National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Ocean Studies Board, Committee for the 20252035 Decadal Survey of Ocean Sciences for the National Science Foundation
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Water Science and Technology Board, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Committee on Modernizing Probable Maximum Precipitat
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Ocean Studies Board, Committee on Cross-Cutting Themes for U.S. Contributions to the Ocean Decade
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, Owens Lake Scientific Advisory Panel
The diversion of water into the Los Angeles Aqueduct led to the desiccation of Owens Lake, located in Californias Owens Valley. The dry lakebed became one of the nations largest sources of fine airborne particulate matter (PM10), which can cause o...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Committee on Independent Study on Potential Environ
In response to the buildup of U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals during the Cold War, a series of major scientific studies conducted in the 1980s issued warnings about the potential for a nuclear winter scenario - the possibility that a large-scale...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Life Sciences, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, Committee on C
The United States generated approximately 292 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) annually, most of which (about 68 percent) were not recycled or composted. Recycling programs face a multitude of challenges today that complicate their stabi...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee to Review Texas Commission on Environmental Quality's Ethylene Oxide Develop
Ethylene oxide is primarily produced in Texas and Louisiana with sites in Texas accounting for nearly half of all emitted ethylene oxide in the United States. Because ethylene oxide is emitted in Texas and has been determined by other agencies to be...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee to Review Draft Chapters of the Biodiversity and Climate Change Assessment
In 2022, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) was directed by the U.S. Congress to conduct an assessment of the current state of knowledge concerning linkages between biodiversity and climate change in the United States, called the Biodiversity and Cli...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Ocean Studies Board, Committee for the 20252035 Decadal Survey of Ocean Sciences for the National Science Foundation
Understanding and anticipating change in the ocean, and how it will affect marine ecosystems and humans, has never been more urgent. Over recent years, basic and applied research in ocean science has developed more accurate forecasts of ocean and se...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Food and Nutrition Board, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Heritable Genetic Modification in Food Animals
Global demand for animal-derived foods such as meat, eggs, and milk is increasing, even as arable land and water to support animal production are declining worldwide. Among the approaches to meet global demand in a resource-constrained future is the...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Animal Health Sciences, Conservation, and Research, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on the Review of
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal, infectious prion disease affecting the central nervous system of some species of Cervidae-animals such as deer, elk, and moose. Recognized as a disease in the 1980s but suspected to have been present in the...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Energy and Enviro
Decarbonization brings both risks and opportunities to the macroeconomy. Achieving net-zero emissions by mid-century may involve sweeping changes in technologies, policies, and systems, and the ways in which these changes are implemented may have pr...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Ocean Studies Board, Committee on Ocean Acoustics Education and Expertise
Ocean Acoustics - the study of sound in the ocean, how it travels, interacts with, and is affected by its underwater surroundings - is a growing and critical field. Sound from both natural and human-generated sources can be an effective tool for pro...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Assistance to the California Department of Food and Agriculture Pierce's Dis
Grapevine red blotch disease (GRBD) and grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) are growing threats to the California wine and wine grape sector, which contributes 73 billion annually to the states economy. These viral diseases not only reduce grape yiel...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Life Sciences, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Research at Multiple Scales: A Vision for Conti
Our planet is facing many complex environmental challenges, including the loss of biodiversity and rapidly changing climate conditions, driven by intensifying human-nature interactions worldwide. Dramatic advances in the biological sciences over re...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment, Board on Earth Sciences and
When oil and gas production began in the 19th century in North America, standards and regulations for the drilling and plugging of wells had not yet been developed. Over time, many of these and other wells were abandoned - unplugged, or not plugged...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Environmental Change and Society, Board on Atmospheric Sciences
Atypical weather events, such as extreme tropical cyclones, pose substantial threats to life, property and livelihoods in the U.S. and worldwide. Despite major advances in forecasting capabilities, communicating about extreme weather events with dec...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, Board on Energy and Environmental Systems
National and international plans for halting and reversing climate change focus on reducing and eventually ending the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions: carbon dioxide (CO2) released by fossil fuel combustion. However, as the nation moves t...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Life Sciences, Committee on Biotechnology Capabilities for National Security NeedsLeveraging Advances in Transdisciplinary B
At the request of the National Security Commission on Emerging Biotechnology, Strategic Report on Research and Development in Biotechnology for Defense Innovation provides an overview of the current landscape of artificial intelligence and machine l...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Water Science and Technology Board, Committee on Independent Scientific Review of Everglades Restoration Progress
