Preface |
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xii | |
About the Authors |
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xviii | |
Chapter 1 Culture and Meaning |
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1 | (39) |
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Problem 1: How can people begin to understand beliefs and behaviors that are different from their own? |
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1 | (1) |
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Introduction: The World Behind Everyday Appearances |
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2 | (3) |
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Question 1.1: Why Do Human Beings Differ in Their Beliefs and Behaviors? |
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5 | (3) |
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Question 1.2: How Do People Judge the Beliefs and Behaviors of Others? |
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8 | (8) |
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The Ethnocentric Fallacy and the Relativist Fallacy |
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9 | (1) |
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Virginity Testing in Turkey and Cannibalism Among the Wan |
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10 | (4) |
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14 | (2) |
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Question 1.3: Is It Possible to See the World Through the Eyes of Others? |
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16 | (5) |
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The Embarrassed Anthropologist |
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17 | (1) |
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Confronting Witchcraft in Mexico |
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18 | (1) |
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The Endangered Anthropologist |
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19 | (2) |
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Question 1.4: How Can the Meanings That Others Find in Experience Be Interpreted and Described? |
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21 | (4) |
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Deciphering the Balinese Cockfight |
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23 | (2) |
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Question 1.5: What Can Learning About Other People Tell Americans About Themselves? |
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25 | (6) |
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A Balinese Anthropologist Studies Football |
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26 | (2) |
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An Anthropologist Looks at a "Happy Meal" |
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28 | (3) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #1: Shopping and Selling |
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31 | (5) |
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36 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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37 | (3) |
Chapter 2 The Meaning of Progress and Development |
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40 | (47) |
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Problem 2: How do we explain the transformation of human societies over the past 10,000 years from small-scale nomadic bands of hunters and gatherers to large-scale urban-industrial states? |
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40 | (1) |
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Introduction: The Death of a Way of Life |
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41 | (3) |
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Question 2.1: Why Did Hunter-Gatherer Societies Switch to Sedentary Agriculture? |
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44 | (9) |
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Life Among Hunter-Gatherers: The Hadza and the Ju/wasi |
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46 | (2) |
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The Transition to Agriculture |
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48 | (4) |
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Producing Potato Calories |
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52 | (1) |
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Question 2.2: Why Are Some Societies More Industrially Advanced Than Others? |
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53 | (7) |
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56 | (1) |
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Cotton, Slavery, and the Cherokee Removal |
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57 | (3) |
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Question 2.3: Why Do Poor Countries Not Modernize and Develop in the Same Way as Wealthier Countries? |
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60 | (4) |
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62 | (2) |
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Question 2.4: How Do Modern Standards of Health and Medical Treatment Compare with Those of Traditional Societies? |
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64 | (6) |
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64 | (3) |
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67 | (3) |
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Question 2.5: Why Are Simpler Societies Disappearing? |
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70 | (6) |
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Cultural Devastation and Radical Hope |
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72 | (4) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #2: Doing Development |
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76 | (6) |
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76 | (2) |
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Using Indigenous Knowledge |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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83 | (4) |
Chapter 3 Debt, Globalization, and The Nation-State |
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87 | (48) |
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Problem 3: How does our economy affect our way of life? |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (4) |
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Question 3.1: How Is Money Created and Why Must Modern Economies Perpetually Grow? |
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92 | (5) |
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Money, Wealth, and Well-Being |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (3) |
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The Society of Perpetual Growth |
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96 | (1) |
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Question 3:2: Where Does the Wealth Needed to Sustain Growth Come From? |
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97 | (6) |
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98 | (5) |
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Question 3.3: What Kind of Economic System Is Necessary to Sustain Growth? |
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103 | (7) |
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"The Great Transformation" |
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103 | (1) |
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The Emergence of Neoliberalism |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (4) |
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Question 3.4: What Is the Role of the Nation-State in Sustaining Growth? |
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110 | (7) |
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110 | (2) |
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112 | (1) |
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Avoiding Democratic Decision Making |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (3) |
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Question 3.5: Why Do Economies Collapse? |
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117 | (8) |
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118 | (7) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #3: Anthropology and Public Policy |
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125 | (6) |
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The Market Externalities of "Hog Hotels" |
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127 | (4) |
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131 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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132 | (3) |
Chapter 4 The Social and Cultural Construction of Reality |
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135 | (49) |
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Problem 4: Why do people believe different things, and why are they so certain their view of the world is correct and other views are wrong? |
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135 | (1) |
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Introduction: The Central Question |
