (3) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #1 Shopping and Selling |
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30 | (5) |
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35 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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36 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 The Meaning of Progress and Development |
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39 | (46) |
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Problem 2 How do we explain the transformation of human societies over the past 10,000 years from small-scale nomadic bands of hunters and gatherers to large-scale urban-industrial states? |
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39 | (46) |
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Introduction: The Death of a Way of Life |
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40 | (3) |
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Question 2.1 Why Did Hunter-Gatherer Societies Switch to Sedentary Agriculture? |
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43 | (2) |
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Life Among Hunter-Gatherers: The Hadza and the Ju/wasi |
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45 | (2) |
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The Transition to Agriculture |
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47 | (4) |
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Producing Potato Calories |
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51 | (1) |
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Question 2.2 Why Are Some Societies More Industrially Advanced Than Others? |
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52 | (3) |
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55 | (1) |
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Cotton, Slavery, and the Cherokee Removal |
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56 | (3) |
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Question 2.3 Why Do Poor Countries Not Modernize and Develop in the Same Way as Wealthier Countries? |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (2) |
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Question 2.4 How Do Modern Standards of Health and Medical Treatment Compare with Those of Traditional Societies? |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (3) |
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66 | (3) |
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Question 2.5 Why Are Simpler Societies Disappearing? |
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69 | (1) |
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Cultural Devastation and Radical Hope |
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70 | (5) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #2 Doing Development |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (2) |
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Using Indigenous Knowledge |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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81 | (4) |
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Chapter 3 Globalization, Neoliberalism, and the Nation-State |
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85 | (46) |
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Problem 3 What is globalization, and what does it have to do with me? |
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85 | (46) |
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86 | (2) |
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Question 3.1 How Do We Define Happiness and Well-Being? |
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88 | (1) |
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Money, Wealth, and Well-Being |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (2) |
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The Society of Perpetual Growth |
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92 | (2) |
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Question 3.2 Where Does the Wealth Needed to Sustain Growth Come From? |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (5) |
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Question 3.3 What Kind of Economic System is Necessary to Sustain Growth? |
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99 | (1) |
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"The Great Transformation" |
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99 | (2) |
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The Emergence of Neoliberalism |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (4) |
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Question 3.4 What is the Role of the Nation-State in Sustaining Growth? |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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Avoiding Democratic Decision Making |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (2) |
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Question 3.5 Why Do Economies Collapse? |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (8) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #3 Anthropology and Public Policy |
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121 | (2) |
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The Market Externalities of "Hog Hotels" |
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123 | (4) |
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127 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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128 | (3) |
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Chapter 4 The Social and Cultural Construction of Reality |
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131 | (48) |
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Problem 4 Why do people believe different things, and why are they so certain their view of the world is correct and other views are wrong? |
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131 | (48) |
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Introduction: The Central Question |
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132 | (2) |
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Question 4.1 How Does Language Affect the Meanings People Assign to Experience? |
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134 | (2) |
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Borrowing Meaning with Metaphors |
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136 | (2) |
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Kwakwaka'wakw Metaphors of Hunger |
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138 | (2) |
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The Metaphors of Contemporary Witchcraft and Magic |
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140 | (2) |
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Question 4.2 How Does Symbolic Action Reinforce a Particular View of the World? |
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142 | (1) |
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The Kwakwaka'wakw Cannibal Dance |
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143 | (3) |
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The Ritual of Contemporary Witchcraft and Magic |
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146 | (1) |
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Dorothy Meets Luke Skywalker |
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147 | (2) |
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Question 4.3 How Do People Come to Believe What They Do, and How Do They Continue to Hold to Their Beliefs Even If They Seem Contradictory or Ambiguous? |
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149 | (1) |
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The Process of Interpretive Drift |
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150 | (2) |
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Explaining Why the Sun Moves Around Earth |
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152 | (3) |
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Question 4.4 How Can We Account for the Different Meanings People Assign to Experiences? |
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155 | (5) |
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What Kinds of World Views Are Associated with Each Cultural Type? |
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160 | (3) |
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Question 4.5 How Can People Reorder Their View of the World If it Becomes Unsatisfactory? |
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163 | (1) |
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Wovoka and the Ghost Dance |
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164 | (2) |
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Mother Ann Lee and the Shakers |
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166 | (3) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #4 Political Consulting and the Power of Metaphor |
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169 | (1) |
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Moral Politics: The Nation as a Family |
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170 | (3) |
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Policy Views: Same-Sex Marriage |
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173 | (1) |
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Translating Theory into Action |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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176 | (3) |
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Chapter 5 Patterns of Family Relations |
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179 | (38) |
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Problem 5 What do we need to know before we can understand the dynamics of family life in other societies? |
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179 | (38) |
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Introduction: Soap Operas and Family Relations |
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180 | (2) |
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Question 5.1 What is the Composition of the Typical Family Group? |
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182 | (1) |
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The Family Composition of the Ju/wasi |
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183 | (2) |
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The Family Composition of the Trobriand Islanders |
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185 | (3) |
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The Family Composition of the Chinese |
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188 | (2) |
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Question 5.2 How Are Families Formed and Ideal Family Types Maintained? |
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190 | (1) |
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The Family Cycle of the Ju/wasi |
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191 | (2) |
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The Family Cycle of the Trobriand Islanders |
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193 | (2) |
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The Family Cycle of the Chinese |
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195 | (2) |
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Question 5.3 What Are the Roles of Sexuality, Love, and Wealth? |
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197 | (1) |
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Sex, Love, and Wealth Among the Ju/wasi |
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198 | (1) |
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Sex, Love, and Wealth Among the Trobriand Islanders |
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199 | (1) |
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Sex, Love, and Wealth Among the Chinese |
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199 | (2) |