The Florida Everglades is a treasured ecosystem, but the water quality, quantity, flow, and distribution have been dramatically degraded by drainage and infrastructure development during the past century. A joint effort launched by the State and fed...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Board on Energy and Environmental Systems, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology
2023 shattered global climate records as the warmest year in the modern record, bringing with it devastating impacts on human and natural systems. Methane emissions, about 60 of which come from human activities, are a major contributor to global wa...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Ocean Studies Board, Committee on Evaluation of Hydrodynamic Modeling and Implications for Offshore Wind Development: Nantucket Shoal
A 2024 consensus report of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine titled Potential Hydrodynamic Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy on Nantucket Shoals Regional Ecology: An Evaluation from Wind to Whales, examined the potential fo...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Committee on National Statistics, Board on Environmental Change and Socie
The National Climate Assessment (NCA) is a report produced periodically by the United States Global Change Research Program that takes a comprehensive look at global climate change. Before release, it undergoes intensive review for technical accurac...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Water Science and Technology Board, Committ
The COVID-19 pandemic sparked widespread implementation of wastewater surveillance in communities across the United States to help track the spread of the disease. In contrast to clinical laboratory testing that tracks individual cases of infection,...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Board on Environmental Change
Over the past two decades, wildfires in western North America have greatly increased in frequency, magnitude and severity. Scientists have documented three main causes - a century of suppression and inadequate forest management that has led to overl...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Water Science and Technology Board, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Lyly Luhachack-
Earth systems science aims to discover and integrate knowledge on the structure, nature, and scales of interactions among natural (e.g., physical, chemical, and biological) and social (e.g., cultural, socioeconomic, and geopolitical) processes. Clim...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board, Committee on Assessing and Improving Strategies for Preventing, Countering, and Responding to We
For nearly eight decades, the world has been navigating the dangers of the nuclear age. Despite Cold War tensions and the rise of global terrorism, nuclear weapons have not been used in conflict since Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. Efforts such as...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, Committee on Assessing and Improving Strategies for Preventing, Countering, and Responding
Domestic and foreign violent extremist organizations, or terrorist groups, have caused a greater amount of harm with chemical agents than with biological or radiological weapons. The United States capacity and capability to identify, prevent, counte...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics, Board on Environmental Sciences and To
Decades of research have shown that disadvantaged communities exist at the intersection of high levels of hazard exposure and poverty. Geospatial environmental justice (EJ) tools, such as the White House Council on Environmental Quality-developed Cl...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Committee on Tipping Points, Cascading Impacts, a
Earth is a complex system, with myriad interactions and feedbacks among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere, as well as the people, institutions, and technologies that respond to and influence these dynamics. A systems-...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Water Science and Technology Board, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Committee on Modernizing Probable Maximum Precipitat
For more than 75 years, high-hazard structures in the U.S., including dams and nuclear power plants, have been engineered to withstand floods resulting from the most unlikely but possible precipitation, termed Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP). F...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Food and Nutrition Board, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Exploring Linka
The United States is an important food producer globally, in part because of its abundance of agriculturally productive soils. However, management practices that maximize yields have caused losses in soil organic matter, poor soil structure and wate...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board, Board on Physics and Astronomy, National Mat
High magnetic fields are a vital tool in many areas of science and technology that impact our everyday lives. Magnetic resonance imaging enables a wide range of medical diagnostics and research, while nuclear magnetic resonance is critical for drug...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Ocean Studies Board, 20252035 Decadal Survey of Ocean Sciences for the National Science Foundation
Research supported by scientific ocean drilling has fundamentally transformed our understanding of the planet with key contributions to the discovery and theory of plate tectonics; the formation and destruction of ocean crust; the reconstruction of...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Board on Life Sciences, Toward Sequencing and Mapping of RNA Modi
Concerted efforts to deepen understanding of RNA modifications and their role in living systems hold the potential to advance human health, improve crop yields, and address other pressing societal challenges. RNA, which carries the information encod...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, Margo Regier, Anne Frances Johnson
The extraction of mineral resources provides the raw materials necessary to produce the products and technologies on which the global economy depends, including green technologies essential for decarbonization. Mineral extraction requires expertise...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Animal Health Sciences, Conservation, and Research, Roundtable on Science and Welfare of Animals Involved in Research, Nia D. Joh