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136 | (2) |
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Question 4.1: How Does Language Affect the Meanings People Assign to Experience? |
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138 | (9) |
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Borrowing Meaning with Metaphors |
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140 | (3) |
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Kwakwaka'wakw Metaphors of Hunger |
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143 | (2) |
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The Metaphors of Contemporary Witchcraft and Magic |
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145 | (2) |
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Question 4.2: How Does Symbolic Action Reinforce a Particular View of the World? |
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147 | (6) |
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The Kwakwaka'wakw Cannibal Dance |
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148 | (2) |
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The Ritual of Contemporary Witchcraft and Magic |
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150 | (1) |
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Dorothy Meets Luke Skywalker |
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151 | (2) |
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Question 4.3: How Do People Come to Believe What They Do, and How Do They Continue to Hold to Their Beliefs Even if They Seem Contradictory or Ambiguous? |
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153 | (7) |
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The Process of Interpretive Drift |
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154 | (2) |
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Explaining Why the Sun Moves Around Earth |
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156 | (4) |
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Question 4.4: How Can We Account for the Different Meanings People Assign to Experiences? |
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160 | (8) |
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What Kinds of Worldviews Are Associated with Each Cultural Type? |
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164 | (4) |
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Question 4.5: How Can People Reorder Their View of the World if It Becomes Unsatisfactory? |
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168 | (5) |
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Wovoka and the Ghost Dance |
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168 | (2) |
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Mother Ann Lee and the Shakers |
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170 | (3) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #4: Political Consulting and the Power of Metaphor |
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173 | (6) |
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Moral Politics: The Nation as a Family |
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174 | (3) |
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Policy Views: Same-Sex Marriage |
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177 | (2) |
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Translating Theory into Action |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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180 | (4) |
Chapter 5 Patterns of Family Relations |
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184 | (40) |
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Problem 5: What do we need to know before we can understand the dynamics of family life in other societies? |
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184 | (1) |
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Introduction: Soap Operas and Family Relations |
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185 | (2) |
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Question 5.1: What Is the Composition of the Typical Family Group? |
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187 | (9) |
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The Family Composition of the Ju/wasi |
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189 | (2) |
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The Family Composition of the Trobriand Islanders |
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191 | (3) |
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The Family Composition of the Chinese |
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194 | (2) |
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Question 5.2: How Are Families Formed and Ideal Family Types Maintained? |
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196 | (8) |
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The Family Cycle of the Ju/wasi |
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197 | (2) |
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The Family Cycle of the Trobriand Islanders |
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199 | (3) |
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The Family Cycle of the Chinese |
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202 | (2) |
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Question 5.3: What Are the Roles of Sexuality, Love, and Wealth? |
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204 | (3) |
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Sex, Love, and Wealth Among the Ju/wasi |
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204 | (1) |
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Sex, Love, and Wealth Among the Trobriand Islanders |
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205 | (1) |
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Sex, Love, and Wealth Among the Chinese |
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206 | (1) |
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Question 5.4: What Threatens to Disrupt the Family Unit? |
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207 | (6) |
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Threats to the Ju/wasi Family |
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207 | (2) |
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Threats to the Trobriand Island Family |
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209 | (1) |
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Threats to the Chinese Family |
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210 | (3) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #5: Combating HIV/AIDS |
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213 | (7) |
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AIDS Prevention in Mexico |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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Why Is the Message of Traditional AIDS Prevention Programs Sometimes Ignored? |
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217 | (1) |
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Designing AIDS-Prevention Programs |
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218 | (2) |
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220 | (2) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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222 | (2) |
Chapter 6 The Cultural Construction of Identity |
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224 | (39) |
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Problem 6: How do people determine who they are, and how do they communicate who they think they are to others? |
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224 | (1) |
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Introduction: The Importance of Self |
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225 | (1) |
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Question 6.1: How Does the Concept of Personhood Vary from Society to Society? |
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226 | (4) |
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The Egocentric and Sociocentric Self |
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227 | (1) |
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Personhood in Japan and America |
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228 | (2) |
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Question 6.2: How Do Societies Distinguish Individuals from One Another? |
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230 | (6) |
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Constructing Male and Female |
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231 | (3) |
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Language, Gender, and Race |
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234 | (2) |
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Question 6.3: How Do Individuals Learn Who They Are? |
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236 | (5) |
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The Transition to Adulthood |
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237 | (4) |
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Question 6.4: How Do Individuals Communicate Their Identities to One Another? |