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Question 5.4 What Threatens to Disrupt the Family Unit? |
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201 | (1) |
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Threats to the Ju/wasi Family |
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201 | (2) |
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Threats to the Trobriand Island Family |
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203 | (1) |
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Threats to the Chinese Family |
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204 | (2) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #5 Combating HIV/AIDS |
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206 | (1) |
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AIDS Prevention in Mexico |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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Why is the Message of Traditional AIDS Prevention Programs Sometimes Ignored? |
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211 | (1) |
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Designing AIDS-Prevention Programs |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (2) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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215 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 The Cultural Construction of Identity |
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217 | (38) |
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Problem 6 How do people determine who they are, and how do they communicate who they think they are to others? |
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217 | (38) |
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Introduction: The Importance of Self |
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218 | (1) |
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Question 6.1 How Does the Concept of Personhood Vary from Society to Society? |
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219 | (1) |
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The Egocentric and Sociocentric Self |
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220 | (1) |
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Personhood in Japan and America |
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221 | (2) |
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Question 6.2 How Do Societies Distinguish Individuals from One Another? |
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223 | (1) |
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Constructing Male and Female |
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224 | (2) |
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Language, Gender, and Race |
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226 | (2) |
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Question 6.3 How Do Individuals Learn Who They Are? |
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228 | (1) |
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The Transition to Adulthood |
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229 | (4) |
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Question 6.4 How Do Individuals Communicate Their Identities to One Another? |
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233 | (3) |
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236 | (2) |
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Gift Giving and Christmas in America |
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238 | (3) |
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Question 6.5 How Do Individuals Defend Their Identities When They Are Threatened? |
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241 | (1) |
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Making Moka in Papua New Guinea |
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241 | (3) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #6 Fat Talk |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (2) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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252 | (3) |
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Chapter 7 The Cultural Construction of Social Hierarchy |
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255 | (51) |
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Problem 7 Why are modern societies characterized by social, political, and economic inequalities? |
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255 | (51) |
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Introduction: The Rationale for Social Inequality |
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256 | (5) |
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Question 7.1 How Do Societies Rank People in Social Hierarchies? |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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Status and the Petty Cruelties of High School |
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263 | (2) |
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Question 7.2 Why Do Social and Economic Inequalities Persist? |
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265 | (1) |
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Debt and the Redistribution of Wealth |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (3) |
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Constructing a New Racism |
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270 | (3) |
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Question 7.3 How Do People Come to Accept Social Hierarchies as Natural? |
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273 | (1) |
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Constructing the Ideology of Racism |
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273 | (3) |
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The Social Construction of "Intelligence" |
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276 | (6) |
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Constructing Stratification by Gender |
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282 | (2) |
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Question 7.4 How Do People Living in Poverty Adapt to Their Condition? |
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284 | (1) |
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Kinship as an Adaptation to Poverty |
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285 | (1) |
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In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio |
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286 | (5) |
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Question 7.5 Can a Nonstratified Community Exist Within a Larger Hierarchical Society? |
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291 | (1) |
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The Hutterites and the Colony of Heaven |
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292 | (2) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #7 Health and Human Rights |
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294 | (1) |
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Anthropology and Human Rights |
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295 | (3) |
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Anthropology and Medical Rights: The Work of Paul Farmer |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (2) |
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302 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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303 | (3) |
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Chapter 8 The Cultural Construction of Violent Conflict |
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306 | (40) |
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Problem 8 How do societies give meaning to and justify collective violence? |
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306 | (40) |
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Introduction: The Justification of Violent Conflict |
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307 | (1) |
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Question 8.1 How Do Societies Create a Bias in Favor of Collective Violence? |
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308 | (1) |
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Horses, Rank, and Warfare Among the Kiowa |
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309 | (1) |
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Good Hosts Among the Yanomamo |
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310 | (1) |
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Defending Honor in Kohistan |
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311 | (2) |
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Constructing Religious Justifications for Violence |
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313 | (2) |
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Question 8.2 How Do Societies Create a Bias Against Violent Conflict? |
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315 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Peaceful Societies |
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315 | (3) |
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Question 8.3 What Are the Economic, Political, or Social Differences Between Peaceful and Violent Societies? |
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318 | (1) |
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The Need to Protect Resources and Honor |
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319 | (1) |
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Creating the Conditions for Violence |
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320 | (2) |
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Sexism and Violent Conflict |
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322 | (1) |
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Question 8.4 What Are the Effects of War on Societies? |
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323 | (1) |
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The Impact of War on Population |
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324 | (1) |
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The Evolution of the Nation-State |
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325 | (1) |
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Violence and Male Solidarity |
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326 | (1) |
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Question 8.5 How is it Possible to Justify the Creation of Weapons of Mass Destruction? |
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327 | (1) |
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The Anthropology of a Nuclear Weapons Laboratory |
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327 | (3) |
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The Language of Nuclear Destruction |
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330 | (3) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #8 The Uses (and Misuses?) of Anthropology for Peace and War |
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333 | (1) |
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The Human Terrain Concept and the Human Terrain Systems (HTS) |
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334 | (2) |
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The Anthropological Reaction to HTS |
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336 | (4) |
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Limiting the Application of the Technologies |
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340 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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342 | (4) |
Glossary |
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346 | (6) |
References |
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352 | (16) |
Index |
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368 | |