Involvement of animals in scientific research can elicit strong emotions and responses from some members of the public, in part because the information they receive is inadequate. There is therefore an urgent need for scientists who conduct research...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Polar Research Board, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Committee on Greenh
Climate change is fundamentally changing ecosystems and their fire conditions, and the 2023 fire season highlighted the urgency of developing and implementing solutions to address wildland fires. Wildland fires transfer carbon between the land and t...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Transportation Research Board, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Division on Engineering and Physical Scien
Addressing climate change is essential and possible, and it offers a host of benefits - from better public health to new economic opportunities. The United States has a historic opportunity to lead the way in decarbonization by transforming its curr...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Life Sciences, Board on Global Health, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Committee on t
At the request of the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response, the National Academies convened a committee to examine lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic and mpox multi-country outbreak to inform an evaluation of the state of s...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Policy and Global Affairs, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Environmental Change and Society
Macroeconomic models, essential for decision making and federal budget planning, may not appropriately consider the wide breadth of climate-related impacts that potentially have large macroeconomic significance. Challenges integrating climate factor...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Policy and Global Affairs, Division on Earth and Life Studies, International Networks and Cooperation, Board on Life Sciences, Trisha Tucholski, Anne Johnson
To facilitate scientific progress and collaboration while also protecting personal privacy, the integrity of research investments, and national security, it is important for life science data to be collected, digitized, secured, and shared responsib...Daugiau...
A scientific workforce with cutting-edge skills is critical for the ability of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to carry out its mission to protect human health by identifying environmental hazards, evaluating risks to public health and ecos...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, National Academy of Engineering, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Board
Across multiple domains of science, engineering, and medicine, excitement is growing about the potential of digital twins to transform scientific research, industrial practices, and many aspects of daily life. A digital twin couples computational mo...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Ocean Studies Board, Committee on Assessing Equity in the Distribution of Fisheries Management Benefits: Data and Information Availab
Fisheries are essential to the global economy and feed billions around the world; they, support individuals and communities, and sustain cultural heritages and livelihoods. Although U.S. fisheries have been managed for commercial fishing historicall...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Polar Research Board, Ocean Studies Board, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, Committee on Future Directions for Southern Oc
Antarctica hosts some of the harshest and most remote environments on Earth - and it is a region of vital importance for scientific research. The environment and position of Antarctica on the globe mean that research conducted there can offer unique...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Environmental Cha
To advance a systems understanding of climate-related security risks in the Central America region, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop titled Climate Security in Central America on May 3-4, 2023. The wo...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Ocean Studies Board, Committee on Evaluation of Hydrodynamic Modeling and Implications for Offshore Wind Development: Nantucket Shoal
The transition to renewable energy has spurred many efforts to scale up the U.S. portfolio of efficient clean energy resources, including the development of offshore wind farms. The Nantucket Shoals region off the coast of Massachusetts is the first...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Electric Arc Furnace Slag: Understanding Human Health Risks from Unencaps
The predominant way of making steel in the United Sates is by using an electric arc furnace (EAF) to melt scrap steel, which results in the formation of a rock-like material called slag. Among its various applications, EAF slag is used in a loose or...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Review of EPA's 2022 Draft Formaldehyde Assessment
Formaldehyde is widely present in the environment and is one of the highest production chemicals by volume, used in manufactured goods including wood products, permanent press fabrics, and household products. It is also formed by combustion sources...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Life Sciences, Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, Committee on Identifying Opportunities at the Interface of Chemi
The field of quantum information science (QIS) has witnessed a dramatic rise in scientific research activities in the 21st century as excitement has grown about its potential to revolutionize communications and computing, strengthen encryption, and e...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, National Academy of Engineering, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board, Board on En
The world confronts an existential challenge in responding to climate change, resulting in an urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from all sectors of the economy. What will it take for new and advanced nuclear reactors to play a role in...Daugiau...
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Environmental Cha
The South Asia region presents a confluence of major climate impacts and key security issues. From a weather and climate standpoint, the region experiences a wide range of hazards, such as the recent heatwaves, droughts, storms, and floods that have...Daugiau...