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241 | (8) |
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244 | (2) |
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Gift Giving and Christmas in America |
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246 | (3) |
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Question 6.5: How Do Individuals Defend Their Identities When They Are Threatened? |
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249 | (3) |
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Making Moka in Papua New Guinea |
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249 | (3) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #6: Fat Talk |
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252 | (7) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (2) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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260 | (3) |
Chapter 7 The Cultural Construction of Social Hierarchy |
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263 | (54) |
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Problem 7: Why are modern societies characterized by social, political, and economic inequalities? |
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263 | (1) |
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Introduction: The Rationale for Social Inequality |
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264 | (5) |
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Question 7.1: How Do Societies Rank People in Social Hierarchies? |
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269 | (4) |
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270 | (2) |
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Status and the Petty Cruelties of High School |
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272 | (1) |
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Question 7.2: Why Do Social and Economic Inequalities Persist? |
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273 | (8) |
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Debt and the Redistribution of Wealth |
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274 | (2) |
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276 | (2) |
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Constructing a New Racism |
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278 | (3) |
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Question 7.3: How Do People Come to Accept Social Hierarchies as Natural? |
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281 | (11) |
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Constructing the Ideology of Racism |
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281 | (3) |
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The Social Construction of "Intelligence" |
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284 | (6) |
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Constructing Stratification by Gender |
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290 | (2) |
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Question 7.4: How Do People Living in Poverty Adapt to Their Condition? |
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292 | (9) |
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Kinship as an Adaptation to Poverty |
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293 | (1) |
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In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio |
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294 | (5) |
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The Effects of Inequality |
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299 | (2) |
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Question 7.5: Can a Nonstratified Community Exist Within a Larger Hierarehical Society? |
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301 | (4) |
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The Hutterites and the Colony of Heaven |
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302 | (3) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #7: Health and Human Rights |
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305 | (8) |
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Anthropology and Human Rights |
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305 | (3) |
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Anthropology and Medical Rights: The Work of Paul Farmer |
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308 | (2) |
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310 | (3) |
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313 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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313 | (4) |
Chapter 8 The Cultural Construction of Violent Conflict |
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317 | (40) |
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Problem 8: How Do Societies Give Meaning to and Justify Collective Violence? |
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317 | (1) |
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Introduction: The Justification of Violent Conflict |
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318 | (1) |
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Question 8.1: How Do Societies Create a Bias in Favor of Collective Violence? |
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319 | (7) |
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Horses, Rank, and Warfare Among the Kiowa |
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320 | (1) |
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Good Hosts Among the Yanomamii |
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320 | (2) |
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Defending Honor in Kohistan |
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322 | (2) |
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Constructing Religious Justifications for Violence |
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324 | (2) |
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Question 8.2: How Do Societies Create a Bias Against Violent Conflict? |
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326 | (3) |
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Characteristics of Peaceful Societies |
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326 | (3) |
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Question 8.3: What Are the Economic, Political, or Social Differences Between Peaceful and Violent Societies? |
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329 | (6) |
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The Need to Protect Resources and Honor |
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330 | (1) |
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Creating the Conditions for Violence |
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331 | (3) |
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Sexism and Violent Conflict |
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334 | (1) |
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Question 8.4: What Are the Effects of War on Societies? |
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335 | (3) |
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The Impact of War on Population |
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335 | (1) |
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The Evolution of the Nation-State |
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336 | (1) |
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Violence and Male Solidarity |
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337 | (1) |
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Question 8.5: How Is It Possible to Justify the Creation of Weapons of Mass Destruction? |
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338 | (6) |
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The Anthropology of a Nuclear Weapons Laboratory |
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338 | (3) |
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The Language of Nuclear Destruction |
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341 | (3) |
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Case Study in Doing Anthropology #8: The Uses (and Misuses?) of Anthropology for Peace and War |
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344 | (8) |
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The Human Terrain Concept and Human Terrain Systems (HTS) |
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346 | (2) |
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The Anthropological Reaction to HTS |
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348 | (3) |
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Limiting the Application of the Technologies |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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References and Suggested Readings |
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353 | (4) |
Glossary |
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357 | (6) |
References |
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363 | (12) |
Index |
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375 | |